roohollah kohanhooshnejad

Topic: 

The issue of climate change and environmental responsibilities of both energy consumers and producers holds significant importance due to its long-term impact on quality of life and economic growth. In the 21st century, this topic has gained prominence in global economy and politics, prompting governments worldwide to acknowledge the urgency of addressing global pollutants. This paper aims to explore the involvement of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) in managing environmental obligations and climate change. OPEC members express willingness to collaborate on mitigating climate change risks, provided equitable distribution of responsibilities

This research employs a methodology centered on reviewing international reports, OPEC statements on environmental commitments, and analyzing the organization's role in this context.

OPEC has highlighted concerns about fairness and equitable burden-sharing in addressing pollution, emphasizing the need for technology to reduce carbon emissions. Member countries are urged to actively engage in shaping environmental policies and sustainable development as a strategic imperative. By presenting a unified front in global forums, establishing cutting-edge research facilities for technology advancement, advocating for mandatory carbon capture and storage solutions, and proposing the allocation of a portion of current oil taxes from OECD countries to support such initiatives, OPEC aims to address environmental challenges on a global scale.

Today, the tourism industry plays an important role in the economic growth and income generation of countries. Turkey has also grown significantly in this field in the last two decades. The research examined the impact of tourism on Türkiye's economic growth from 2002 to 2023, within the framework of the Tourism-Led Growth Hypothesis. The study used the Pearson correlation coefficient and Johansen's cointegration test to calculate the intensity of tourism's impact on economic growth, and qualitative inductive content analysis to analyze the policies of Türkiye's government in the tourism sector. The findings show that tourism had a very strong positive effect on Türkiye's economic growth during this period. The government implemented strategies to prioritize the tourism industry, including: protecting and restoring cultural and natural heritage, providing necessary infrastructure for tourism, implementing active and multilateral policies to attract foreign tourists, placing the development and prosperity of the domestic tourism sector as an important priority in five-year development plans, diversifying the tourism market composition to further develop the industry. The findings of the research show that during the years 2002-2023, there is a relationship between economic growth and tourists, and with the increase in tourism income, economic growth and GDP increase, and the government's strategic focus on promoting and advancing the tourism sector during the 2002-2023 period.

The purpose of this study is to identify the link between artificial intelligence and public policy and its role in improving the quality of governance. Using review and comparative method, this paper studies the experience of countries that have used artificial intelligence in policy-making and public service delivery processes, and from this point of view, draw an initial analytical framework that can help explain the role of artificial intelligence in the quality of governance. The results show that artificial intelligence affects the quality of governance from two dimensions: 1) increasing the dynamics and interaction of the public policy cycle in different stages and 2) improving the quality of government services and the efficiency of the administrative apparatus.

The current study in the framework of realism paradigm based on international political economy and emphasizing the importance of the concept of food security has investigated the impact of the war between Russia and Ukraine on the wheat economy in Egypt through the analysis of indicators of food gap, self-sufficiency and foreign dependence. The Egyptian government has designed a package of measures to reduce the pressure of the crisis on its citizens, one of the most important of which is to encourage wheat farmers to produce more by increasing the guaranteed purchase price and completing strategic sheds and increasing storage capacity. Continuing to expand the area under cultivation of cereals, especially wheat, through horizontal development, continuing to support scientific and technical studies related to wheat, especially new varieties, diversifying imported markets and reducing the percentage of losses of produced and imported wheat are among the most important suggestions of this study.

This paper aims at defining the green economy index and using econometric models in order to investigate the relationship between the consumption of renewable energy in Egypt’s transition to a green economy. Results indicate that first, consumption of renewable energy can effectively increase the level of development of green economy in the short and long term. Second, improving capital spending and increasing employment leads to an increase in the green economy index. Third, the effect of non-renewable energy on the green economy index is inverse, although there is a direct relationship between non-renewable energy consumption and total energy consumption. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the green credit policy of the government and financial institutions in order to maximize the enhanced effect of renewable energy investment on the green economy. The government must therefore develop a series of incentive measures to support and encourage investment in financing renewable energy, pay attention to the fundamental and guiding role of large enterprises in promoting renewable energy consumption and the development of the green economy, and fully mobilize the enthusiasm of all types of enterprises in promoting the development of the green economy.

Selecting a suitable approach to achieve sustainable economic growth, particularly in developing nations, has always been a central theme in economic research. Economists continually seek a universal factor driving this phenomenon. The theory of economic catch-up, rooted in the Schumpeterian school and informed by the developmental experiences of East Asia (South Korea, China, and Taiwan) offers a framework for understanding this growth and development. Since different sectors offer different potentials for developmental entry, selecting industries becomes a crucial question in transitioning from poverty to prosperity. Through an exploration of theoretical foundations and existing research, we've distilled four key indicators: technology life cycle, modularity of technology, explicit knowledge levels, and the extent of embodied technology transfer. These indicators serve as a framework for prioritizing and selecting industries in alignment with the catch-up approach. To determine priorities, we've assigned weights to these indicators using the hierarchical analysis method. Employing the PROMETHEE method to rank stock market industries in Iran, three industries emerged in the following order: computer and electronics, medical, optical, and measuring instruments, and automobile and spare parts. These findings provide a framework for identifying key industries in Iran's seventh development plan and industrial policy document, facilitating informed decision-making.

The oil industry has an important place in the general policies of the resistance economy in such a way that articles 13 to 15 of these policies are dedicated to this industry. In the international oil contracts, based on clauses 14 and 15 of the general policies of the resistance economy, it emphasizes on two principles: "increasing the country's strategic oil and gas reserves" and "expanding production capacities and safe harvesting of resources". The main goal of this research is that the parties to the contract can use mechanisms to maintain the balance they have achieved during the conclusion of the contract by adjusting the appropriate legal conditions until the end of the contract. Achieving the aforementioned principles and producing protection from tanks requires appropriate solutions to control or reduce the negative effects of liquidation risks by predicting appropriate legal conditions in the contract; The approach of the current research is analytical-descriptive and based on qualitative analysis based on interviews with elites of the oil industry and is practical in terms of purpose and exploratory in nature and method. The results show the use of the renegotiation condition and the stability condition in the contract, the condition of removing foreign oil companies from the contract area, the condition of termination of the contract with the opinion of the employer, the condition of reimbursement of the expenses and wages due along with the agreed return rate, the condition of force majeure.

This paper reviews the book “Fiqh (Islamic Jurisprudence) of Oil and Gas”, and provides a critical view on the content of the book. The emphasis of the author for writing the book is to make the MA and PhD students of “Oil and Gas Law”, “Energy Law” and “Oil and Gas Contracts” and other interested people be familiar with basic concepts and foundations of “Fiqh (Islamic Jurisprudence) of Oil and Gas” and give them access to short and simple texts in this regard. Although the book has tried to fill the gap mentioned in the goal for writing the script, it has failed so far as chosen texts and their arrangement do not have a suitable relation with oil and gas law and contracts, and it seems that review and reorganization of the script in such a way that the reader can understand the relationship between the chosen texts and oil and gas law and contracts help to increase the coherence of the book.

Sustainable development is a policy requirement to balance economic, social and environmental considerations. Investment contracts and sustainable development have complex relationships with each other. Several aspects of investment contracts have direct impact on sustainable development goals such as poverty reduction and environmental sustainability. From the perspective of sustainable development, achieving good contract provisions together with typical concerns about Government oil reveneues, necessarily requires a balanced consideration of the above-mentioned issues. Multiple processes and environmental issues in Natural Resources Investment contracts show that these contracts are not only business documents but also a tool for public policy. This consideration has important implications: First, the investment contracts should possess the transparency charater. Secondly, from the perspective of sustainable development, creating ways to maximize the positive linkages to domestic economy is of utmost importance. Investment contracts can pursue the goals of increasing employment and creating business opportunities. Finally, in the environmental sector, investment contracts often determine the responsibility for environmental damage as well as the venue of any disputes and claims related to environmental issues.

Iranian petroleum industry is in need of attracting investment and technology. This important issue is done through upstream contracts. In more than 100 years history of Iran’s oil, different sorts of contracts have been used. Compliance with Shariah is one of the most important criterions for using these contracts in Islamic Republic of Iran. Upstream contracts divide into two main branches naming service contracts and production sharing contracts. Commitments to outcome (bearing the risks of failing in exploration) and profit sharing (costs recovery and profit oil sharing) are the pillars of oil contracts and the main difference between service contracts and production sharing contracts is the way of compensation of operator which is in cash in service contracts and in kind in production sharing contracts. Conducting comparative analysis between oil contracts and some jurisprudential institutions we found that both service contracts and production sharing contracts are compliant with specific Jualah. Meanwhile, we have analyzed Buy-Back contracts (along with Long term crude oil sale agreement) and Iran Petroleum Contract.

Fiscal regime is one of the main differences between petroleum contracts. Fiscal regimes in oil contracts are divided to two main categories namely Concessionary and Contractual Systems. In contractual systems, the main difference between service and production sharing contracts is the way of compensation of contractor services which could be in cash or in kind. In production sharing contracts the contractor receives a portion of produced oil. One of the main criteria to compare fiscal regimes is government and contractor takes in real values. Comparing the net present value of contractor take shows that it could have been more desirable and cost effective to use production sharing contract in Iranian Azadegan oil field instead of Buy-Back.

According to the part III, paragraph "d" of Article 3 of the Duties and Powers of the Ministry of Petroleum Act approved in 1391, to attract domestic and foreign investments for development of hydrocarbon fields with the priority of shared fields through the design of new models, including partnership with local and foreign investors and contractors, without transferring ownership of oil and gas reservoirs and production standards have been considered as parts of duties and powers of Ministry of Petroleum. The evolution of upstream contracts in oil and gas industry shows that participation has four main forms: production sharing agreements (contracts) (PSA/C), profit sharing agreements, joint venture contracts (JVC) and join operation agreements (JOA). So the word (participation) which has been used in the Duties and Powers of the Ministry of Petroleum Act does not tell us which kind of participation is intended. Moreover, if we assume this word refers to production sharing, it will have contradiction with the illegality of transfer of ownership of oil and gas in reservoirs because the ownership of reservoirs is indirectly transferred to the foreign petroleum company through ownership of production over the wellhead or delivery points or exporting point. Moreover, it contradicts other rules such as the article 3 of amendment of petroleum law approved in 1390 and article 129 of Fifth Five Year Plan as well.

Fiscal regime is one of the main differences between petroleum contracts. Fiscal regimes in oil contracts are divided in two main categories namely Concessionary and Contractual Systems. In contractual systems, the main difference between service and production sharing contracts is the way of compensation of contractor services which could be in cash or in kind. In production sharing contracts the contractor receives a portion of produced oil. One of the main criteria to compare fiscal regimes is government and contractor takes in real values. Comparing the net present value of contractor take shows that PSC could have been more desirable and cost effective in Azadegan, Soroush & Norouz, Forouzan & Esfandyar oil fields than Buy-Back contracts.