roshanak vameghi

This study aimed at culturally adapting, validating, and standardizing the Ages and Stages Questionnaire, third edition (ASQ-3) by implementing a nation-wide cross-sectional methodological study in order to provide a valid and reliable tool for determining the developmental status of Iranian children.

This cross-sectional and methodological study was conducted on Iranian children between 1-66 months. The ASQ-3 tool was translated; following that, its face and content validity, as well as the cross-cultural adaptation were assessed by 51 specialists and experts in the field of pediatrics and child development. In order to determine the reliability of the ASQ-3 (using Cronbach’s alpha), and cut-off points. All statistical analyses were performed using STATA software.

This study was enrolled in 2 phases. The face and content validity, as well as the cultural relevance of the Persian version of ASQ-3 was confirmed using panel of specialists views then researchers investigated 11,740 children aged 1-66 months in order to evaluate the reliability of the tool. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficients (reliability) determined for the ASQ-3 and the cut-off points for the ASQ-3 of different age groups and domains were determined by calculating one and two SDs below the mean; the latter represents the main cut-off point, and the interval between the two represents the monitoring zone according to the ASQ-3 technical manual.

The results of this study showed that the Iranian version of ASQ-3 is valid and reliable; moreover, the cut-off points designated for it can be implemented in the Iranian children community to assess their developmental status.

This study aims to design a conceptual model for the effect of various factors on walking ability, participation, and quality of life in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy (SDCP) and test it based on field data using path analysis.

This cross-sectional study was performed on 181 children with SDCP. The following were used to measure each of the variables: the Modified Ashworth Scale, the Micro Manual Muscle Tester, the Timed Up and Go Test (TUG), the Boyd and Graham test, the goniometer, weight and height, the Gross Motor Function Classification System, the Life Habits Questionnaire, and cerebral palsy Quality of Life Questionnaire for Children. The structural model was tested in Amos 17.

All paths of the proposed model were significant (P <0.05). Among evaluated variables, muscle strength (B = -0.466), balance (B = 0.326), and spasticity (B = 0.143) affected walking ability. Moreover, as an intermediate factor, walking ability affected the subjects’ participation (B = -0.819) and quality of life (B = -0.183).

Muscle strength, balance, and spasticity are the most influential factors in the walking ability of children with SDCP. Furthermore, walking ability and participation are two critical factors in promoting the quality of life of these children.

 The first years of life are particularly important because vital developments occur in all development domains including motor, cognition, communication, and social-emotional. Early detection of developmental delays is essential in planning for early intervention. This study aims to standardize the score of bayley scales of infants and toddlers development-third edition (Bayley-III) for Iranian samples aged 1-42 months.

Participants included 1700 children divided into 17 age groups of 100 children. The normative information was based on a national sample representative of Iran’s population for infants aged 1-42 months based on the 2011 national population and housing census. For each age group, the total raw scores of each Bayley-III subscale (cognition, receptive communication, expressive communication, fine motor, and gross motor) were converted to scaled scores with a Mean±SD of 10±3. The composite scores (cognition, language and motor domains) were obtained by summing up the scaled scores. The composite scores were scaled to a metric with Mean±SD of 100±15 ranged 40-160. Growth scores (ranged 200-800, with a Mean±SD 500±100), percentile ranks (ranged from 1-99, with 50 as the mean and median), and developmental age equivalent were also determined. Confidence intervals for all five subscales were also determined. To compare the development level of the US children (norm samples) and Iranian children, their mean raw scores in five subscales were compared for finding the difference in scores.

 The Bayley-III was performed on 1744 children aged 0-42 months, including 908 (52.1%) girls and 836 (47.9%) boys. In comparing the development level of Iranian and US children, it was found that the mean scores were significantly different in 28 age groups (P<0.05). In seven age groups, the US children’s scores were higher (age groups <6 months), and in 21 age groups, the scores of Iranian children were higher ( age groups >6 months).

For early detection and intervention of children with developmental delays, a test with a normalized score should be used in Iran. Using the US norm-based scores in Iranian children leads to inaccuracy in the early detection of children with developmental delays.

The Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (Bayley III) assess cognitive, language, and motor development of children aged 1–42 months, and have been widely used globally. It is unclear whether or not the reference norms of the Bayley III are acceptable for use in other populations or lead to over or under-estimating development. The purpose of this study was to estimate the distribution of the Bayley scores by age in Persian speaking children and to compare the norms between Persian and reference norms.

We constructed Bayley III norms for cognitive, language, and motor scales using 1,674 typically developing children by consecutive sampling from health care centers. First cut-off point was determined, and then the scaled scores, based on Persian speaking and reference norms, were compared. The proportions of children with low scores (scoring less than -1SD and -2 SD) based on the two norms were compared, to identify over or under-referral for developmental delay resulting from reference norms.

Scaled scores based on Persian norms varied across values based on reference norms on all subtests. The mean differences were significant across all five sub-tests (p < .05), with large effect sizes for receptive and expressive communication, fine and gross motor sub-tests of .20, .23, .14, and .25 respectively, and with small effect size for cognition sub-test of .02. Large effect sizes for all age groups were found for cognition, expressive communication, and fine motor sub-tests. For the receptive communication sub-test, effect sizes were generally large, with the exception of four age groups. For the gross motor sub-test, effect sizes were generally large, with the exception of six age groups. More children scored below 1 and 2 SD using the Persian norms and resulted in under-referral regarding cognitive, receptive and expressive communication, fine and gross motor skills.

The Persian norms differ from the reference norms for all sub-tests and these differences are clinically significant. The use of the reference norms leads to fewer referrals in all sub-scales and leads to fewer diagnoses of children with developmental delay. Population specific norms are required to identify children with low scores for referral and intervention.

 Cerebral palsy Spastic Diplegia (CPSD) is the most common motor disability in childhood. It is a neurodevelopmental condition beginning early in life and continues throughout life. In addition to mobility problems, the environment can also affect the CPSD children’s social participation. This study aims to investigate the relationship of environmental factors with the social participation of children with CPSD.

This cross-sectional study was conducted on 116 parents of children with CPSD referred to the occupational therapy clinics in Tehran, Mazandaran, and Alborz provinces of Iran in 2018-2019. They were recruited using a convenience sampling method. Parents completed the European Child Environment Questionnaire (ECEQ) and the life habit questionnaire to assess their perception of the environmental factors and their children’s participation, respectively. The Gross Motor Function Classification System-Expanded and Revised (GMFCS-E&R) was initially used to classify the gross motor function (walking ability) of the children with cerebral palsy living in Europe (The SPARCLE project). We used it to estimate cognitive levels in children. The Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression of SPSS version 22 were used to analyze the results.

 Based on the GMFCS-E&R classification, 23.3% of children were at level I, 27.6% at level II, 31.9% at level III, and 17.2% at level IV. Moreover, 89.7% of the children had an IQ>75, and 85.3% had no seizures. All domains and sub-domains of ECEQ had significantly correlated with social participation (P<0.01), where the physical environment had the highest correlation (r=-0.811, P<0.01). Based on the linear regression model, physical environment (β=-0.475, P<0.01) and attitudinal environment (β=-0.285, P<0.05) were the predictors of social participation (adjusted R2=0.71).

 Physical and attitudinal environments are predictors of social participation in children with CPSD. Environmental modifications and adaptations at home, community, school, and especially transportation system can increase the social participation of these children.

The Dimensions of Mastery Questionnaire has been widely used to assess children's motivation to master skills and solve problems.

The present study examined Iranian parents' views on the mastery motivation of their children compared with the children's views of their own mastery motivation. Setting and Design: This analytic cross-sectional and psychometric study was done in 2017-2018 in Iranian governmental regular schools in Sari, Babol (Mazandaran) and Tehran. 11 schools (5 Tehran, 3 Sari and 3 Babol) were selected based on cooperation and acceptance of the study.

A convenience sampling of 114 families with schoolage children was invited to participate in the present study. Fathers (33.7%) or mothers (69.7%) and their 1115 yearold children (67% boys) filled the questionnaires; 42 parents and 33 children were asked to refill questionnaires after 2 weeks. Statistical Analysis Used: All data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, inferential internal consistency, and testretest reliability.

There was no difference between parent and child views on 3 out of 4 persistence subscales, but for all the emotional subscales plus general competence, children rated themselves higher than the parents rated them. The intraclass correlation coefficient of all domains and total score were significant (P ˂ 0.01).

Pediatric rehabilitation professionals need to be aware that children and adults may differ in their view of the children's motivation. Disagreements should be discussed with parents and students. Specific treatment goals should be developed for the dimensions on which both parents and their children agree.

In the process of child development, a variety of factors are at play. In this regard, social determinants of health play a determining role in the development and growth of the child. This study aimed to design and test the model for social determinants of health for the development of 36-6o-month-old children in Tehran with the mediation of maternal involvement.

This cross-sectional study was conducted among 1067 mothers and their 36-60-month-old children in childcare centers in Tehran, using multistage sampling. Data gathering tools consisted of a demographic questionnaire for mothers and children, a questionnaire on unhealthy behaviors, Ages and Stages Questionnaire, Economic and Social Status Questionnaire, Perceived Social Support Questionnaire, Perceived Stress Questionnaire, Spielberger Anxiety Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory, ENRICH: Marital Satisfaction Scale, and Participation Scale for Parents and Mothers.

Model fit measures were suitable and goodness of fit (RMSEA = 0.031, GFI = 1) was satisfactory. In addition, the results of path analysis indicated that the participation of mothers in the development of children had a direct positive (ß = 0.089) and increasing effect.

Findings indicated that depression, anxiety, stress, and marital satisfaction have both direct and indirect effects on the participation of mothers and child development. Moreover, the model fit measures indicated the utility and high proportionality of the model, as well as the logic of the adjusted relationships of variables based on the conceptual model.

The present study aimed to provide a field‑tested model of constituting factors affecting mental health in young Iranian adolescents.

In this cross‑sectional study, a conceptual model was proposed based on an extensive literature review. A total of 254 young adolescents aged 11–14 years were recruited from north, south, east, and west regions of Tehran megacity by a random cluster sampling procedure, of whom 244 adolescents participated. The adolescents and their mothers altogether completed eight questionnaires pertaining to the proposed conceptual model: (1) Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), (2) Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse Questionnaire, (3) Child Exposure to Domestic Violence Scale, (4) Drug Abuse Screening Test‑10, (5) Baumrind Parenting Style Questionnaire, (6) Conflict Behavior Questionnaire, (7) General Health Questionnaire‑28, and (8) Garmaroodi Socioeconomic Status Questionnaire. The statistical analysis was performed using structural equation modeling.

This study demonstrated that parent mental health (b = −0.111), experience of father’s care (b = −1.112), conflict with mother (b = 0.309), conflict with father (b = 0.135), and exposure to domestic violence (b = 0.217), as well as age (b = 0.93) and gender (b = 0.139), had direct effect on adolescent mental health (all P < 0.05). Further, the results showed that exposure to domestic violence and conflict with mother had the greatest direct impact on adolescent mental health among all other family‑related factors, followed by conflict with father and parent mental health. Conflict with mother and conflict with father also affected adolescent mental health indirectly through experience of domestic violence and had a mediating effect for the influence of several other factors on adolescent mental health, thus playing an important role in the pathway leading to young adolescent mental health status in the Iranian population.

Overall, the final model proved to be fit and the factors constituting the final model were able to predict 88% of the variations in the mental health of Iranian adolescents. This model can guide clinical psychologists, psychiatrists, and other mental health workers in a more realistic and effective prevention or treatment planning for their young clients. Moreover, it may help in arriving at a comprehensive preventive policymaking for mental health policymakers.

The present study aimed to determine the psychometric properties of the Per-sian version of the Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse Questionnaire (CECA.Q), a tool based on a retrospective interview with the child.

To this aim, 251 adolescents from four regions of Tehran megacity completed the questionnaire. The reliability of the questionnaire was examined, along with the face and content valid-ity. In addition, the construct validity was evaluated by exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA).

EFA and CFA supported a 4-factor solu-tion including mother’s role scale items, father’s role scale items, maternal behavior scale items, and paternal behavior scale items. The total variance extracted in EFA ranged from 33.9 to 60.7. The internal consistency for mother’s role, father’s role, maternal behavior, and paternal behavior was 0.61, 0.65, 0.86, and 0.9 respectively. Thus, the questionnaire had a suitable fit, as well as reasonable reliability and validity.

The Persian ver-sion of the CECA.Q had adequate reliability and validity as a self-report measurement for childhood experience of care and abuse.

 This study was performed to investigate the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire – Older Adults Edition (WHOQOL-OLD). 

The statistical sample consisted of 300 elderly (150 males and 150 females) with an age range of 60-80 years old who were selected in Tehran City. The tools used included the WHOQOL-OLD with 24 questions and 6 components. The IQOLA translation model was used to translate the quality of life in Iranian elderly. To determine the validity, the face, content, concurrent, and structural validity were used. To determine the reliability, the temporal stability and internal consistency methods were used.

 The results showed that more than 85% of the questions had optimal translation quality, thus the face validity of the Persian version WHOQOL-OLD was obtained. Results showed that the content validity ratio (CVR) for all questions was obtained between 0.7-1 and the content validity index (CVI) was 0.85. Results of Pearson correlation coefficient test showed that the correlation between the total score of WHOQOL-OLD and GHQ-28 questionnaires was 0.53 (P<0.05). Therefore, this results showed that the concurrent validity of WHOQOL-OLD questionnaire.  The construct validity results showed that the WHOQOL-OLD questionnaire had acceptable fit indexes (such as CFI=0.924, GFI=0.901, AGFI=0.953, RMSEA=0.048). Finally, results showed that the test-retest interclass correlation test indicate that the temporal stability is acceptable (0.78-0.89). Furthermore, the results of Cronbach’s alpha coefficient showed that the internal consistency of each component was acceptable (α>0.75).

 Results indicated that the Persian version of the WHOQOL-OLD is valid and reliable, and especially can be used to assess the quality of life among Iranian elderly people.

Substance abuse is a critical problem in most countries, especially in developing ones. Earlydetection is the pre-requisite of early control, for which reliable and valid tools are required. In the presentstudy, we aimed at measuring the psychometric properties of the 10-item Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST-10)in Iranian individuals.

After translation and back-translation of the questionnaire, 244 adults were recruited from TehranMegacity, Iran, and completed the questionnaires. Participants were recruited by a multistage randomizedcluster sampling method. Reliability was determined by Cronbach’s alpha. Also, construct validity wasevaluated using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and exploratory factor analysis (EFA).

The internal consistency using Cronbach's alpha coefficients for the total score of the Persianversion of DAST-10 was 0.93. EFA evoked only one factor for DAST-10. The CFA for 1-factor models forDAST-10 indicated an acceptable fit for the proposed models.

The results prove desirable reliability and validity of the Persian version of the DAST which canbe utilized as a screening instrument for drug abuse among Iranian adults.

Success and profitability of an organization as a social system depend on the effective use of human resources. Job satisfaction is one of the most important issues related to human resources and has long been the focus of attention in organizational studies. Although existing studies have identified several factors affecting job satisfaction, few studies have evaluated the status of Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) management and job satisfaction in Iran. Employees are exposed to various work-related hazards and crises. Hence, attention to various environmental threats and control of occupational safety and health risks should be considered as one of the major and indispensable goals of the organization. In this regard, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between OHS management and job satisfaction among employees of nongovernmental rehabilitation centers under the supervision of the Welfare Organization in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province using crisis management approach.

This descriptive correlational study was carried out on 220 employees of non-governmental rehabilitation centers in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, who were selected using the census sampling method. Data collection tools were the Persian version of the Job Descriptive Index instrument and a researcher-made questionnaire in Persian for the assessment of OHS management, which has acceptable validity based on by the opinion of several academic experts. It also has good reliability based on the value of the Cronbach alpha coefficient. The obtained data were analyzed in SPSS v. 20 at a significant level of P<0.05 using the independent t-test, linear regression analysis, and Pearson correlation test.

showed a significant relationship between OHS management in non-governmental rehabilitation centers and their employees’ job satisfaction (P<0.05). In general, the OHS management and job satisfaction in these centers were at a moderate level.

The job satisfaction level of the employees and the OHS management of the non-governmental rehabilitation centers in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad need to be improved. Also, since the OHS management of the workplace is one of the essential indicators of crisis management and safety during emergencies, it is necessary to implement effective management measures to optimize the assessment of OHS performance in the framework of crisis management and risk reduction in organizations.

The Micro Manual Muscle Tester (MMMT) is a Hand-Held Dynamometer (HHD). The current study aimed to evaluate the intra- and inter-rater reliability of this device. To determine the reliability of the MMMT, two previously trained assessors to work with HHD performed HHD measurements on 7 muscle groups of the lower extremities (hip flexors, hip extensors, hip abductors, knee extensors, knee flexors, ankle plantar-, and dorsiflexors) using the make-test method. The study participants were evaluated thrice by two occupational therapists in 10 separate days. All the inter- and intra-correlations were reported as excellent (ICC>0.90), except for ICC2,3 in the hip flexor muscles; and ICC2,3 in the dorsiflexor muscles that were similarly good (ICC=0.75-0.89) at a high significance level (P˂0.001). The MMMT had an acceptable reliability. Furthermore, this device is useful for investigating changes in strength after rehabilitation interventions.

  Due to the shortage of language intervention protocols which specifically concentrate on language acquisition in cochlear implanted children and considering the importance of timely language intervention programs in this group of children, the aim of the present study was to develop an interventional package on “receptive vocabulary” based on the process of vocabulary development in normal children. By reviewing the literature related to language acquisition theories in normal and language disordered children, as well as literature on production of intervention protocols, especially those for language impaired children, and also considering the normal process of language and speech development in normal children, the first draft of the intervention protocol was prepared. Then, with the collaboration of 10 expert pediatricians, speech and language pathologists and linguistic experts as members of a Delphi team, the face and content validity of the intervention protocol was assessed through three Delphi rounds and finally approved. A step by step language intervention protocol entitled “An educational package on receptive vocabulary development of 12-48 months old Persian speaking cochlear implanted children “was developed based on developmental, cognitive and behavioral models and the normal process of language and speech development in children. The interventional package produced is believed to facilitate language acquisition in cochlear implanted children, according to expert qualitative assessment and approval. However, experimental research is required for verification of this assumption.

Context: The present study aimed at developing a conceptual co-relational model of personal and environmental factors affecting mobility in children with CP. Evidence Acquisition: This perspective article describes a path model for mobility in children with CP. A conceptual framework for the model was supported by the relevant literature, and published papers on the personal and environmental factors affecting mobility in children with CP were reviewed. A literature search was performed using PubMed, SCOPUS and Google Scholar on papers published from 1970 to 2016. From the initial 228 articles related to personal and environmental factors for children with cerebral palsy, 72 articles met the inclusion criteria. Different factors, affecting the mobility, directly and indirectly, were analyzed based on available evidence. If contributing factors that lead to changes in basic motor abilities are identified and subjected to manipulation, the identified determinants that can be optimized through interventions might enhance long-term results of mobility.

Given that that delayed umbilical cord clamping increases blood transfer to newborns, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of the timing of umbilical cord clamping on hemoglobin levels, neonatal outcomes and developmental status in infants at four months old. This clinical trial examined infants born to 400 pregnant women immediately upon birth and at the age of four months. The newborns were randomly assigned to either the intervention group with a 90-120-second delay in umbilical cord clamping or the control group with a clamping delay of below 60 seconds, and blood samples were taken from their umbilical cords. The Ages and Stages Questionnaire was used to evaluate the infants’ developmental status. Umbilical cord hemoglobin was found to be significantly higher in the intervention group compared to in the controls (P=0/024). No significant differences were observed between the two groups in terms of neonatal complications except neonatal jaundice was significantly more common in the intervention group (P=0/025), although the need for phototherapy was not different between the groups. Overall, no significant differences were observed between the two groups in terms of developmental status at four months old; however, the infants had better problem-solving skills in the delayed umbilical cord clamping group (P=0/015). The results obtained show that, despite elevating hemoglobin, delayed umbilical cord clamping but has no effects on infant development except in terms of problem-solving skills. Further studies are recommended on the effects of delayed umbilical cord clamping on infant development.

Since several factors, rather than a single cause, contribute to developmental delay in children, identification of the condition's risk factors and their pathway of effects are critical to the design and implementation of appropriate intervention. This study aimed to determine the relation between social determinants of maternal health and child development in Iranian mothers and their children.
In this analytical cross-sectional study, the subjects were recruited from mother-child health clinics located at general hospitals affiliated to Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (Tehran, Iran). A total of 950 mothers and their children were selected using cluster sampling. Based on the WHO conceptual framework of Social determinants of health (SDH) and review of literature, this model was proposed. The questionnaires used for data gathering were: Beck’s Depression Inventory II (BDI-II), Spiel Berger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), the 12- item MSPSS questionnaire for social support, Cohen’s measure of perceived stress, the Ages and Stages Questionnaires (ASQ) of infant developmental status, and socio-economic status questionnaire. The data and theoretical Path Model were analyzed using SPSS software version 19.0 and Lizrel 8.8 software.
The mean of Mother’s age was 28.05±4.22 years old. The percentage of children with suspected delay was 12.2%. The final path model fitted well (RMSEA=0.049 GFI=1). Maternal Socioeconomic status had the greatest direct, indirect, and total effects on child development (βTotal=0.35377), and maternal depression had the second most significant direct effects on child development (β= -0.17).
The proposed path model regarding the effects of maternal socioeconomic status, perceived social support, perceived stress, anxiety and depression, on the developmental status of 6 to 18 month-old children, fitted well.

Given the importance and prevalence of depression among women, this study aimed to test the correlation model between socio-economic status, anxiety, perceived stress, social support and women’s depression in reproductive age using path analysis.
This analytical cross-sectional study was conducted on 1065 women of reproductive age selected randomly from clinics affiliated to Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Data were collected using demographic and socio-economic status questionnaires, the perceived stress and the social support Scales, Spielberger’s Anxiety Inventory and Beck’s Depression Inventory. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 19.0 and LISREL version 8.8.
The final path model fitted well (GFI=1; RMSEA=0.09) and showed that socioeconomic status had direct (β=-0.22) and indirect effect (β=-0.0645), perceived stress had direct effect (β=0.22), social support had direct (β=-0.21) and indirect effect (β=-0.033), anxiety had direct effect (β=0.18) on depression, and overall, socioeconomic status had the greatest effects on depression (β=-0.2845).
According to the obtained results, screening for the examined variables is recommended to prevent and diagnose depression and promote health in women.

This study aimed to examine the relationship between age, gender and body mass index with performance of fundamental motor skills among children aged 7-10 years.
A total of 600 children aged 7-10 years from Tehran participated in this research. Body mass index was directly measured from height (m)2/weight(kg) for each child. Fundamental motor skills were assessed by using the OSU-SIGMA scale.
The results showed that age and gender variables had a significant relationship on walking and running skills, but BMI was not significant (P>0.05). Also age, gender and body mass index variables had a significant relationship on jumping, skipping, hopping and ladder climbing (P Based on presented results, the need for educational programs in the field of play and physical activities seems necessary in elementary schools. If these programs are carefully implemented, could lead to increase expertise in fundamental motor skills. Thus, increased play and physical activity, leading to reduce the prevalence of obesity and overweight in children.

To evaluate the distribution of the Bayley screening test scores by age, in Persian children and compare developmental risk categories distributions between Persian and reference norms.
A representative sample of 417, 1 to 42-months-old, typically developing children by consecutive sampling from health -care centers recruited, during the 2014 to 2015 in Tehran city. The Bayley measures children’s cognitive, receptive and expressive communication, fine and gross motor skills. For determining cut points for the subtest scores, two cuts points were determined for each age group, dividing scores into the three bands that identify the at risk, emerging (between the 2nd and 25th percentiles), and competent categories. We estimated the agreement between the distributions of the risk categories between the two samples using weighted kappa statistics.
The comparison of neurodevelopmental classification of children based on two norms determined that; approximately 70-80% of all tests administered to the participating children were classified as normal by both norms. Weighted kappa coefficients for the five subtests ranged from 0.56 to 0.89 suggesting moderate agreement between the classification using the reference and Persian norms. Expressive and receptive communication subtests had the lowest kappa scores (0.56 and 0.59, respectively), and classification of gross motor demonstrated the highest level of agreement (0.89).
Our findings demonstrate that reliance on reference -based norms for the Bayley test in Persian children results in misclassification of developmental delay.

Objectives The present study determined the correlation of self-concept and self-efficacy with self-management among elderly in the sanatoriums in Tehran in2015.
Methods & Materials This descriptive-analytic research, conducted in a cross-sectional study, enrolled 217 elderlies from the sanatoriums of Tehran in 2015 via a simple random sampling method. Three tools including Rogers self-concept scale, general self-efficacy scale (GSE-10), and self-management ability scale (SMAS-30) were utilized to measure the variables. After sampling and gathering the questionnaires, collected data were entered into SPSS and analyzed using the analytical tests such as Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, Pearson’s test, and regression.
Results The mean of self-concept, self-efficacy, and self-management were 8.25±1.47, 17.68±4.00, and 59.69±11.59 , respectively. Other findings indicated significant relationships of self-concept and self-efficacy with self-management (PConclusion The elderly in the sanatoriums of Tehran had a low self-concept, self-efficacy, and self-management. Thus, it could be concluded that by improving the self-concept and self-efficacy of elderly, we might witness an increase in self-management.

Given the significant health effects of domestic violence against women, the present study was conducted in 2016, in Tehran, Iran in order to compare the socioeconomic status, perceived social support and mental status in women of reproductive age experiencing and not experiencing domestic violence.
This descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was conducted on 500 women. The data collection tools used included questionnaires: demographic information, Socioeconomic, Beck’s Depression, Spielberger’s Anxiety, Cohen’s Perceived Stress, Sarason’s Perceived Social Support and WHO’s Domestic Violence Inventory.
The results showed that 43.2% of women said they had experienced at least one case of domestic violence, among which 16.4%, 15% and 36.6% of women had experienced physical, sexual and emotional-verbal types of violence, respectively. The mean age (p less than 0.001) and educational level (p=0/018) of violated women and their spouses (p less than 0.001) were lower than those of non-violated women. Furthermore, violated women experienced lower socioeconomic status (p less than 0.05), higher perceived stress (p less than 0.008), higher depression (p less than 0.001), and higher overt anxiety (0.002. They also perceived lower levels of social support (p less than 0.001).
The issue of domestic violence was rather prevalent in the participants of the present study, particularly the younger, less educated and more socioeconomically deprived communities and families.

Determining maternal and infantile factors associated with the number of attending times of preterm infants to Neonatal Follow up and Early Intervention services during one year after discharge from neonatal intensive care unit.
This study used data from a cohort of preterm infants born in Arash Women’s Hospital and consecutively admitted to the NICU at the same hospital from April 2014 to February 2015.
Data was gathered by completing a questionnaire administered via phone. Data included mother’s age, education, type of pregnancy, history of abortion, history of premature birth, self-reported post-partum depression and the number of children, as well as infant’s gender, birth weight, gestational age, length of stay in the NICU, living area, twin or triplet birth, number of siblings, and the child rank. Number of attending times to services was recorded.
After multivariate analysis, shorter length of stay in the NICU, lower maternal education, more number of children, self-declared lack of awareness about Neonatal Follow up and Early Intervention services, and self-reported lack of referral by a physician were the only factors that continued to be significantly correlated, and in fact, the truly influential ones associated with number of attending times.
Results of this study have defined some predictors of poor follow up and early intervention service utilization in a high-risk group of infants following NICU discharge, which is suggested to be addressed by policymakers to overcome possible barriers to attendance.

The aim of the current research was to investigate the effect of age and body mass index on performance quality of motor skills among children with 3-5 years-old in Tehran.
A total of 400 children between the ages of 3-5 years-old were selected through multi-stage cluster random sampling from Tehran city. Motor skills were assessed with using the OSU-SIGMA qualitative scale. Height without shoes in standing position and weight using digital scales and Body mass index was calculated by dividing the weight by height squared.
The results indicated that the age variable had a significant effect on performance quality of walking, running, stair climbing, catching and throwing skills, but BMI had not a significant effect. Also, age and BMI variables had significant effects on performance quality of jumping, running hoping, licking, kicking by hand, kicking by foot and climbing of ladder skills (P Based on the results of present study, the necessity for existence of educational programs in the field of physical activities and the prevalence of obesity and overweight in children is suggested.

Positioning is a part of routine neonatal care in most neonatal intensive care units. Optimal positioning has been controversially advocated as a practice for providing better neuro-developmental outcomes in prematures.
To evaluate by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) the effect of changing posture on regional saturation of oxygen (rSO2) in the brain in mechanically ventilated preterm newborns during first 3 days after delivery.
Twenty stable ventilated preterm newborns were studied by NIRS in four different positions sequentially including supine, right-side-lying, prone, and left-side-lying, as well as in 3 intermediate periods between the four main positions.
About 45 percent of the sample of 20 neonates was under 30 weeks with a mean gestational age of 30.985 ± 6.459. Also, 50 percent were less than 1500 grams, with a mean weight of 1638.75 ± 623.04 grams. No statistically significant changes in rSO2 were found in the 4 main positions but we found significant difference between the rSO2 values of the “intermediate period between the right-side-lying and the prone position” with all other main positions and intermediate periods.
The four main postures utilized in the practice of positioning infants, do not differ in terms of cerebral oxygenation. However, it seems that wide ranges of spatial mobilization in ventilated preterm neonates may be a potential cause of fall in brain oxygenation.