فهرست مطالب s. r. hashemi

Probiotic bacteria are Gram-positive and negative-catalase with various characteristics including resistance to acid and bile salt conditions, antimicrobial characteristics, bacitracin production, and lack of capability for transferring genes resistant to antibiotics. These bacteria are a part of selected and useful bacteria in the digestive system, which leads to reinforcement of the body's immune system if they are adequately consumed (106-107 CFU/g). This research aimed to identify molecular identification and assessment of probiotic characteristics of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolates separated from the digestive and reproduction system of  Ross 308 broiler breeders.
Twenty Ross 308 broiler breeders were selected and samples of the vagina and ileum of them, and the cecum and feces of roosters were taken to separate LAB. The Gram and catalase test was used to approve the biochemical characteristics of LAB. The suspension containing each LAB isolate was harvested at 4  for five min (10,000×g) to assess the survival of the selected LAB isolated under conditions simulating the GI tract. Then, remained sediment in the buffer solution containing HCL (1N) reached to pH equal to two by eliminating the supernatant. After adding 0.1 % (w/v) pepsin to bacterial suspension, it was stored at 37  for three hours. After incubation, the pH of suspension with NaCl (1N) was reached to six. Then, tolerance to small intestine condition was evaluated in PBS solution (pH=7), containing Oxgall (0.3% w/v) and pancreatin (0.1% w/v) of washed suspensions of the LAB was mixed and incubated at 37 . Finally, the LAB isolate population was determined by consecutive dilution in sterile PBS and plate media on MRS agar compared to a blank sample (untreated). For molecular identification of dominant lactic acid bacteria, the DNA of the dominant lactic acid isolate was extracted by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) kit. Then, it was amplified using primers (44F; 1542 R) in temperature conditions. Afterward, for initial approval, PCR products were transferred to 1.5 % agarose gel and electrophoresis was performed in TBE buffer in the presence of positive control and negative control samples. The good diffusion method was used to determine the anti-bacterial effect of the selected LAB isolated against pathogenic factors. To assess auto-aggregation of the selected isolate, the cells obtained from its 24-hour culture were separated by refrigerated centrifugation (10 min, 4 , 6000×g) and was dissolved in phosphate buffer during two phases (pH=7.2) so that the obtained suspension had absorption equal to . Then, the suspension was put at the temperature of 37  for four hours. Then, the absorption of LAB isolate suspension in 600 nm was read. A combination of an equal volume of LAB isolates suspension and pathogenic bacteria were vortexed and incubated at 37℃ for four hours to assess auto-aggregation of isolate. The surface part of the suspensions was read at 600 nm and calculated. About 200 µl of 24 h culture of selected LAB was added to four mL of 1 % MRS agar medium to evaluate the selected LAB isolated antibiotic susceptibility. This combination was overlaid on plates containing 1.5 mL of 1.5% MRS agar, and then, discs of antibiotics including Ampicillin, Gentamicin, Streptomycin, Cefazolin, Ciprofloxacin, Penicillin, Cephalothin, Imipenem, Novobiocin, Clindamycin, Vancomycin, Ceftriaxone, and Nalidixic acid was placed on each plate. After 24 h of incubation at 37℃, the diameter of the inhibition zone (mm) was measured and reported as resistant, relatively sensitive, and sensitive. To consider the capability of hemolysis of blood, LAB isolate was streaked on the surface of a blood agar plate supplemented with 5% sheep blood. After 48 h of incubation at 37℃, the plates were considered in terms of diameter inhibition zone creation and color change in the medium.
The results of the sequencing test led to the identification of Levilactobacillus brevis. The predominant LAB isolated from the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and reproductive tracts of Ross 308 broiler breeders and L. brevis isolated from the ileum (82.00%) (P<0.05) in the simulated conditions of the GIT compared to the L. brevis isolated from other parts GIT and the reproductive system had more survival than acid and bile. Examining the anti-bacterial effect of the aforementioned isolate showed that the L. brevis bacterium had an inhibitor influence on Shigella dysentery bacteria (87.00%) and Staphylococcus aureus (81.25%). In addition, the highest and the lowest characteristics of co-aggregation of this isolate were observed against Listeria monocytogenes (46.00%) and Salmonella typhimurium (38.00%). This isolate had 43% auto-aggregation characteristics and no hemolytic activity. Assessing antibiotic resistance of LAB isolate showed that the biggest diameter of inhibition zone of bacterium (23.5 mm) was related to Imipenem that had no significant difference with Ampicillin (22.5 mm) and Vancomycin (22.5 mm) and its lowest value (12 mm) was related to Ceftriaxone that had no significant difference with Gentamicin and Cephalotin. The results of this study showed that L. brevis bacterium can be used in the nutrition of broiler breeders as a probiotic bacterium.
The use of probiotics in the feeding of Ross 308 broiler breeders may eliminate the public health concerns of antimicrobial resistance development to some extent, as this could replace the use of antibiotics. According to antimicrobial characteristics, antibiotic resistance, hemolytic activity, auto-aggregation, and co-aggregation of predominant LAB isolate, it can be concluded that L. brevis can be useful and applicable as a probiotic supplement in producing food and pharmaceutical products for broiler breeders.

Nowadays, due to the expansion of cities as well as the increase in the urban population, the lack of drinking water of good quality is always one of the most important issues for the country's water and sewage authorities, especially the people. Delivering water for consumption is one of the important activities of water transmission lines. In this context, optimizing the route of transmission lines is important. In this research, the plan to transfer water from the balance tank near Khoshab's agricultural and industrial lands and Roza Dam in Madhim City to the cities of Tabas Messina, Asadiyeh, and Gazik, has been obtained as the optimal route in terms of technical and engineering, economic and passive defense, and environment.  In this regard, the required information maps, such as topography, land use, rivers and roads, infrastructure, faults, geology, and population centers, were prepared in the form of raster maps in the GIS environment to obtain a cost map. Then, based on the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), these maps were weighted and integrated, and the cost map was obtained. Finally, from the cost map, five routes were determined as the best routes, and to optimize hydraulically, these routes were entered into the EPANET software. The hydraulic design of the routes was done in this software by linking it with the multi-objective particle swarm algorithm. Two technical and economic objective functions of Pareto curves for these routes were obtained in a MATLAB environment. By analyzing these curves, route 2 out of these 5 routes has a more appropriate drop and cost and has been obtained as the optimal route for this water transfer, and this route has a length of 112 km.

Heat stress is one of the most important effective factors on performance and health and exposure to heat stress is one of the major challenges in poultry industry. Therefore, consuming compounds with antioxidant properties such as herbs are recommended to reduce heat stress effects. A total of 300 one-day-old broiler chicks (Hubbard) were randomly divided to four treatments and five replicates due to the investigate of different levels Descurainia sophia on performance, immune system, T4 thyroid hormone and responses of HSP70 in broiler’s brain under acute heat stress condition. Treatments were included: control treatment (basal diet), basal diet with 0.5% Descurainia sophia, basal diet with 1% Descurainia sophia and basal diet with 2% Descurainia sophia. Heat stress were exposed on d 35 to 42 (34±1˚C) for 4 hours. In order to evaluate the hormone parameters, immune system and molecular experiments five chickens from each treatment were slaughtered and blood and brain sampling were performed on d 42 of experiment. The results of experiment showed that the treatments had no significant difference on performance parameters and lymphoid organs weight in poultry (P>0.05). The least ratio of heterophile and the maximum ratio of lymphocyte were observed in 1% and 2% Descurainia sophia treatments and increasing the expression of HSP70 and T4 hormone concentration were observed in 2% Descurainia sophia treatment (P<0.05). In conclusion, the results showed that 1% and 2% Descurainia sophia is considered as a reducing agent in heat stress injuries and could be used as supplement and feed additive in poultry nutrition.

The aim of this study was to invastigate the effect of organic acids and silver nanoparticles coated on zeolite on performance, intestinal morphology and gastrointestinal microbial population in broiler chickens. A total of 375 one-day old broiler chickens were randomly assigned to 5 diets including: (1) a basal diet (control), (2) the basal diet containing 1% zeolite, (3) the basal diet containing 1% of zeolite-coated with 0.5% silver nanoparticles, (4) the basal diet containing 1/5 g/kg Organic acids and (5) the basal diet containing 1% of zeolite-coated with 0.5% of silver nanoparticles and 1/5g/kg organic acids. The experimental treatments had no significant effect on performance characterization of birds (P>0.05). Total count of anaerobic bacteria in ceca was decreased on silver nanoparticles coated on zeolite treatment on 21 d of experiment (p < 0.05). The number of lactobacillus bacteria in ileum was increased in all of treatments compared to the control group on 42 d of experiment (p < 0.05) and both tretments contain with organic acid were the most number of lactobacillus bacteria in ceca (p < 0.05). The use of silver nanoparticles coated on zeolite in chickens significantly increased villi length, villi/crypt depth, villus surface area, muscular layer thickness and decreased crypt depth and villus width compared to control treatment (p < 0.05). In conclusion silver nanoparticles coated on zeolite in broilers diet can increase intestinal lactobacillus and could be used as growth and health promoter supplements in broiler chickens feed.

The smallest bones in the body is located in the middle ear. It transmits air from the outer ear to the inner ear  and this ossicle important in physiology and pathology . There is no study performed on the histology of middle ear bones in the buffalo.

For this study, eight male and female buffalos heads were selected from the slaughterhouse. Then histological section was taken from the middle ear ossicles and histologically stained by haematoxylin-eosin staining. At the end the middle ear ossicles were studied histology  and the internal structure of the ossicels and joints between them was studied.

The histological results showed middle ear ossicles in buffalo was Compact bone and It has synovial joints.The joint between malleus bone and incus bone and The joint between incus bone and stapes bone had diarthrosis joint and a articular capsule covered the outside of the articular space. This articular capsule was thicker in the joint between the malleus bone and incus bone than the incus bone and stapes bone. Around the foot plate of the staped bone obseves annular ligament that connected the joints of the stapes bone to the ventral window.

The results of the present study can provide basic information for other researchers to physiology and pathology in this regard.

Nanotechnology can be very effective in increasing productivity through food, nutrition, hygiene and breeding of livestock, poultry and aquatic animals. Nanotechnology has received a great attention within scientific and industrial communities in many countries including Iran. Nanotechnology, as a powerful new technology has the ability of creating massive revolution in feed supply and agricultural systems at global scale by improving diet quality and consequently health and growth performance (Buzea et al. 2007). One of the reasons for the extensive use of these particles in poultry units is due to their antimicrobial properties. Nanotechnology deals with structures that their dimensions are approximately between 1 to 100 nanometers (Sriram et al. 2010). Silver nanoparticles are among widely used nanoparticles. The interest in the use of silver based antimicrobial agents was primarily due to the emergence of antibiotic resistance among microbial populations and due to the fact that resistance to silver is not commonly encountered (Prestinaci et al. 2015). Nanoparticles according to their size, have new properties in comparison with mass materials. Silver nanoparticles in many characters are more effective compared with other metals. In addition, beneficial effects of silver nanoparticles are due to the size and resemblance of nanoparticles which caused their passage through the biological membrane and through the cell (Wang et al. 2015). Silver nanoparticles because of their small size for proper homogeneity can be coated by zeolite particles. Zeolite has been used in broiler feed due to its resistant chemical structure and it’s not digested and catalyzed by passing through the digestive tract. Also, zeolites are crystalline, hydrated aluminosilicates of alkali and alkaline earth cations. Among many properties attributed to zeolites, two of the most characteristics that relates to their effectiveness in animal nutrition are their ability to lose and gain water reversibly and being capable of exchanging selectively a variety of cations in their structure without much changes of structure (Wawrzyniak et al. 2017). Therefore, zeolite can be considered as an appropriate carrier for nanoparticles. Based on these facts, silver nanoparticles had been replaced instead of massive particles of silver and been more effective in different industry. Silver nanoparticles lead to the production of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress in cells (Ahmadi and Kurdestani. 2010). Liver as the biggest gland in the body has several roles. In addition to digestive and metabolic activities, liver has immunological and detoxification activity (Maser et al. 1994). Silver nanoparticles can inter the cells and communicate with intracellular structures (Panzarini et al. 2018). The ability of silver nanoparticles to infiltrate into tissues led to resistance against their removal in blood and then, cause particles aggregation in utilizable tissues. Due to the reports of the aggregating and dangerous effects of silver nanoparticles, it seems necessary to histopathologically investigate liver and kidney of broiler chicken fed silver nanoparticles.

This experiment was performed at the Poultry Research Station Faculty of Animal Science at the Gorgan University of Agricultural and Natural Resources. This experiment was designed to evaluate the effect of silver nanoparticles coated on zeolite and organic acid on liver and kidney histology in broiler chickens. A total of 375 one-day old broiler chicks (Cobb 500) was randomly assigned into five treatment groups containing of five replicates with 15 birds in each replicate. Five dietary treatments groups were, (1) basal diet (control), (2) basal diet containing 1% zeolite, (3) basal diet containing 1% of zeolite-coated with 0.5% silver nanoparticles, (4) basal diet containing 0.15% organic acids and (5) basal diet containing 1% of zeolite-coated with 0.5% of silver nanoparticles and 0.15% a mixture of organic acid. The basal diet prepared for starter and growth periods, and composition of the experimental diets prepared according to the requirements prescribed for Cobb 500 (Cobb. 2012). Birds has ad libitum access to feed and water for all treatment groups and continuous lighting program was provided during the experiment. Two chickens per each replicate were slaughtered on day 42 for evaluating the histology of liver and kidney. The tissue samples were fixed in a 10% buffered formalin, processed through graded alcohols and xylene and embedded in paraffin blocks. Tissue sections were cut for 5 m at multiple levels and routinely stained with haematoxylin-eosin (H&E). Mounted slides were examined and photographed under a light microscope. Hepatocytes and kidney cells were evaluated for histopathologic lesions, focal point of lymph nodes in the liver parenchyma, around the portal region and focal point of heterophobia. Data were analyzed based on a completely randomized design using general linear method (GLM) procedure by using SAS (2003) software. Mean comparison was done by Duncan's multiple range tests at 5% level with values of P<0.05 being considered significantly different.

The experimental results didn’t show any significant difference between experimental treatments on liver and kidney histopathology in broiler chickens (P>0.05). Liver in the body as a detoxifying organ absorbs a significant part of toxins produced from harmful microbes and external particles into the blood. However, it was not possible to remove them completely in the tissues because of high ability of nanoparticles in dispersion in tissues of broiler chickens (Zargaran-Esfahani et al. 2010). Increased liver weight in the presence of nanoparticles due to inflammation in these organs has been reported in some studies. The results of this experiment didn’t show any significant difference between treatments on liver and kidney histopathology in broiler chickens and there were no toxicological effects of silver nanoparticles on liver and kidney tissues (P>0.05).

Nanoparticles coated on zeolite and with organic acid can be used as an additive supplement without any adverse effect on feeding and histopathological liver and kidney in broiler chickens.

Buffalo is an economic animal in Livestock areas. Buffalo has two types: swamp buffalo and river buffalo. The tympanic membrane or ear drum  is a thin membrane that separates the outer ear from the middle ear. There is no histological and histochemical research performed on this organ in buffalo.

For this study 8 heads of  male and female buffalo were purchased from slaughterhouse and their tympanic membrane were studied histomorphometry , histological  and histochemically with H&E, Verhoff, PAS and MTC staining.

The result showed Tympanic membrane had three layers of Epithelial layer, connective tissue and mucosal layer. In Epithelial layer Epithelium was stratified squamous and in  mucosal layer epithelium  was simple squamous. Connective tissue wasvery thick and its collagen fibers types was arranged in radial and circular manner. The most types of connective cells were fibroblast. Collagen and elastic fibers were in both parts of tympanic membrane, but pars flaccida of tympanic membrane had more elastic fibers and in contrast it’s pars tensa of tympanic membrane had more collagen fibers. The highest density of collagen fiber observed in left tympanic membrane of female buffalo and lowest density of collagen fiber was in left tympanic membrane of male buffalo.

Overalls result showed tympanic membrane in buffalo had Similarities and differences with  ruminants and other animals.

Antibiotics are widely used for preventing and treating several diseases, as well as for promoting growth in food-producing animals. This widespread use of antibiotic may cause residuals in foodstuffs, as well as the induction of allergic reactions in humans. In addition, resistance to pathogenic bacteria has been constantly weakening as a result of antibiotic use. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the presence of common three groups of antibiotics including fluoroquinolone, tetracycline and sulfonamide in chicken meat and table eggs consumed in Islamic Republic of Iran Army (IRIA). A total of 70 poultry samples, including chicken meat and eggs from IRIA‘s cold storages, were analyzed using ELISA for determination of antibiotic residues. Of the chicken samples analyzed, 35 (100%), 30 (85.71%) and 28 (80.00%) were contaminated with fluoroquinolone, tetracycline and sulfonamide, respectively. The mean levels (±SE) of fluoroquinolone, tetracycline and sulfonamide were found to be 72.59±4.30 µg/kg, 15.35±1.6 µg/kg and 36.52±3.61 µg/kg in chicken samples, respectively. 4 (11.43%) of chicken samples exceeded the maximum residue level (MRL). The study revealed that 4 (11.43%), 8 (22.85%) and zero of 35 egg samples were positive for fluoroquinolone, tetracycline and sulfonamide, respectively. The mean levels (±SE) of fluoroquinolone, tetracycline and sulfonamide were found to be 1.23±0.6 µg/kg, 2.84±0.94 µg/kg and zero µg/kg in egg samples, respectively. This study indicated that some consumable chicken meat and eggs of IRIA contain residues of antibiotics, therefore, it is necessary to monitor protein products regarding to antimicrobial residues for public health.

Breast cancer is the most common cause of death from cancer in women worldwide. A comprehensive study of breast cancer in different parts of a country can provide the information for evidence-based planning and, consequently, cost reduction for both the patient and the society. The aim of this study was to investigate the types of pathological lesions in cases of breast cancer diagnosed in Babol (a city in the north of Iran) over 10 years.
In this cross-sectional study, all pathological reports on breast cancer that were recorded in Babol's pathology centers from 2008 to 2017 were studied. Demographic data, age of first menstruation, age of menopause, age of first delivery, history of breast cancer, history of ovarian and uterine cancer, history and duration of breastfeeding were collected and evaluated.
FINDINGS: In this study, the frequency of breast cancer among diagnosed cases of cancer was reported to be 22.4%. 331 patients (99.1%) were female and 3 patients (0.9%) were male. 41.3% were in the age group of 41 – 50 years old. 26 patients (7.7%) had a history of breast cancer and 34 patients (10.1%) had a family history of breast cancer. 287 (85.9%) women had a history of breastfeeding. Ductal carcinoma was reported in 267 patients (79.9%).
According to the results of this study, ductal carcinoma was reported as the most common type of pathology.

Irrigation with saline waters and solute transport to soil surface by capillary can accumulate solutes. Current study have been carried out to simulate the water flow and solute transport in soil by Hydrus model in order to determine the suitable depth of dripper in the grape garden that was located in Amirabad village in Birjand city in 2015.Samples were taken from the 0, 30, 60 and 90 cm of soil during the 3 irrigation interval and then the amount of soil sample moisture have been determined in the laboratory then the amount of moisture have been entered in Hydrus- 1D model. The amount of soil hydraulic parameters have been determined by inverse solution. Outputs of Hydrus- 1D have been entered in Hydrus- 3D model and the model have been executed. Results indicated that the amounts of Root Mean Square Weighted Error (RMSE), Mean Weighted Absolute Error (MAE) were 9 and 6 percent, respectively. According to the moisture and salinity profiles obtained from Hydrus-3D model, it was suggested to place dripper in depth of 32 cm. In order to check the accuracy of suggested depth Some Scenarios have been considered in Hydrus-2D model. In this scenarios, the dripper have been placed in the depths of 15, 20 and 25 cm. According to the obtained concentration profiles at the end of the simulation period for the mentioned depths, when the dripper have been placed in the depth of 25 cm, the amount of solute accumulation reaches to zero at the soil surface that confirms the results obtained by Hydrus- 3D so it is better to place dripper in the depth of 25-32 cm.

Stomach cancer tends to progress gradually over the years. Considering the relationship between blood type, peptic ulcers and impaired mucus secretion, we aimed to determine the frequency of ABO and Rh blood types in patients with stomach cancer.

This cross-sectional study was performed on 150 patients with stomach cancer, referring to Shahid Beheshti Hospital of Babol for surgical interventions during 2006-2011. Moreover, 150 control patients with no prior history of cancer, referring to the clinics, were included in this study. Data including age and sex were recorded in a checklist. After determining patients’ blood type and Rh, age, sex, blood type and Rh were converted into numerical codes, and the two groups were compared.

The mean age of subjects was 61.25±14.52 years in the study group and 58.37±16.37 years in the control group. The number of male subjects was higher than females in both groups. Among 150 patients with gastric cancer, 36 (24%), 47 (3.31%), 2 (3.1%) and 65 (3.43%) patients had A, B, AB and O blood types, respectively. In the control group, 33 (22%), 36 (24%), 8 (5.3%) and 73 (7.48%) subjects had A, B, AB and O blood types, respectively.

The results showed that the frequency of O blood type was higher in patients with stomach cancer, compared to other blood types.

Water shortage is one of the society''s problems regarding to population increase and industries development nowadays. In addition to quantity، water quality is of special importance. The quality of groundwater and prevent further contamination، especially in areas where have highly vulnerable aquifers is particularly important. Most of the canals in the Kuchesfehan-Astane plain are no lining and this factor leads to more water waste. High water leakage has the main role of underground water pollution in this region because ground water level is high and the salient farming is the water farming in this region. This article attempts to determine the rate of water leakage from traditional irrigation canals by the Seep w software and regarding this the network parameter was made and added to drastic parameters as the 8th parameter. A new plan was drawn that presented better results regarding to the standard drastic plan. It is realized that the vulnerability rate of NW drastic plan is about 7. 9 percent but in the standard drastic plan is about 1. 67 percent by the comparison of standard drastic plan and NW drastic plan. Correlation coefficient was used for the appropriateness assessment and comparison of two plans (between vulnerability and nitrate density factors) and it was about 40 percent for the standard drastic and 60 percent for the NW drastic that shows the high accuracy of NW drastic plan.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different levels of black cumin seed in diets containing different levels of protein on performance، litter quality and tibia bone parameters of broiler chickens. This experiment was performed in a completely randomized design with 2×3 factorial arrangement containing، 2 levels of protein (NRC، 1994 recommendation level and 87% of NRC،1994 recommendation level) and 3 levels of black cumin seed (zero، 1 and 2 percent in diet). Three hundred and thirty six day-old Ross 308 broiler chickens (mixed sex) were allocated to 6 experimental diets with 4 replicates of 14 chicks each. Results showed that the weight gain (WG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of birds fed diets containing NRC،1994 protein level were significantly better than those fed 87% of NRC،1994 protein level during the grower and whole period of experiment (P<0. 05). In the grower and whole period of experiment، using 1 and 2 % black cumin seed in diets containing 87% of NRC،1994 recommendation protein level led to relative increase in WG of birds. Litter nitrogen percent was insignificantly lower in birds fed NRC،1994 protein level than those fed 87% of NRC،1994 protein level. Tibia bone weight and bone external diameter was significantly (P<0. 05) higher in birds fed NRC،1994 protein level as compared to those fed 87% of NRC،1994 protein level. Use of 1 and 2% black cumin seed in diets of containing 87% of NRC،1994 protein level improved bone weight، tibia external and internal diameter in broilers، but no such effect was found in those fed NRC،1994 protein level. Based on the results of this experiment، use of black cumin seed in low protein diet can improve performance and some tibia bone characteristics of broiler chickens.

Inguinal hernia repair is one of the most prevalent procedures in general surgery. Several methods have been introduced for inguinal hernia repair that focus on the reduction of complications of surgery and lowering the recurrence of the hernia. However، controversies remain among surgeons about the preferred treatment method. The aim of this study was to compare the outcomes of repairing inguinal hernia with mesh and non-mesh methods.

All patients aged 18 years old and over that admitted for inguinal hernioraphy in Shahid Behesti hospital in Babol during March to September 2010 included in the study. Demographic data، characteristics of hernia، duration of returning to daily activities and the type of repair of each patient entered in the checklist. All patients followed up for one year in case of any complication and recurrence of hernia. Recurrence of hernia due to ascites or due to any increase in abdominal pressure and missed patients during the follow up period was excluded from the study.

Among all 132 cases 129 patients were male and 3 patients were female and the mean age of the patients was 53. 66±16. 89 years. Forty five (34. 1%) patients underwent hernioraphy with mesh and 87 (65. 9%) patients without mesh. The mean time for patients to return to daily activities was 25. 4±4. 7 days in the mesh group and 28. 53±7. 86 days in the non-mesh group (p=0. 048). Rate of recurrence of hernia during the follow up period was 8 cases (6. 1%) that 6 cases had been repaired with non-mesh method and 2 cases were repaired with mesh method (p>0. 05).

Simple inguinal hernias seem to be repaired better with mesh method than non-mesh method.

Road traffic accidents (RTA) is recognized internationally as the major threat to human health and, motorcycle collision victims form a high proportion of those killed or injured in RTA.This study was performed to evaluate the patterns of motorcyclist’s mortalities. All motorcyclists’ corpses that were presented to the legal medicine center of Mazandaran Province during January 2002 to January 2004 were enrolled and the patterns of motorcyclist’s mortalities were determined. Of the 89 bodies, 93.3% were male and 84.2% were riders. About 60% sustained injuries from collision with a car. Two third of the deaths occurred in the first half of the year. Three fourth of the death occurred in heavy traffic volume time of a day (7 am to 10 pm) peaking at 9 pm (21%). Fifty seven percent died on the rural roads collisions and 47% on the urban road collisions. Head injury was the main cause of death (50.6%). Motorcyclist’s mortalities were prevalent in young motorcycle riders (males), collision with a car, first half of the year, heavy traffic volume time, riding on rural roads, and head injury was the main cause of death.