فهرست مطالب s. shariati

Sometimes some concepts, due to the excessive use in various fields, become elastic and lose their explanatory power, and also instead of explaining reality, they become the veil of reality. What about the concept of fundamentalism? Does this concept explain what is called fundamentalism? Or should alternative concepts be used? And can the concept of fundamentalism be applied outside of the origins of twentieth-century Protestant America?In answer to these questions, there are two groups in favor (those who believe in the adequacy of the concept of fundamentalism) and those who disagree (those who believe in inadequacy). Lawrence, Riesebrodt, Altemeyer, Summers, Schwartz, and Lindley are among the first to believe in the definition of fundamentalism based on similarities in different religions and cultures. In contrast, proponents of inadequacy, such as Roton, Hunter, Saeed, Bruninson, and Freedman, have criticized the use of fundamentalism in other cultures and religions and sought to falsify the concept. One of these cultures and religions is the Islamic world and the religion of Islam. What about the equivalents of fundamentalism in the Islamic world? To answer this question, 18 experts were interviewed and through the analysis of the content of these interviews, the concepts of literalism (appearances), extremism, fundamentalism, Islamism (political Islam), radicalism, and dogmatism as equivalents of Islamic fundamentalism were obtained. After reviewing them, the two concepts of "salafi jihadi" and "jihadi literalism" have been proposed as equivalents.

In order to determine the effect of plant growth promoting bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens on yield and nutrient availability in corn some special materials like mesoporous silica nanoparticles، vermicompost، bentonite and a mixture of all were inoculated by the bacteria and preserved for six months. Soil and seeds were treated by the inoculants. The experiment was set up in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments comprised of three inoculants and two fertilizers including diammonium phosphate، single super phosphate and control (without any phosphorus fertilizer). After 60 days of corn emergence، some plant growth indices and the concentration of some elements in plant shoots were measured. The results demonstrated that Pseudomonas fluorescens inoculant significantly increased phosphorus shoot content، total yield and chlorophyll by 74، 46 and 22. 1%، respectively compared to the control treatment (P<0. 05)، but it did not show any significant difference with phosphorus fertilizer treatments (P>0. 05). The vermicompost inoculants could significantly (P<0. 05) increase zinc and iron contents of shoots by 114 and 53. 6%، respectively in comparison to the control treatment. Orthogonal comparisons of the two methods of seed and soil inoculation showed the efficiency of seed inoculation on shoot phosphorus at 5% level، but no significant difference was observed between these two methods for other measured characteristics (P>0. 05).