sadeq rezai

With the outbreak of coronavirus, due to their high dependence on oil revenues, oil-exporting countries such as Iran have been affected by lower oil prices and have faced budget deficits. In order to investigate the effect of coronavirus outbreak on government budget in Iranian economy, the method of scenario analysis using Schwartz method and structural analysis (MICMAC Software) is used. In this study two key variables, "oil price" and "coronavirus outbreak" were identified and four scenarios were designed based in these variables. Our results show that with increase in oil prices (the first variable in scenarios 1 and 4), the government can be almost near its revenue targets in 2020 fiscal year. However, in scenario 1, the outbreak of coronavirus is assumed, in which case, the increase in relief expenditures and a sharp decline in tax revenues, due to business failures, can increase budget deficit to about 78.89 thousand billion tomans. However, in scenario 4, in which it is assumed that the spread of coronavirus is controlled, a sharp decline in tax revenues and an increase in relief expenditures is ruled out. In that case, it is estimated that government budget deficit would be about 64.85 thousand billion tomans. In scenarios 2 and 3, when oil prices fall, government foreign earnings fall, but if this decline is accompanied by the outbreak of coronavirus (scenario 2), it can significantly increase budget deficit (to about 83.49 thousand trillion tomans). In Scenario 3, however, part of this budget deficit is reduced due to lack of relief expenditures as a result of coronavirus control. It is suggested that the government should put on agenda a regular sale of debt securities, increase productivity of its assets and sell its share in listed and non-listed companies to reduce budget deficit.

Basically, man’s need for praying and worship is rooted in his inmost being. Indeed, man by nature tends to worship God. Such inclination in man is not something alien to him, but is something internal, for had it been otherwise the concept of worshiping God would have been failed to be realized. In order to persuade its followers to worship God and attain spiritual perfection Islam prescribes certain rules. In Islamic thought man is considered to be the vicegerent of God on earth. In order to materialize such station the ground must be prepared from the childhood for assuming such assignment in the adulthood period. Accordingly, it is necessarily to teach the philosophy of praying and worship to man from the childhood and bring him up in the lap of Islamic teachings. The aim of this paper is to explore the notion of praying and worship, education, and Philosophy and Children in an analytic-descriptive manner. It also deals with certain issues such as the reality of worshiping and its impact upon man, the effects of praying and worship in life, the motive of worship, its roots and fruits, its contents, the importance of education and philosophical thought for children, and the role of philosophical education of children in attracting their attention towards praying and worship. Concluding that like all men, children also possess thinking power. Moreover, by nature they are curious as well. By directing their curiosity it is possible to bring them up as creative scholars. Creativity can develop their intellectual capacity. It is by means of this method that children turn up to be thinker and critic, and then learn to know how by criticizing an idea to direct their thought towards a better one in their creative nature. On the contrary, failing to foster their creative thought will bring in its wake a kind of imitative state in conduct and finally cease their critical and thinking power.