saeed farahani

Money creation as the most important function of commercial banks is one of the most controversial issues in Islamic economics. This banking process has been opposed by some jurists and Islamic economists. One of the most important reasons for opposing the money creation process is that this process cause falsehood and incorrect possession of property (akl mal bialbatil). Examining the conformity of money creation with the rule of akl mal bialbatil, the paper considers jurisprudential legitimacy of money creation. Illegal income of banks from money creation, impossibility to return deposits, betrayal of trust, being based the creation of money on usury, violation of property rights and inflation are opponent's reasons that are given for adapting the creation of money to akl mal bialbatil rule. The paper tries to show if the process would be under proper governance and in accordance with specified laws and standards, the money creation will be legitimate. However, some performance of Iranian banks makes money creation an example of this rule. What raises the suspicion of illegitimacy is lack of law compliance and soundness standards of banking activity.

For the first time, the potential fumigation toxicity of the essential oils (EOs) extracted from the flower and root tissues of Ferula persica were evaluated against the adult insects of Tribolium castaneum and the fourth instar larvae of Ephestia kuehniella. The EOs from the flower and root tissues of F. persica were initially prepared using the water distillation method and subsequently utilized for fumigation toxicity assays. To this end, four different series of EO concentrations (each one contained a group of six different concentrations) belonging to both tissues were applied for T. castaneum and E. kuehniella. The experiment was based on a completely randomized design with three replicates, and the mortality rate after 24 hours was employed as a dependent criterion. According to the four individual ANOVA results, in all cases, EO concentration substantially affected the mortality rate of both storage pests of interest. Furthermore, the median lethal concentrations (LC50) of EOs from the flower and root of F. persica against T. castaneum were calculated as 220.832 and 371.475 μL L−1 air, respectively. However, higher LC50 values of 860.041 μL L−1 air and 1268.148 μL L−1 air were respectively detected upon exposure of the fourth instar larvae of E. kuehniella versus EOs from flower and root tissues. Considering LC50 values of the current fumigant assay, it seems that the insecticidal activity of EOs from both flower and root tissues of the plant is less toxic against E. kuehniella rather than T. castaneum. Altogether, the results revealed that these EOs could be possibly nominated as safe botanical pesticides for biocontrol of storage pests, including E. kuehniella and particularly T. castaneum.

The purpose of this study is to design a green human resource management model in the steel industry. The statistical population of the research is the West Asian Steel Company. This research is applied and mixed methods (qualitative-quantitative) in terms of purpose and data collection method, respectively. Interview method was used to design the research model. To this end, the initial research model was designed following conducting 22 interviews. To evaluate the validity in the qualitative part, triangulation, member checking and pairwise methods were used, and to confirm the reliability, the retest method was utilized. In the quantitative section, a questionnaire appropriate to the model was developed to confirm the designed model based on the interviews, and this model was examined using the structural equation method. In the quantitative section, the statistical population included 987 individuals, and the sample size was determined to be 686 individuals based on the Krejcie and Morgan table. Content validity method was used to assess the validity of the questionnaire and Cronbach's alpha was used to determine the reliability of the questionnaire. The results of the structural equation model conducted by AMOS software confirmed the designed model. The results showed that green human resource management on individual, organizational, group consequences and due to the need to internalize and change the attitude of employees and managers of West Asia steel company in the field of environmental issues, the most important way to change the attitude in the company is training and increasing knowledge in the field of environment

The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae</em>, is a major pest of crops and ornamental plants worldwide. It is a highly polyphagous pest that has a notorious reputation for its ability to rapidly develop resistance to commonly used pesticides. Thus, in the current study, the contact toxicity of propargite (EC 57%) and chlorpyrifos (EC 40.8%) was investigated against two populations of T. urticae</em> from Iran, Mahallat (MhR) and Karaj (KrS), using a leaf-dip bioassay. Findings showed that the LC50</sub> of propargite against MhR and KrS populations was 5337.90 and 116.81 mg a.i/l, respectively. While the LC50</sub> of the chlorpyrifos against MhR and KrS populations was 2760.83 and 479.25 mg a.i/l, respectively. Based on the median lethal concentrations (LC50</sub>), MhR and KrS populations were considered as resistant and susceptible populations to both pesticides, respectively. MhR population was 5.76-fold and 45.70-fold more resistant to chlorpyrifos and propargite than the KrS population, respectively. Insecticide synergists including triphenyl phosphate (TPP), piperonyl butoxide (PBO), and diethyl maleate (DEM)) revealed the contribution of esterases, glutathione S-transferases (GST), and cytochrome P450 </sub>monooxygenases (P450</sub>s) to resistance. Nonetheless, the involvement of esterases and P450</sub>s was more evident against chlorpyrifos and propargite, respectively. The activity of P450</sub>s, GSTs, esterases, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was measured in susceptible and resistant populations. All enzymes showed significantly higher activity in the resistant population than in the susceptible one. Additionally, zymogram analysis of esterase showed two distinct bands in the MhR population, whereas the stronger band was absent in KrS population. These results indicate that metabolic pathways are associated with chlorpyrifos and propargite resistance in the MhR population.

Essential oils are environmentally benign agents which are used as alternative compounds for chemical pesticides in order to control pests. Thus, in the current study, the toxicity and repellency effects of essential oils, extracted from three medicinal plants of the Lamiaceae family, including Thymus daenensis, Satureja khuzestanica, and S. bakhtiarica, were evaluated against a resistant (MhR) and a susceptible (KrS) population of Tetranychus urticae. Results based on probit analysis revealed that all extracted essential oils to some extent showed both repellency and toxicity effects on both populations of the mite. The LC50 values of S. khuzestanica extract were the lowest against the both populations (31.16 µL. L−1 air for KrS population and 56.29 µL. L−1 air for MhR population). Also, all extracted essential oils were found to be repellent to the adult females of both MhR and KrS populations, with higher repellency effect of S. khuzestanica oil. The effect of the LC20 of the essential oils on detoxifying enzymes including Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), esterases (ESTs) and cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450) was tested against both populations. Significant higher activity of all enzymes was detected in MhR population regardless of essential oils treatment. The activity of GSTs and esterases increased significantly in mites treated with all essential oils, while a tendency for a decrease in P450 activity was detected following essential oils treatment. These results indicate that the essential oils of the all selected plants, especially S. khuzestanica, have a good potential to be used in integrated management programs of T. urticae which is a serious pest in the greenhouses.

The ultimate goal of monetary policy in Islamic economics is the most important component of the theory of monetary policy, because it governs all the principles, rules and policy tools. These goals must, in addition to being consistent and coherent in their internal and interrelationship, be in line with the ultimate goals of the Islamic economic system. In this research, based on theoretical foundations of monetary policy and the teachings of Islamic economics and explaining the main functions of money in an economy based on the theory of exchange, the expansion of Islamic monetary policy theory in the field of ultimate goals was addressed and three goals of inflation control, guidance and appropriation Money and the stabilization of the real sector in the economy were extracted and introduced as the ultimate goal of monetary policy in Islamic economics. In equilibrium, the full realization of all three ultimate ends may be because there is no theoretical conflict between the three goals, and the approach of these goals is to stabilize, balance, and create the context and the basis for economic growth. At the same time, due to special circumstances or imbalances in the economy, it may come from the realization of another goal and another purpose of interpenetration or deflection, in which case the position of a monetary policeman should be based on the criteria of preferential interest in the important and the criteria: circle The impact of politics on the general public, the degree and degree of policy impact, permanent (long-term) or temporary (short-term) policy and the positive or positive nature of the policy in question.

Two-spotted spider mite, Teranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychide), is one of the most important agricultural pests throughout the world. The high reproductive potential, short life cycle, combined with frequent acaricide applications has resulted in resistance development to a wide range of acaricides. Resistance to acaricides has an important role in inefficiency of chemical control of this pest. In the present study, the susceptibility of two populations of two-spotted spider mite collected from Karaj (KrS) and Mahallat (MhR) to spirodiclofen was investigated.
The bioassay was conducted using a leaf-dip method on same-age protonymphs. Bioassay results showed that there was a significant difference between LC50 values of KrS and MhR populations. The resistance ratio was obtained as 22.19. The synergistic effects of triphenyl phosphate (TPP), piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and diethyl maleate (DEM) were assessed using residual contact vial (RCV) bioassay method. Results of the synergistic studies showed significant differences between LC50 values of spirodiclofen with spirodiclofen PBO and spirodiclofen TPP in MhR population. The most synergistic effect in MhR population was related to PBO. The results of enzyme assays revealed that the most ratio activity in MhR population to KrS population was related to cytochrome P450 monoxygenase (3.02) and the lowest ratio activity was related to glutathione S-transferase (GST) (1.40). These results confirmed that esterase and cytochrome P450 monoxygenase are probably involved in resistance of T. urticae to spirodiclofen.

The video head-impulse test (vHIT) measures the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) driven by each semicircular canal, following high-acceleration head rotations. The main measurable response is the ratio of eye movement velocity to the angular head velocity, which reflects canal function. Although normative data is available for VOR gain, most studies only report horizontal VOR characteristics, ignoring variations in vertical plane VOR gains. The purpose of this study was to establish normative data for future comparisons of vestibulopathy patients.
Vestibulo-ocular reflex gain and refixation saccades were assessed across 50 healthy individuals between the ages of 20 and 64, without any previous or current vestibular disorders, by applying and measuring horizontal and vertical head impulses.
The mean VOR velocity gain was 0.96 (SD=0.11) and 0.93 (SD=0.17) for the horizontal and vertical canals, respectively. The variation of the gain in right anterior/left posterior and left anterior/right posterior movements appeared to be wider than in the laterals, but the results were not influenced by direction (p>0.05). Refixation saccades occurred in 7.2 percent of all impulse trials, with a majority occurring covertly in lateral canals. Unlike saccades (more often observed in subjects older than 50), the VOR velocity gain varied independently of age.
The findings suggest these gain values can be used to determine VOR deficits in patients. vHIT values are affected by different factors, especially in the vertical plane, so further study is needed to confirm normal ranges of vertical vHIT values.

Noise exposure is known as a risk factor for hearing loss and one of its effects is noise-induced stress. Cortisol as a stress hormone is used in noise-induced stress assessments.. The aim of this study was to measure and compare saliva cortisol concentrations in the morning and evening in normal work day and rest day in both case and control groups and to assess the association between industrial noise exposure and salivary cortisol concentrations in the two groups..Patients and This study included 200 male participants (100 industrial workers and 100 office employees). Morning and evening saliva samples were collected at 7 AM and 4 PM respectively. Noise exposure levels were assessed by sound level meter and noise dosimeter. All measurements were performed in two days; rest day and then in working day. Descriptive statistics, paired and independent sample t-test and regression analysis were used with α = 0.05.. There was no significant difference between morning salivary cortisol concentrations in the two groups on the rest and work days. A significant higher level was observed comparing evening cortisol concentrations in work day with rest day in worker group, but this was not observed in the control group. The evening cortisol in the working day in worker group was significantly higher than control group.. Our study revealed that industrial noise exposure with levels higher than 80 dBA has a significant effect on salivary cortisol elevation..

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized with inflammation، demyelization and gliosis. It may be relapsing، remitting، or progressive. Cognitive impairment is relatively prevalent in patients wit h multiple sclerosis and as duration of disease is longer as cognition impairment is more. To understand the cognitive impairment، event related potential can be considered as a valuable tool. This study aimed to investigate the influence of duration of disease and expanded disability status scale (EDSS) on the amplitude and latency of the event related potentials of P300 in patients with multiple sclerosis. In this cross-sectional and non-intervention study، 21 patients with multiple sclerosis with mean age of 27. 8 with SD 7. 1 years (between 18 to 50 years) were enrolled. The patients were selected randomly. The correlation of P300 event-related potential and oddball paradigm was assessed، using two 1000 and 2000 Hz tone burst stimulus. There was a significant correlation between the latency of P300 wave and duration of disease and expanded disability status scale (p < 0. 05); there was high correlation in both electrode sites (r>0. 50). The correlation of amplitude of P300 and duration of disease and expanded disability status scale was not significant (p>0. 05). Significant correlation between the latency of P300 and the duration of multiple sclerosis and expanded disability status scale can be a sign of central nervous system changes. Besides، there is a relation between physical disability and cognitive impairments.

Bachground and The involvement of central auditory nervous system is relatively prevalent in patients suffering from multiple sclerosis (MS). To understand cortex function and to investigate cognitive impairment, event related potential is considered as a valuable tool. This study was aimed to compare the amplitude and latency of the event related potentials of P300 in MS patients and normal individuals. This cross sectional study was conducted on 21 MS patients and 27 normal cases aged 18-50 years. Auditory P300 was recorded with oddball paradigm, using two tone burst stimuli (1000 and 2000). In MS patients, mean latencies were significantly longer (p<0.001) and mean amplitude were significantly lower (p<0.001), in both males and females. Sex did not affect P300 latencies and amplitudes significantly. MS patients show some degree of event related potential abnormalities. Combination of auditory P300 and neuropsychological tests may be useful to investigate cognitive impairment in MS patients.

Main feature of auditory processing abilities is temporal processing including temporal resolution, temporal ordering, temporal integration and temporal masking. Many studies have shown the superiority of blinds in temporal discrimination over sighted subjects. In this study, temporal processing was compared in congenital blind subjects with sighted controls via gap in noise test (GIN). This analytic-prescriptive non-invasive cohort study was conducted on 22 congenital blinds (11 males and 11 females) with a mean age of 26.22 years and 22 sighted control subjects (11 males and 11 females) with a mean age of 24.04 years with normal hearing in faculty of Rehabilitation Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Gap in noise test results, approximate threshold and percent of corrected answers, were obtained and then, were analyzed by Mann-Whitney non-parametric statistical test. There was a significant difference in the approximate threshold and the percent of corrected answers between congenital blinds and sighted control subjects (p<0.05). However, there was no significant difference between males and females in this regard (p>0.05). Auditory temporal resolution ability, the lower approximate threshold and the more corrected answers in gap in noise, in blind subjects is better than the sighted control group and it might be related to the compensative neuroplasticity after visual deprivation.

One of the most foundational and challenging points of the discussions related to the environment is ethics and the philosophy of ethics. These two fields are very closely related to each other due to the dynamic status of philosophy and ethical issues and the changes of environmental subjects and questions. Three main and distinct perspectives can be imagined regarding environmental ethics: 1- the humanist ethical school; 2- the naturalist ethical school; 2- the Quran-based ethical school. The main question of this article is as follows: which ethical school can more effectively decrease the environmental crisis and the destruction of the environment? Analyzing and criticizing the bases of the two humanist and naturalist ethical schools and explaining the bases of the Quran-based ethical school, we will show that even though the first two schools have positive potentialities, but compared with Quran’s ethical bases, they have many flaws and have not been successful in this field as proved by experience. On the other hand, the Quran-based ethical school has many undeniable potentialities in this field.

Following an early visual deprivation, the neural network involved in processing auditory spatial information undergoes a profound reorganization. In order to investigate this process, event-related potentials provide accurate information about time course neural activation as well as perception and cognitive processes. In this study, the latency and amplitude of auditory P300 were compared in sighted and early blind individuals in age range of 18-25 years old. In this cross-sectional study, auditory P300 potential was measured in conventional oddball paradigm by using two tone burst stimuli (1000 and 2000 Hz) on 40 sighted subjects and 19 early blind subjects with mean age 20.94 years old. The mean latency of P300 in early blind subjects was significantly smaller than sighted subjects (p=0.00.(There was no significant difference in amplitude between two groups (p>0.05). Reduced latency of P300 in early blind subjects in comparison to sighted subjects probably indicates the rate of automatic processing and information categorization is faster in early blind subjects because of sensory compensation. It seems that neural plasticity increases the rate of auditory processing and attention in early blind subjects.

Blocking of the adenosine receptor in central nervous system by caffeine can lead to increasing the level of neurotransmitters like glutamate. As the adenosine receptors are present in almost all brain areas like central auditory pathway، it seems caffeine can change conduction in this way. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of caffeine on latency and amplitude of auditory brainstem response (ABR).

In this clinical trial study 43 normal 18-25 years old male students were participated. The subjects consumed 0، 2 and 3 mg/kg BW caffeine in three different sessions. Auditory brainstem responses were recorded before and 30 minute after caffeine consumption. The results were analyzed by Friedman and Wilcoxone test to assess the effects of caffeine on auditory brainstem response.

Compared to control group the latencies of waves III،V and I-V interpeak interval of the cases decreased significantly after 2 and 3mg/kg BW caffeine consumption. Wave I latency significantly decreased after 3mg/kg BW caffeine consumption (p<0. 01).

Increasing of the glutamate level resulted from the adenosine receptor blocking brings about changes in conduction in the central auditory pathway.

Learning disability(LD) is one of the most prevalent problems among elementary school children. Approximately 10 percent of all elementary school children suffer from this problem. It has been determined that learning disability is predominantly accompanied with subtle impairment in central auditory nervous system. The main idea of this study was to evaluate middle latency auditory evoked potential (MLAEPs) in learning disabled children. This cross-sectional study investigated middle latency auditory evoked potential in children with learning disability (n = 31) compared to normal children (n = 31). Latencies and amplitudes of MLAEPs results with different stimulus intensity and binaural stimulation were compared between two groups. Compared to control group, learning disabled children exhibited smaller amplitudes for all the components except the right ear Na and Pa. There is no significant difference between two groups for latencies of the components. It seems that middle latency auditory evoked potential may be useful in diagnosis and evaluation of learning disabled children although more investigation is required.