saeedeh asadi

The 2003 Bam earthquake is one of the most destructive ones in Iran in recent decades, with extensive damage, destruction and long-term consequences. During and after an earthquake, communities experience emotional reactions and cognitive biases that arise from trauma, traumatic experiences, and traumatic losses. Housing reconstruction has powerful potential to heal traumatic consequences in the rehabilitation phase to return communities to normal life in the long run. However, due to the lack of knowledge about trauma in Iran, the dialectic of housing reconstruction and long-term rehabilitation and healing of communities has many unknown aspects. Using the Q method and the Delphi technique, the study tries to extract the factors affecting psychological rehabilitation and healing of the traumatic consequences of the earthquake in reviewing the housing reconstruction of Bam. The research design was defined in 5 stages. In defining a consensus, the items in the Q series were created by reviewing the literature and analyzing the content of 10 in-depth interviews with leading experts in the field. Using the theoretical sampling method and then snowball in the Delphi rounds, the group of research participants consisted of 23 officials and researchers in the field of housing reconstruction in Bam and socio-psychological rehabilitation of its community. Based on the findings of factor Q analysis, 6 factors in the reconstruction process and the reconstructed houses in Bam, i.e., reassure housing immunity, adaptability/ flexibility, belonging, self-efficacy belief, solastalgia, and empowerment policies and programs, and related indicators have 62.6% potential for positive or aggravating effects of earthquake traumatic consequences and rehabilitation of survivors.

The sudden occurrence of an earthquake exposes the survivors with some inconsistencies in the post-disaster world, hence severely undermining the perceptual-cognitive structures and the assessment of the desired living environment. As such, the current study has sought to evaluate the views and attitudes of the earthquake-affected communities of Bam and Fahraj regarding the significance of different dimensions of housing and the reconstructed environment and compare them with control group, with similar social, cultural, economic, and environmental features. The authors employed a mixed method approach, and data were collected through interviews, ethnography, survey through questionnaires and hand sketches. The research participants were from Bam and Fahraj, while the Bazaar neighborhood of Kerman as the control group. Simple random sampling was used for the control group, while purposive sampling was used for target group. Based on the findings, the individual-interpersonal dimensions of housing and the reconstructed environment were deemed more important than the collective function of these units from the perspective of earthquake-affected communities. Furthermore, risk perception increased the importance of home safety and strength, while experiences of homelessness, living in emergency and temporary shelters, and reconstruction programs and policies lead people to cognitions in response to self-confident, self-concept protection, improving others perception of self (i.e., social dignity), and expression the distinction between self and others (i.e., personalization). Parameters such as taste-based housing design, privacy and territoriality, meanings, desired housing facade, and gratefulness towards housing have gained further significance. In contrast, in the perception of the surrounded world and the collective functioning of the residential environment, cognitive schemas were exposed to contradictions, leading to an imbalance between cognition of pre-earthquake and post-earthquake schemas, pointing to parameters such as neighborhood units, semi-public residential areas, landscapes, and maintenance were deemed less significant compared with the control group. In conclusion, in addition to the recovery of the individual-interpersonal scale, the improvement of the worldview is also of utmost importance in the housing and living environment reconstruction with the aim of collective recovery.

The imposition of quarantine in pandemics brings about negative psychological consequences. Sufficient understanding based on environmental and behavioral sciences leads to the prediction of needs and preparedness. Given the role of housing and the environment on health, awareness of their effects on the COVID-19 pandemic will facilitate future actions and risk management planning.

The present cross-sectional exploratory study was conducted based on a mixed-method approach. In the qualitative section, participants who were selected by non-probability sampling method were interviewed via phone, and data collection continued until data saturation using the snowball method. A number of 27 telephone interviews were conducted and after the content analysis of unorganized data, the questionnaire was developed in three parts, the initial pilot was conducted on 30 participants, and Cronbachchr('39')s alpha was calculated at 0.76. Moreover, 144 online questionnaires were completed in What’sApp virtual groups by purposive and available sampling method, followed by statistical analysis.

As evidenced by the obtained results, in house and interior design scales, surface area; furniture; color; opening and outdoor space as well as living space and in neighborhood scale, density indicators; shared accesses and spaces have positively affected the tolerance of quarantine, reduction of anxiety, and health improvement. Furthermore, stress-reducing places were found to be different in different age groups. In addition, some motivations have generated some new behaviors and needs which are supported by such affordances as openings and windows to open spaces for the provision of natural daylight and ventilation, as well as a specific open space for movement, nature enjoyment, activity, physical activity, and contact with the natural environment.

There was a reciprocal relationship between behavioral orientations and environmental-physical aspects of housing in the current health crisis. The residential environment can influence disease prevention and the promotion of health-related behaviors.

Disaster-related stressful life events affect socio-psychological society’s functions and cause cognitive dissonance in different dimensions and life changes. Due to the impact of management and strategies for dealing with these consequences in different dimensions and environments and survivors' lives, the present study investigates the role of physical-environmental characteristics of supportive housing in dissonance reduction and traumatic experiences processes of vulnerable female-Headed Households after the 2003 Bam earthquake and homelessness. Over 15 years after living in the complex, despite the ownership, functional-physical, social, and economic problems, the resident’s tendency to live in this place, satisfaction with the conditions of the complex, and place attachment among families are extremely high. The nature of research is exploratory. Due to the nature of the research, the long time since the earthquake, and the purpose of the study to obtain the long-term effects of the disaster and the settlement type, in the process of research conducting, research-narrative and ethnographic approaches with participatory observation and living with eight families between 2016 and 2016 2018 was used to examine the experiences of homelessness from earthquake to residence in the complex; perceived individual and collective meanings; significant life events and spatial behaviors. The sampling method was purposive and voluntary. To enhancing the confidence, reliability and validity of the research qualitative findings, informal interviews with other residents during walking through the complex, interviews with community-based social workers and women's advocacy organizations were used as a way to enrich the traditional ethnographic method. Data were categorized and organized by content analysis method. Based on the findings, the experience of disasters and pre-settlement problems, necessitates living adaption in the complex, deciding to change attitudes toward life issues, livelihoods, individual and behavioral functions such as social isolation aimed at continuing to live in this complex eventually resulted lifestyle changes. Reasons for the necessity of compliance adaption and early decisions by women to live in supportive housing include lack of housing options, family and children care rationality, inadequate living conditions in emergency and temporary camps, lack of ownership, loss of family head, homelessness, repeated relocation, widespread destruction and disturbance in strength, privacy and security concepts. Changing the mentality of this community from concepts such as relationships and neighborhoods, living environment, mental security, territory and privacy, personal reclusion, psycho-spatial ownership, created the need for a safe and stable shelter to improve one's self-esteem and to respond to built motivations. Responsive and consistent physical-environmental characteristics with the aforementioned motivations, including financial and spiritual support; attention to privacy and territories in spatial layout and housing; revival of extended family life style; external homogeneity of units(justice); reassurrance and Mental security; Optimal lighting and landscaping; Welfare equipment and facilities; quality of life Improvement; Interaction with the green environment; Familiarity with architectural elements; Native compatibility; child-friendly places and climatic comfort. Due to the vital role of post-disaster supportive housing for vulnerable people, paying attention to the impacts and consequences of design and planning principles on lifestyle, user community needs, worldview, culture and custom of the disaster community is necessary.

Occurrence of the 2003 earthquake caused a wide range of injuries, deaths, physical damages and extensive destruction of the garden-city fabric and, as a result, sudden changes in the social-physical environment of Bam. To date, there has been no quantitative measurement tool to assess the impacts of sudden environmental changes following an earthquake in Iran. The aim of this study is to rebuild, validate and establish a scale for measuring environmental distress following the earthquake. This scale includes 79 items and 6 factors of place attachment, frequency of environmental issue, observations of environmental issue, threats, felt impacts and solastalgia. The questionnaire was parallel translation into Persian, group-based judgment assessment, back translation, adjustment, pilot and field survey. The research method is descriptive-survey with exploratory factor analysis approach. In the pilot phase, 44 residents of Bam completed the questionnaire and scale variance, corrected item-total correlation and mean were calculated. The statistical population of the field survey is 295 residents of Bam who completed the online questionnaire in a non-random and accessible method. Findings indicate that in the Bam Earthquake Environmental Distress Scale, the content of the main scale has been preserved with appropriate adaptation and adjustment for contextual differences. According to the analysis, 9 factors including place attachment, solastalgia, severity and extent of pollution and environmental issues caused by the earthquake and reconstruction operations, changes in the topology and shape of the earth after the earthquake, pollution or disruption of water resources, environmental issues caused by debris and reconstruction, changes in the natural landscape of the city, assessment and perceived impacs of reconstruction, development and benefits and the consequences of the earthquake on the survivors health were identified. This scale is a reliable tool for assessing the psychological impacts of sudden changes in the environment following the earthquake in Iran.

Disaster resilience is a complex and multi-dimensional concept whose psychosocial aspects become more uncertain in relation to physical reconstruction. Since one of the most important effects of a disaster is the psychosocial consequences that lead to disruptions in the survivors' individual and collective lives, this article investigates the impact of different aspects of neighborhood reconstruction and its relationship with the traumatic socio-psychological consequences after the earthquake.

For evaluation, Khajeh Murad Neighborhood after the 2003 Bam Earthquake was selected as the case study. The research hypotheses, including one main hypothesis and three sub-hypotheses, were measured by a quantitative approach through the formulation of a two-part questionnaire assessing different aspects of neighborhood reconstruction and the standard questionnaire of post-traumatic stress disorder and its associated social consequences.

According to the results of the analysis, there is a significant and inverse relationship between different aspects of neighborhood reconstruction and psychosocial consequences of the earthquake. Thus, with the increasing quality and resilience of reconstruction, the psychosocial consequences of the earthquake also heal or reduce. Also, based on the findings of sub-assumptions, increasing the quality of physical reconstruction of residential environment, natural landscapes and collective memories have significant and inverse relationship with social-psychological consequences of the earthquake. In contrast, this relationship was not seen in the case of public utilities and neighborhood infrastructure.

In the healing or decreasing psychosocial consequences of disaster, the scale of neighborhood reconstruction has a different impact on survivors. Also, tangible components at these scales have a different effect than intangible components. It turned out that the socio-psychological resilience of communities depends on resilience reconstruction of housing, neighborhood and social and ecological landscapes.

disasters lead to the experience of trauma in the children. On average, one in three children with trauma, one of them has symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. Therefore, planning and managing the transition from crisis to normal conditions during the temporary and emergency sheltering phase is important as a starting point for recovery. The present study deals with the location of emergency and temporary shelter in green spaces and playground and its role on psychological resilience and stress reduction in children of  the 1396 Kermanshah earthquake.

Due to the limitations of verbal communication with the child on the one hand and completion of temporary and emergency accommodation time, on the other hand, the present study selected a qualitative approach using photo-novella visual expression and unstructured interviewing during the research process. The process executed in a hierarchical manner in three stages. The statistical population consisted of 35 children from Kermanshah community aged 5-11 years and were selected purposefully. Research data were quantified using SPSS software and Q factor analysis, and brainstorming on children's preferences for post-disaster shelter locations was extracted.

According to the findings, the preferences of all the children in the study were locating shelters in green spaces and playground, which indicates the child's intrinsic cognition and attraction to such spaces. Secondly, it was found that the importances of defined spaces such as designed landscapes and designed landscapes and playground, within the community, were more than natural landscapes and undefined landscapes and playgrounds. In the second place there were spaces with the possibility of playing against those without. The reasons for this, are the sense of security in defined spaces and the need for physical activity and play. In the third phase of the study, it was found that the importance of peer communication and social relationships can increase the priority of undefined spaces in the previous stage and confirm the strong role of social support and communication in the mental recovery of children.

According to the results, among the Kermanshah Disaster affected children, the priority is locating post-disaser shelter in playgrounds and green spaces with the possibility of play, improved cognitive performance, physical activity and a sense of security. Therefore, according to the conceptual framework of research, mental health and resilience will result from experiencing spaces with such capabilities.

As a result of disasters, a large part of community suffers from psychological trauma. Post disaster housing provision and construction projects face serious challenges and obstacles. On the one hand, the psychological problems of survivors, which lead to a sense of helplessness and lack of control over their destiny, stress and anxiety, and on the other hand, environmental threats that destroy remaining community’s structures and complicate problems even more by creating unfamiliar place and shelter. The secondary stresses caused by these processes, damage and affect survivors resources and ability to cope with trauma. Secondary sources of stress include inappropriate, contradictory and sometimes dangerous interventions in the mentioned process and policies of providing temporary housing would have a lasting impact on community and psychological consequences. Clearly, different types and characteristics of temporary housing have an objective role in response and coping mechanisms to trauma. There is little comprehensive documentation on policies, environmental characteristics, and types of temporary housing affecting the psychiatric recovery of disaster survivors in Iran. The present study, based on the expected characteristics of temporary housing in the context of trauma-informed care framework with environmental stress reduction approach, considers the effects of this particular type of trauma and subsequent recovery process in Iran and comprehensively ranks the psychological supportive environmental characteristics and shelter providing policies. The nature of this study is post-event research with qualitative and quantitative approach. The research methods include: content analysis, Delphi and group hierarchical analysis methods. Due to the lack of theoretical richness in disaster psychological healing in temporary housing in Iran, in-depth interviews with a heterogeneous group were performed. Panel members were a university professor with teaching background in designing and planning settlements after disaster; a disaster socio-psychologist; two PhD students in related fields and from two different universities and one expert with field work experience in temporary housing. Experts were selected in a targeted and sequential manner. The selection criteria were, 1) Doctoral degree or doctoral student in the fields of reconstruction and disasters; 2) Working experience or having authorship and research in the considered subject, and 3) Field trips to the disaster affected areas during the temporary housing phases. Then using content analysis related codes of interviews were extracted. In order to formulate the theoretical framework, in the second round of Delphi among the extracted indicators, effective criteria were selected by panel and hierarchical structure of research, including five measures of  environmental restoration, environmental affordability, control, cohesion and environmental stimuli, and 26 sub-criteria and two common temporary housing options in Iran (gradual and prefabricated) was formed. In the third round of research, group hierarchical analysis was performed with experts participatory, with questions in the form of pair wise comparison with five spectra. According to the research findings, the role of improvement restoration, stimulus elimination, environmental affordability, control and cohesion, respectively, are effective in reducing environmental stress. The most important sub-criteria affecting survivors' healing and adaptability in temporary housing are security, physical dimensions and features; risk eliminating factors; territory control capability; flexibility of space and design; stability and constancy of housing; Physical-environmental stimuli; appropriate distance between temporary housing; housing intervention ability; control over space and spatial organization are predictable. Consequently, the gradual housing provision policy in the temporary housing phase, within the framework of mentioned approach, has been assessed as more effective than pre-fabricated housing. Effective factors in this process were physical-emotional safety; choice and control, and the enhancement of cooperation and participation which causes reassurance, empowerment, psychological cohesion, and thus Survivors' trauma healing.

Tehran and Alborz provinces are important zones from an economic, social and political activities point of views in the country; most of the habitations in these provinces were built in areas which are in the risk of landslide. This research, studied the damages and physical-infrastructural vulnerabilities in these areas, considering the landslide hazardous zones based on the earthquake and rainfall incidents.

The present study were scored and compared 11 indices which affect landslide incident by using hierarchical group analysis method; after compiling landslide susceptibility maps, infrastructure, and buildings, equipment and facilities vulnerability in cities to the incident was assessed.

According to the findings, there is a very high, high and medium probability of landslide risk in the northern strip, some parts of east and south of Tehran province and north and west of Alborz province. The development of physical and infrastructural elements in Tehran and Alborz provinces in these zones has caused high and medium vulnerability in this field. Subsequently, the probability of secondary disasters such as explosions and fires in some parts of the studied zones is assessed as high and medium.

Considering the probability of landslides in cities and suburbs in Tehran and Alborz provinces, first, it is necessary to reduce the vulnerability of existing physical-infrastructural elements to landslides as a priority for urban planners and regional authorities. As well as, every future planning and development of urban and regional physical-infrastructural elements in these zones should consider the possibility of landslide.

Disaster occurrence undermines the basis of the place and one of its consequences is the rupture of place identity and attachments, followed by a variety of psychological and social anomalies. On the other hand, the community health is linked to its sense of identity. Contradictions become apparent when this need is distorted or overlooked in the reconstruction process. Considering the profound effects of disasters on the objective and subjective landscape of the residents, and its inevitable effects on place identity and attachment, the need to create solutions aimed at rehabilitating them during the period of reconstruction and within the framework of resilience theory as the broadest approach to dealing with disasters, is seen.
The current research has an exploratory nature so Q Methodology with a combination of qualitative and quantitative approach has been used. In the qualitative stage, the combination of the Delphi method in three stages and the grounded theory were used to codify and extract concepts and categories. The concepts that were effective on the subject of the research were used in the formulation of closed questions of questionnaires in the form of propositions with a Likert scale of 0 to 9. Panel members included 17 experts from the faculty members of three universities in Tehran, Which were initially selected using non-random sampling method, and in the next step, a non-randomized network sampling was selected. Finally, the Q factor analysis was performed on the data. Based on the findings of the grounded theory method, 6 dimensions including, emotional-cognitive, functional, physical, semantic / historical, social and cultural and 62 indicators of place identity and attachment were identified. The findings were evaluated based on the eight criteria influencing the resilient dimensions of place such as continuity, distinction, self-esteem, self-efficacy, readiness, sustainability, creativity and flexibility. After the initial pilot by 5 experts, the most relevant target - content relationship with resiliency criteria were determined.  In the next level after Q factor analyzing on the data, five schools of thought were identified among the experts. Then Shannon algorithm was used to determine the process of rehabilitating resilient dimensions of place identity and attachment.
Based on the findings, the experts identified five schools of thought including place-based cognitive-emotional connections; place as the resonance of individual and collective characteristics; providing opportunities by the features and spatial affordance of place; place as the body of values and contents; and place efficiency, which rehabilitate resilient dimensions of the place identity and attachment, and as a result adaptability to Changes caused by disasters. It was also found that according to the experts' view, place identity and attachment priority order are: emotional-cognitive, physical-functional, and ultimately cultural-social dimensions.
it seems that place distinction along with continuity, self-efficacy and sustainability of emotional-cognitive, functional, physical, cultural, social and semantic dimensions of place, enhances self-esteem in the place, sustain dimensions of place attachment, creativity, and innovate in place belonging, and therefore resilient place identity.

The earthquake is one of the serious threats in the present era, which disrupts local resources of rural communities. After the Manjil-Rudbar earthquake in June 21, 1989, many villages merged and displaced due to the vast damages. According to the adopted policies, Liyavol Oliya was one of these villages that displaced and merged with three other villages in an area called Chahar-Mahal. The displacement and integration caused changes in physical, typology and functions of habitation and subsequently the lifestyle and livelihoods of the residents. The purpose of this study is to determine changes in habitations as a result of displacement and integration of Liyavol village as well as changes in design, structure, spatial organization and types of reconstructed houses in comparison with local houses, 29 years after the earthquake.

 Two approaches have been adopted to understand changes in these two types of housing. Initially, 4 local and 4 reconstructed houses (together with extensions and modifications made to the present) were field-documented in the aspects of form, typology and spatial organization. In addition, a semi-structured interview was conducted with residents of Liyavol-e-Jadid about housing extensions and its causes to get a brief overview of the history of reconstructed housing changes to date and how different spatial layers form, and its functions and layout.

 According to the findings, reconstructed houses have been altered in design and physical featured for materials, incorporation of new living spaces, different and variables definitions of privacy and security, construction technology and architectural elements such as roof and facade in comparison with local houses. As well as, some changes are observed in these two types because of the changes in land and housing dimensions, housing proportions, land and living spaces, flexibility of spaces, spatial priorities and distribution of rural housing, from the aspect of spatial organization. From the aspect of housing typology, changes in housing orientation can also be attributed to geo-climatic issues, climatic adaptation of housing, and reduction in the number of floors as well as the elevation from ground, and the reduction the impact of natural-environmental factors.

 It seems that, as the reduction of the physical vulnerability of Liyavol village to future disasters is considered to be one of the main criteria for reconstruction, considering the socio-psychological, cultural, livelihood and geographical-climatic factors affecting the typology, design and spatial organization and structure of rural housing have been neglected in this reconstruction. It must be acknowledged that just reconstruction of the houses through a native approach will not lead to success or public acceptance. Therefore, study the characteristics of remained local houses from the earthquake of 1989, changes, adaptations, and how current permanent housing is formed, as well as identification of the positive, negative and common and different aspects between them, may result to form optimal plans in deciding and implantations of future housing in this village.

The impact of disasters on the mental and physical health of affected communities requires planning for socio-psychological recovery, recognizing various dimensions, and research on the arising issues. The present study is conducted with the aim to focus on methodological and subject research approaches in international post-disaster studies in the framework of research design, target society, and measurement of key structures, in order to identify existing research gaps in this field.

In the present study, a purposeful post-disaster content analysis was performed quantitatively and qualitatively on socio-psychological studies in 39 journals indexed in databases. After the purposeful and specific steps, 73 studies were coded in an accurate review process, and then the codes extracted (research strategies, research project implementation, highlighted topics, sampling method, statistical population, and data collection tools) were analyzed in Excel software and presented in the form of descriptive statistics.

Cross-sectional studies with quantitative strategy, random sampling method, standardized structured questionnaire, and large statistical population have the highest frequency. The predominant subjects studied on an individual scale were the individual post-disaster psychological consequences and on a collective scale were indicators associated with socio-psychological recovery.

The imbalance in the socio-psychological studies of disasters and the recovery indicators in both individual and collective scales require paying attention to the subjects related to the individual recovery and mental health and a deeper understanding of the socio-psychological consequences of disasters. In addition to the current research approaches, the investigations on the post-traumatic neuroscience will be growing in the future perspective. Expanding the scope of quantitative research and neuroscience requires standardized measurement scales in developing countries. The reliability of the study findings was 71.5%.

In recent decades, “social resilience” and “resilient society” concepts have been rendered integral concerning disaster risk reduction, disaster response as well as Post-Disaster reconstruction programs success with respect to public participation. This study attempts to examine the concept of social resilience and its efficacy in successful reconstruction process after an earthquake. This paper seeks to identify effective factors of social resilience as an indicator in two communities that have been hit by the 1385 Lorestan earthquake in Iran evaluating their social resilience. In addition, it is further investigated whether or not such indicator may contribute to leave out the temporary housing phase, accelerating reconstruction programs after the earthquake. Darb-e-Āstāne and Bābā-Pashmān villages were selected as case studies located in Silakhor plains of Lorestan province. Social capital and unity, social network integrity, social and economic consistency of the communities before the earthquake and finally the severity impact factors are among the key indicators in determining rehabilitation success after an earthquake. These factors also found to be effective in the emergence of resilience in rural communities. The data were collected via documentary research, semi-structured interviews. According to research questions, four hypotheses in the form of four main indicators and eleven sub-indicators such as, level of social resilience, social capital, adaption capacity, success of the reconstruction programs, shock absorption capability, community capacities, the social infrastructures, indigenous knowledge, local skills, and type of reconstruction programs and procedures of responsible organizations were developed. Correspondingly, 23 measures including sense of place, level of trust in others, religion and common beliefs, the ultimate satisfaction of reconstruction, earthquake awareness, public participation in social groups, self-sufficiency in housing etc. These are provided through field survey, site observations as well as in-depth interviews with the people and local authorities and have been put in test by a combination of qualitative and quantitative strategies for data analysis. Based on the results of Community Resilience Capacity researches, the ability to absorb earthquake shocks is integral. This is closely tied with sociological characteristics and norms that are found within indigenous knowledge of Lorestan rural communities as part of the social capital based on the findings of this study. As a result of this study it may be advisable to skip temporary post disaster housing in reconstruction programs for a more efficient and faster recovery. In addition, the procedure of programs and their implementation by the authorities were influenced in formation of social cohesion and relations among affected people. Furthermore, the results of social resilience evaluation of these two villages were estimated to be relatively high and close to each other.

Central part of the old texture of Kerman is important for locating historical monuments and today is facing with many physical problems which create fundamental vulnerability factors against the possible earthquakes. The complexity of physical vulnerability in the historical contexts, in turn makes necessary the study and prediction of critical points during an earthquake using a precision instruments.
In this paper, using the GIS software and weighting method to indicators and overlapping the layers, the physical vulnerability zoning map of the texture is provided. 8 main indicators which were effective in physical vulnerability zoning based on background research and careful observation by expert have been used.
Findings: The northern, central and southern zones of the texture which have more small plots, poor quality of construction, less distance from the Qanats networks and chaotic and narrow road networks, are in higher physical risks. In addition, the high population density in the southern part of the texture has increased its overall risk in this part.
according to the research findings the northern, central and southern parts of the texture as well as northern and southern streets have physical vulnerabilities and require reducing actions such as maintaining continuity of western street performance during the earthquake emergency, organizing open spaces scattered within the texture, increase texture eligibility by using the distinctive elements and controlling the number of floors and closeness and ect, with the aim of reducing the risk of earthquake.