saeid hamidi

In the statements of Ayatollah Khamenei, the culture of sacrifice and martyrdom has been introduced as one of the most basic requirements for the formation of a new Islamic civilization. The importance of examining this issue will be doubled when, based on His Majesty's orders, the role of the social and political strategies of the school of sacrifice and martyrdom in the stability and development of the modern Islamic civilization has been emphasized as a definite and definite matter. The explanation of his lofty thoughts is considered one of the solid foundations and fundamental studies in social and political strategies.Therefore, this descriptive-analytical research seeks to answer this main question, which of the social and political strategies of the culture of sacrifice and martyrdom play the maximum role in the development of modern Islamic civilization from the perspective of the Supreme Leader? By referring to library resources and describing and analyzing the data and citing the orders of the Supreme Leader, it shows the results; The guarantee of innate values ​​in the center of monotheism combined with the deepening of the spirit of forgiveness, attention to seeking justice and also respect for the freedom of the Islamic Ummah is one of the most important social strategies in order to achieve the development of modern Islamic civilization. And the development and neutralization of seditions through enmity, one of the most obvious strategies of the school of sacrifice and martyrdom, have realized the prosperity of the modern Islamic civilization.

The emergence and growth of Islamic civilization has its roots in the socialand political teachings derived from the Qur'anic contents. These teachingsare comprehensive and maximal and belong to all times. Even today, in explainingthe requirements of modern Islamic civilization, it is necessary forthinkers and policy makers in Islamic societies to pay attention and care toidentify these distinctive and responsive civilizational elements that originatefrom divine revelations.This research, using a descriptive-analytical method, seeks to answer thebasic question, which is: What are the social and political beliefs that canplay a role in explaining the requirements of modern Islamic civilization fromthe perspective of the Holy Quran? Based on the divine verses and referringto the library resources, the results showed that the social teachings of theQur'an such as the recommendation for solidarity, preserving the unity ofthe Islamic Ummah, moral orientation, and the need to achieve justice andsocial security are educational requirements in explaining modern Islamiccivilization.Also, by relying on the teachings of political education in the Qur’an, achievementssuch as strengthening the spirit of self-respecting, commitment to thestability of good rulers, attention to economic and industrial development, aswell as strengthening military and defense equipments can help in realizationof modern Islamic civilization.

Examining the historical approaches of the era of the Prophet with the aim of explaining the civilization-building components of the Quran, puts the most stable social and political requirements of Islamic societies before the thinkers and the ruling policies. Acceptable progress and desirable civilization, which are the implicit or explicit aspirations of Islamic reformers and benefactors, without re-examining the civil values ​​emanating from the Prophet's migration period, will be a fruitless and sometimes ineffective effort.So, this descriptive-analytical research tries to answer this main question, which of the historical approaches parallel to Prophet's emigration play a role in explaining the social and political components of the civilization of the Qur'an?Citing divine verses and referring to library sources show the results; Parallel to the emigration of the Messenger of God (pbuh), the need for a fundamental change and in line with the social and political components of the civilization of the Qur'an became inevitable in the realization of the Prophet's (pbuh) society; Therefore, in a short period of time, developments such as the abolition of Arabization and the strengthening of social belonging by relying on urbanism and abolishing the privileges of tribes brought a new life based on the system of urbanization.

The main issue of this study is to identify the elements of Islamic civilization in the Arbaeen walk as the soft power of the Islamic Republic of Iran.The results of this descriptive-analytical research based on library documents and sources show that the unique capacity of the Arbaeen March is not separate from the birth path of Islamic civilization. In parallel with the movement of these rituals, the factors that created Islamic civilization had the opportunity to emerge and by providing regional and supra-regional goals, they became the generators of soft power.If the manifestation of unity in the pilgrims on foot, while regulating and social order, invalidated the biased instincts of the enemies based on the internal differences of the Muslims and caused the dignity of the Islamic societies. At the same time, the transnational community of this phenomenon brought to the fore the reflection of the Arbaeen ummah as a new media, beyond the borders of human societies. . In addition, it can put an end to hegemony in the wake of the Islamic Awakening and, as the greatest demonstration of peace, lead from a collective slogan to global reform.Meanwhile, the Islamic Republic of Iran, relying on these civilizing efficiencies that stem from the historical extension of the Ashura uprising, has protected the national and regional achievements of the Arbaeen March and made them a soft power as a priority in strategies.

Temperature stress during germination and emergence is one of the most important environmental stresses during plant life cycle. All growth stages of a plant, including seed germination and seedlings establishment, are affected by temperature. High temperatures during germination can cause numerous problems for germination or seedling growth. Temperature regulates the germination and seed emergence in the field in three ways: (1) effect on the germination rate and percentage of non-dormant seeds; (2) elimination of the primary and secondary dormancy; and (3) induction secondary dormancy. One of the most important planting problems is thermoinhibition and thermodormancy induction in seeds during warm season. Studies has shown that barley seeds have different levels of primary and secondary dormancy. So paying attention to the reaction of the seeds to the temperature sensitivity during germination is very important. In present study it has been attempted to study the behavior of germination and the induction of secondary dormancy of barley cultivars at various temperatures, especially at high temperatures.

This study was carried out at Seed Research Laboratory of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. The factors included 15 levels of barley cultivars (Aras, Dasht, Eram, Fajr 30, Jonoob, Karoon, Nike, Nimrooz, Nosrat, Zarjoo, Sahra, Sina, Torkaman, Valfajr and Zahak) and eight levels of germination temperature (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 ºϹ). Germination percentage by average comparison and germination rate was described by fitted segmented model. Seeds germination, death and dormancy induction behavior at high temperature (40ºϹ) was described by placing seeds in different duration of imbibition at 40ºϹ, then transfer them to optimum temperature (20ºϹ) for one week and finally tetrazolium test.

The results showed that there was a significant difference between the cultivars in terms of germination percentage at different temperatures and the highest differences were observed at high temperatures (especially at 35°C). Also germination cardinal temperatures were different between various cultivars. The highest difference was found in the base temperature and optimum temperature of germination, and there was no significant difference between the cultivars in ceiling temperature. Non-germination at high temperature (40ºϹ) was partly due to the induction of secondary dormancy and at some extent related to the seed death after being exposed to high temperatures. The germinability and seed deaths respectively increased and decreased exponentially as duration of seed imbibition at high temperatures increased. On the other hand, induction of secondary seed dormancy followed a normal distribution, so that as imbibition duration at high temperatures increased, the capacity for dormancy induction first increased and then decreased. Of course, these trends differed depending on the cultivar. According to the recent findings, thermodormancy induction in barley seeds is highly dependent on the sensory pathways and biosynthesis of the hormone regulating dormancy and germination, including gibberellin, ethylene, cytokinin and abscisic acid.

In this study, the reaction of germination to temperature in the most important and common cultivars of barley in iran was investigated. There were significant differences between cultivars in terms of reaction to temperature in the germination stage, and each cultivar showed a unique behavior. The temperature sensitivity pattern was different in the cultivars, and the germination reaction of seeds at high temperature had high variance. Present study shows, the cause of non-germination of barley seeds at high temperatures was related to thermoinbition of germination, seed mortality, and dormancy induction. Therefore, in future studies, it is suggestion that particular attention should be paid to the hormonal balance pathways associated with induction of dormancy in the seeds, as well as the gene expression.

In Radiation processing of products by high energy electrons, scattered electrons reduce at the edges of the product and the absorbed dose is low at this regions. Dose reduction in edges, affects some system parameters such as dose uniformity ratio, Energy utilization efficiency and mass throughput.In this paper,the 3-D dose distribution in the sample product was determined by MCNP computer code and experimental data were measured by CTA dosimeters. Calculated and measured data weredeterminedfor one-sided irradiation by TT-200 Rhodotron electron beam accelerator. Also the effect of dose reduction in the product edges on system parameters was investigated. Calculated and measured data were in a good agreement.The results indicate that the dose reduction in the edges of product decreases the minimum absorbed dose and consequently increases the dose uniformity ratio and reduces the efficiency in utilization of energy from 0.70 to 0.48. Also this effect decreases the mass throughput by a factor of 0.68.