فهرست مطالب saied karimi

In recent years, a group of researchers have believed that entrepreneurial activities lead to environmental degradation. However, some researchers have argued that despite the negative effects of some entrepreneurial activities on society and the environment, entrepreneurs still play an important role in guiding business activities towards sustainability, especially social and environmental sustainability. In particular, relying on the capacities and capabilities of rural communities, recognizing new opportunities and growth of innovations adapted to local community condition can reduce these negative effects and also create opportunities for sustainable employment, income generation and sustainable development in rural areas. Researchers refer to sustainable entrepreneurship as a catalyst and a major impetus for sustainable development. In recent decades, sustainable entrepreneurship has been a growing research stream and it is time to pay more attention to sustainable entrepreneurship in the literature. Among the areas that need more detailed and in-depth study in sustainable entrepreneurship is among the research fields that needs more rogue and in-depth investigations. This is about a set necessary factors in order to integrate sustainability in entrepreneurial businesses. Furthermore, it is relevantly more important in rural areas due to the direct relationship of most of rural businesses with natural resources. Accordingly, the present study discusses the requirements and conditions for sustainable development in entrepreneurial activities in rural areas and seeks to provide a suitable integrated model for entrepreneurship development in rural areas based on sustainable rural development and sustainable entrepreneurship.

The present study aims to design a comprehensive model of sustainable entrepreneurship development in rural businesses and identify the strategies essential for achieving entrepreneurial sustainability using a qualitative research approach and grounded theory. The statistical population of this study consisted of outstanding entrepreneurs with characteristics such as knowledge and experience in the field, willingness and sufficient time to participate in the research and effective communication skills in Hamedan Province. In this study, 10 people were selected and in-depth interview was used as the main data collection technique. Data was analyzed in a sequence of open coding, axial coding and selective coding. In order to increase the validity of this research, we selected research participants from outstanding entrepreneurs who both work in the field of rural and agricultural businesses, and also have sufficient scientific knowledge on sustainable development issues and the process of entrepreneurship development and rural business creation. In-depth interviews were used to collect and record the required information. In order to verify and avoid research bias, the model and the result obtained by the research team were continuously compared with the aim and checked if there is any part in the report and model that indicates a potential bias by the researchers? Based on these checkups, some reflections were considered in the process.

According to the results of the present study, the model of sustainable entrepreneurship development in rural businesses in a narrative manner and based on a ground theory is as follows: Regarding to our understanding of sustainability and its aspects as well as the requirements for entrepreneurial businesses to adhere to responsible environmental, socio-cultural and ethical actions in order to achieve sustainability and fulfill their obligations to society and the environment.  The findings show the development of rural business activities towards principles and values of sustainability requires strengthening individual factors of business owners and employees, organizational and environmental factors of enterprises.  In other words, provided that such conditions and factors are given, the growth and development of behavioral patterns based on sustainability in various economic, social and environmental dimensions in rural businesses will be possible. Internalization of such behavioral patterns also requires appropriate measures and strategies implementation such as empowering relevant institutions, enhancing media performance, continuing policies to promote sustainable entrepreneurship, strengthening cultural contexts, applying supportive policies, facilitating the access to credit and capitals, and developing educational programs, and human resource management strategies to establish responsible values in the organizational culture. Institutionalizing sustainability patterns in rural entrepreneurial businesses will lead to more sustainable rural economic growth, job creation, environmental adaptation, ensuring future access to key natural resources, satisfying social groups, achieving competitive advantage, cost savings, and improving product quality.

Deferred debts are one of the most important issues in the banking system. Over the past years, the trend of non-performing loans in the Iranian banking system show an increase, and the share of deferred funds to facilities have reached a worrying number. The main question is why the statistics of Iran's non-performing loans have been incremental, in comparison with the conventional banking system, and what are the main reasons for its creation? It happened in spite of the fact that the Iranian banking system is claimed to follow the interest-free banking law. Considering the specialty of the bank in the money market and the lack of expertise of the bank in the real market, the present study investigates the exact nature of the deferred debts in an interest-free banking system; and engages in a pathological study of the present situation. Using a descriptive- analytic method, we conclude that the deferred payment terminology is only relevant to debt. Therefore, It is not relevant to the Islamic contracts such as Mushārakah. Compared with the leasing industry, the banking system is not efficient in the use of Installment sale contracts. Based on the results of the paper, the main reason for the expansion of deferred payments is the improper implementation of Islamic contracts. The findings confirm our hypothesis.

Patient safety is a serious global public health issue. Estimates show that every day many patients are harmed while receiving hospital care. Health care staff plays a key role in providing quality and safe patient care, especially physicians who are main members of the medical team and a critical element in patient safety efforts.
The current study used a Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) framework to investigate predictors of patient safety intentions and behavior of physicians.
This descriptive analytical study was conducted in 8 hospitals with 52 physicians participating. A researcher-designed questionnaire was prepared to investigate patient safety behaviors and behavior constructs of physicians based on the guidelines of constructing a TPB Questionnaire: Conceptual and Methodological Considerations. The content validity and reliability of the questionnaire were confirmed. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed using SPSS18.
The total mean score of physician safety behavior indicated that 3.8±0.92. 42% of physicians reported their safety behavior at a good level. There was no significant difference between the patient safety function of physicians in public and private hospitals (P=0.8) and working in medical or surgical wards (P=0.4). Among TPB constructs, “normative beliefs” had the greatest influence on physician intention for safety behaviors (wald=3.828, P=0.05).
The results showed that “normative beliefs” had the greatest influence on physician intention for safety behaviors; therefore, it seems that patient safety must be the most important concern of all health care staff, specifically managers and executives throughout health care centers.

Following Muhammadis one of the most important works written by Carl Ernest, a contemporary Islamologist, in response to the misconceptions about Islam in West. In the following work, the author compares the two translations of this book done by Ghāsemkākāie and HasanNourāieBidokht, and discusses their advantages and flaws. Because of the importance of the fifth chapter of the book, named Spirituality in Action, the author has focused on this part, and briefly studied the other chapters of the book. Regarding this, he compares the words and phrases used in these two translations; and in some cases adds his own suggestions.

Excessive use of drugs، constantly changing of patterns of medication and substance abuse significant amounts of drugs in different forms، is doubled the importance of factors influencing drug loss. Purpose of this study was to determine the factors affecting loss drug in Isfahan hospitals in 2011. This study was a descriptive in selected hospitals (private educational charity) of Isfahan. Research population was manager، matron، supervisor، department head and chief pharmacist in private، educational and charity hospitals. The census method was used for sampling and the number of 40 samples selected. The validity of questionnaire was computed by experts judgment and the reliability of questionnaire was computed by using Cronbach’s alpha (r=. /85). data was analyzed by SPSS software. In charity hospital drug registration has highest score (92/04) and education is allocated to lowest score (61/36). In educational hospital medication committee had highest score (86/81) and surplus drugs had lowest score (71/2). In non- education hospital medication preparation had the highest score (91/85) and lowest score is allocated to education (61/36). In private hospitals، pharmaceutical preparations had highest score (85/22) and the medicine committee had the lowest (55/9). To reduce the loss medicines in hospitals، according to the documentation of the process of circulation of the drug in a drug store، stoke pharmacy department and using the HIS system is fruitful.

Context: Medical waste(MW) is all waste materials generated at health care facilities. Mw MW naturally is Hazardous for environment and subsequently for human.Waste minimization (WM) is the latest Alternative for risk reduction. All Hospital Staff generally and Nurses specially can play an active role through education and the implementation of measures to reduce medical wastage and their environmental effects. This study is aimed to compare nurses and other staff functions in selected hospitals in Isfahan about Waste minimization Strategies Settings and Design: this is a descriptive analytical study. The study tool was a researcher –designed questionnaire in 5 area of waste minimization based on WHO recommendation Methods and Material: There were 90 nurses and other staff From Randomized Selected public and private hospitals of Isfahan as the sample of this research. This study was done in 2009. Statistical analysis used: Data were analyzed by t-test using SPSS16. nurses mean score of WM performance was 58.16(12), and others was 58.56(12.18)(of max 100).There was no significant difference between nurses and others mean score of WM performance according to t-test There was not significant difference between WM performances of two studied groups in public and private hospitals based on t-test.Comparing between two studied groups mean scores by waste minimization Areas, indicated that Nurses have done significantly better in Source reduction Area and other staffs have Acted better in Waste segregation(p<0.05). All of hospital staff specially, nurses has an important role in qualified waste management practice of hospitals. Totally mean score of WM performance in hospitals (nurses and other) was average. With regard to other countries Activities, this result is disappointing. So it is necessary to plan educational programs for hospital staff, especially nurses.

By considering daily progress of advanced technology and unimaginable advances in the management technology region, demand to educate and improve working personnel of administrative health and hygiene fields seems to be vital by considering the present situation. The main purpose of this study is to specify the educational demand of health care management graduates who are working as managers, VP or experts of hospitals and other related health centers in Isfahan. In this descriptive survey study, 67 health care management graduates working in Isfahan University of Medical Sciences were enrolled, in 2008. The study tool was a researcher made questionnaire in three dimensions. Reliability and validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts and calculating the Cronbach's Alpha coefficient (α = 0.75), respectively. Study population was selected by stratified randomized method. All of these data were analyzed by SPSS statistical software. The first priority need of study population from the three studied domains was operational and technical skills with mean score of 3.49 +/- 0.12. Among the operational and technical skills familiarity with computer and software use had the highest score. Among the theoretical and conceptual skills globalization and multi-cultural organizations had the highest score in health care management graduates.Collusions: In fact operational needs, the needs that management graduates are dealing with it daily, and the needs related to computer use and information technology considered as the most important needs of operational skills. It is necessary that educational planners consider mentioned needs in the setting of annual program.

Old methods of administrating cannot cover the rapid changes today. These changes redounded new organizations like learning organizations to be formed. The purpose of this research is to Study of Relationship between the Learning Organization and Organizational Commitment among hospital managers. This is a descriptive analytic survey. The population of study was 210 nursing managers of 9 educational hospitals. Data gathering was done via learning organizational and organizational commitment questionnaires. Data analysis was done in SPSS software. The mean score of learning organizational was 59.5 ± 18.5 among nursing mangers, and the mean score of organizational commitment was 60.8 ± 10.8. In general there was a significant relationship between learning organizational and organizational commitment based on Pearson test. In today's changing environment of very rapid changes seen in different areas of science and technology and the increasing complexity and dynamics of environmental factors, only organizations can survive and remain capable of growth that active adaptation (dynamic equilibrium). This aim can be fulfilled just in learning organizations.