saleh rahmati

Stress can lead to a range of physical and mental health issues, such as heart disease, obesity, diabetes, anxiety, depression, chronic pain, and sleep problems. It also influences healthy behaviors, including dietary choices, sleep patterns, and substance use. This study examines how physical activity affects stress levels. There is considerable evidence that engaging in regular exercise is an effective strategy for coping with stress, enhancing mental well-being, especially for individuals living with chronic conditions like diabetes, coronary artery disease, and cancer. Moreover, exercise is an accessible and economical approach to managing daily stress. It improves the body's ability to handle stress and affects the central nervous system through hormonal changes, including increased endorphin production after physical exertion. Furthermore, physical activity boosts the transmission of neurotransmitters such as serotonin, dopamine, and adrenaline, which contribute to improved mood and alleviate feelings of depression. Exercise also provides a distraction from stressors, fostering a sense of calm and promoting positive thought patterns. Participating in recreational physical activities cultivates positive emotions and is beneficial for effective stress management, which can further enhance health behaviors and overall well-being..physical activity is recognized as a crucial strategy for managing stress, as it effectively reduces stress levels and enhances overall quality of life through multiple biochemical, physiological, and social pathways. Regular incorporation of exercise into one’s lifestyle can serve as a natural and accessible way to mitigate and manage stress.
 

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common metabolic diseases worldwide. Asprosin has been identified as a novel adipokine closely associated with hepatic glucose metabolism, but limited information is available regarding its role and the effect of exercise on it. Insulin resistance is a key factor in the pathogenesis of NAFLD, particularly in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Adiponectin, the most abundant fat-specific adipokine, plays a crucial role in reducing hepatic and systemic insulin resistance, as well as liver inflammation and fibrosis. Adiponectin levels are predictive of the degree of steatosis and the severity of NASH. While there is no proven pharmacological treatment for NASH, recent therapeutic strategies have focused on indirectly regulating adiponectin through the administration of various therapeutic agents and/or lifestyle modifications. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the effect of eight weeks of high-intensity intermittent swimming training on visceral adipose tissue asprosin protein and serum adiponectin in rats with NASH induced by a high-fat diet.

Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups: diseased (high-fat diet) (N=20) and healthy (N=20). For eight weeks, the diseased group received a high-fat diet in the form of a daily emulsion (10 ml/kg) via gavage, while the healthy group received an equivalent amount of saline solution. After eight weeks, and confirmation of the disease, the rats were further divided into four subgroups: healthy-control (N=9), healthy-swimming (N=9), diseased-control (N=9), and diseased-swimming (N=9). The swimming groups performed a high-intensity swimming interval training protocol three times per week for eight weeks, while the high-fat diet continued for the diseased groups throughout the training period. At the end of the study, serum adiponectin levels were measured using the ELISA method, and asprosin protein levels in visceral adipose tissue were measured using western blotting. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to confirm the normality of the data distribution, and one-way ANOVA was used to compare group differences. If significant, Bonferroni's post hoc test was applied to identify pairwise differences. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 26, with a significance level of P<0.05.

The findings showed a significant increase in serum adiponectin levels in the diseased-swimming group compared to the diseased-control group (P= 0.022). A significant increase in serum adiponectin was also observed in the healthy-swimming group compared to the healthy-control group (P= 0.008). In terms of asprosin protein levels in visceral adipose tissue, a significant decrease was found in the healthy-swimming group compared to the diseased-control group (P= 0.001). In the diseased-swimming group, asprosin protein levels decreased compared to the diseased-control group, but this reduction was not statistically significant (P= 0.946).

In conclusion, despite the continuous consumption of a high-fat diet in the diseased group, high-intensity interval swimming exercises were able to improve two key markers of NASH: increasing adiponectin levels and decreasing asprosin levels. These changes suggest that such exercises could potentially reduce inflammation and insulin resistance in NASH. However, as this research is among the first to examine the effects of high-intensity interval swimming on these two variables in a progressive NASH model, further research is required to draw definitive conclusions.

Pomegranate, recognized as one of the most widely utilized herbal medicines, comprises three components: Pomegranate juice, seeds, and peel. Each part of the fruit contains a range of phytochemical compounds, macronutrients, and micronutrients. With a history dating back to 3000 BC, pomegranate has gained global recognition for its diverse therapeutic effects, attributed to the presence of various phytochemicals such as flavonoids (e.g., flavonols, anthocyanins, ellagitannins, and phenolic acids). These compounds contribute to the herb’s antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, antibacterial, cardioprotective, and other health-promoting properties. The beneficial properties of pomegranate have captured the interest of sports physiologists, who recognize this herb as a promising substance to augment the health-promoting effects of exercise programs. A review of the SID and Google Scholar databases revealed that Iranian sports physiologists have published 25 articles investigating the combinational effects of exercise programs and pomegranate administration. The primary focus of these studies was on metabolic changes, followed by oxidative stress markers. The majority of their participants were obese women with type 2 diabetes. Collectively, these findings indicated that the combination of pomegranate consumption and physical exercises, particularly aerobic exercises, enhanced the beneficial impact of aerobic training on metabolic parameters and anti-oxidative markers. Based on these studies, it can be concluded that pomegranate extract can potentiate the health-enhancing effects of physical exercise. Therefore, it is recommended to consider utilizing pomegranate derivatives in conjunction with exercise programs to maximize their beneficial health effects.

Obesity is considered the most important public health problem. Previous studies have confirmed that a high-fat diet (HFD) can cause the development of systemic and tissue inflammation due to the increase in pro-inflammatory markers.

This study aims to evaluate the effect of aerobic exercise and pistachio soft hull extract (PSHE) on inflammatory gene expression in the soleus muscle of rats fed a HFD.

In an experimental trial, 30 female Wistar rats weighing between 180 and 200 grams were selected as subjects and randomly divided into five groups: Normal diet control, HFD control, HFD aerobic exercise, HFD-PSHE, and HFD aerobic exercise-PSHE. The aerobic exercise program consisted of four weeks of five weekly sessions of running on a treadmill at an intensity of 50 – 60% VO 2max . Pistachio soft hull extract at a dose of 60 mg/kg was administered to the rats by gavage for four weeks, five times a week. Forty-eight hours after the last interventions, the rats were anesthetized, and the soleus muscle was removed to determine the expression of the IL-6 and IL-1β genes.

Induction of HFD significantly decreased IL-6 (P = 0.001) and increased IL-1β (P = 0.001) gene expression. IL-1β gene expression in the aerobic exercise (P = 0.001), PSHE (P = 0.003), and aerobic exercise-PSHE (P = 0.001) groups was significantly lower than in the HFD control group. Aerobic exercise (P = 0.002), PSHE (P = 0.002), and the combination of aerobic exercise and PSHE (P = 0.003) caused a significant increase in IL-6 gene expression compared to the HFD control group.

High-fat diet promotes inflammation in skeletal muscle by increasing the expression of the IL-1β and IL-6 genes. Aerobic exercise, PSHE, and the combination of aerobic exercise and PSHE can exert their anti-inflammatory effects by reducing the expression of the IL-1β and IL-6 genes in skeletal muscle tissue.

Hormone therapy is a highly effective method for treating menopausal disorders. However, its side effects may include an increased risk of cancer, heart disease, and pulmonary embolism. Previous research has demonstrated that both exercise and nutrition separately have positive effects on menopausal symptoms. Therefore, we suggest that combining exercise and nutrition interventions may provide a synergistic effect, yielding results at least similar to those of estrogen (Est) therapy.

This study aims to compare the independent and combined effects of resistance training (RT), Est therapy, and vitamin D calcium chitosan (Vit D + Ca ++ + Chit) supplementation on markers of bone turnover in ovariectomized (OVX) rats.

Forty-two female Wistar rats were randomly divided into seven groups (n = 6 per group): (1) healthy-control (He-Co), (2) OVX-Vit D + Ca ++ + Chit + RT, (3) OVX-saline (Sal) + Est + RT, (4) Sal + RT, (5) OVX-Vit D + Ca ++ +Chit, (6) OVX-Sal + Est, and (7) OVX-Control (OVX-Co). Bone samples were extracted 48 hours after the final session. Two-way ANOVAs were used to determine differences in intervention effects between groups. The alpha level was set to 0.05.

Ovariectomy (OVX) decreased bone tissue expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osterix (OSX) while increasing peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) gene expression. Ovariectomy also decreased the number of osteocytes and osteoblasts while increasing the number of osteoclasts. Resistance training (RT) and Vit D + Ca ++ + Chit intake increased bone tissue expression of ALP, OSX, and PPAR-γ gene expression. Additionally, RT and Vit D + Ca ++ + Chit supplementation increased the number of osteocytes and osteoblasts and decreased the number of osteoclasts.

The combined interventions had synergistic effects compared to each intervention separately on ALP, osteocyte, osteoblast, and osteoclast observations. Therefore, combining RT with Vit D + Ca ++ + Chit could be a non-pharmacological approach to address bone turnover alterations caused by OVX.

Examining the impact of short-term stress on depressive-like behavior and motor activity in rats is a crucial aspect of behavioral and neuroscience research. Short-term stress can influence rats' depressive-like behavior and decrease their motor activity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of short-term stress on depressive-like behavior and the running index of male Wistar rats, as well as the relationship between the two variables.

Examining the impact of short-term stress on depressive-like behavior and motor activity in rats is a crucial aspect of behavioral and neuroscience research. Short-term stress can influence rats' depressive-like behavior and decrease their motor activity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of short-term stress on depressive-like behavior and the running index of male Wistar rats, as well as the relationship between the two variables.

Short-term stress significantly increased the 24-hour running index (P=0.01). The depression-like behavior of rats after stress induction did not show any significant difference. There was no significant relationship between the amount of running and depressive-like behavior (P=0.13).

Based on the present findings, short-term stress caused an increase in the activity of male Wistar rats, which was not related to depressive-like behavior.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a prevalent chronic liver disease that ranges from steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, cirrhosis, and liver carcinoma. With the increasing prevalence of NAFLD, there is a growing need for effective prevention and treatment strategies. Stable pharmaceutical compositions containing atorvastatin have been developed to treat hypercholesterolemia and related conditions. In addition, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) can have positive effects on NAFLD.  Twenty-one male Wistar rats were divided into 2 groups: 1) high fat-fructose diet (HFFD) + HIIT, 2) HFFD + HIIT + atorvastatin. The groups received HFFD for 15 weeks to induce NAFLD. Atorvastatin was administrated at the dose of 2 mg/kg/day. The interventions (atorvastatin and HIIT) were done for 8 weeks.  Triglyceride (TG), Alanine transaminase (ALT), and aspartate transaminase (AST) were significantly reduced in the HFFD + HIIT + atorvastatin. The groups had no significant difference in weight, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and HDL/LDL ratio.  Although atorvastatin along with HIIT reduced aminotransferase, HIIT has benefits in improving lipid profile. Combining atorvastatin and HIIT may offer synergistic benefits in managing NAFLD by targeting both liver enzymes and inflammation.

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) affects the expression of genes altered by obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Perilipins (PLINs) are a family of five proteins that are expressed on the surface of fat droplets in various tissues, including visceral adipose tissue, and regulate lipid metabolism. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of an eight-week HIIT program on the expression of PLIN3 and PLIN5 genes in the visceral fat tissue of obese male rats with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

The present study involved 24 male Wistar rats. The animals were randomly and equally divided into three groups: control, fatty liver, and HIIT with fatty liver. A high-fat diet was used to induce obesity and fatty liver. The rats in the fatty liver group were placed on a high-fat diet for 10 weeks. After completing the 10-week high-fat diet to ensure intervention induction, Lee's index was used. The HIIT program lasted for eight weeks with five sessions per week using a specialized treadmill at zero inclination. Exercise intensity was determined by estimating maximum oxygen consumption. Forty-eight hours after the last exercise session and after a ten-hour fasting, rats were anesthetized with a suitable mixture of xylazine and ketamine. Adipose tissue samples were frozen in liquid nitrogen in special cryovials and sent to the laboratory for gene expression measurement. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test were used to examine differences between groups at a significant level of P<0.05.

Data analysis showed significant differences in the expression of PLIN3 (F2,21=471.30, P=0.001) and PLIN5 (F2,21=185.60, P=0.001) genes in visceral fat adipose tissue among the study groups. In addition, results indicated increased expression of PLIN3 (P=0.001) and PLIN5 (P=0.001) genes in visceral fat adipose tissue in the fatty liver group compared to the control group. A significant decrease in the expression of these genes was observed in the HIIT group with fatty liver compared to the control and fatty liver groups (P=0.001).

The findings of the study demonstrated that the expression of PLIN3 and PLIN5 genes in visceral fat adipose tissue increased due to induced fatty liver and the HIIT program moderated this increase. The reduction in the expression of these genes compared to the healthy group indicates the beneficial effect of physical activity under healthy conditions. This study suggests that the HIIT program had more beneficial effects beyond reversing the damage from the disease. Reduction in the expression of PLIN3 and PLIN5 genes in visceral fat adipose tissue as mechanisms of HIIT efficacy suggests a way to counteract the adverse effects of obesity and fatty liver.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of orange peel compounds and physical activity on physical performance and health. The research method was descriptive-analytical, and the results showed that orange peel has attracted the attention of researchers due to its alkaloid compounds, including Synephrine and Octopamine, as one of the effective and widely used plants for physical performance and weight control. By activating β3 adrenergic receptors, synephrine increases lipolysis and the availability of free fatty acids (FFA) to peripheral tissues, especially skeletal muscles, which increases the oxidation process of FFA and reduces the oxidation of carbohydrates. The result of these changes is the preservation of muscle glycogen consumption and the delay of fatigue. On the other hand, synephrine reduces appetite by acting on the neuromedin U2 receptor and causes weight loss simultaneously with the development of thermogenesis. Although the effect of the compounds in orange peel on physical performance and weight control is contradictory, more studies are needed to understand the effects of these compounds.

Many studies agree on the beneficial effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The present study investigates the effect of eight weeks of high-intensity interval training on the serum levels of adipulin and irisin in obese male rats with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

24 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into groups including healthy control, control fatty liver, and HIIT fatty liver. To induce obesity/fatty liver, rats were treated with a high-fat diet for 10 weeks. Lee index was used to ensure disease induction. Rats in the training group performed the HIIT program on a rodent treadmill (8 weeks and 5 sessions per week). 48 hours after the last training session, blood was taken, and serum analysis was done by ELISA method.

A decrease was seen in serum irisin and adipulin levels in the fatty liver control group compared to healthy control (P = 0.001). The results indicated a significant increase in irisin serum levels in the HIIT-fatty liver group compared to the fatty liver control (P = 0.001). Also, no significant difference was observed between the HIIT-fatty liver and the healthy control groups (P < 0.05).

Irisin and adipulin increase are proposed as mechanisms of HIIT effect as a way to counter the harmful effects of obesity and fatty liver.

Context:

 Regular physical activity reduces oxidative stress by increasing the capacity of antioxidant defense, reducing pro-inflammatory mediators, and increasing anti-inflammatory mediators in healthy and obese conditions with chronic diseases. The role of physical activities in oxidative stress, and inflammation is dual and depends on the mood, intensity, and duration of the activity. 

Evidence acquisition:

 One session of long-term and intense exercises can produce free radicals more than the capacity of antioxidant defense and cause oxidative stress. Medicinal plants also have anti-obesity, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties due to their phytochemical compounds. 

Rice bran contains nutrients and bioactive compounds, such as phytosterols, phenolic acids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, proanthocyanins, tocopherols, tocotrienols, phytic acid, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and gamma oryzanol. These compounds have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, and anti-diabetic effects. The examination of studies with human and animal subjects show that rice bran, gamma oryzanol, and anthocyanins improve endurance and resistance performance. Evidence shows that rice bran improves endurance performance by reducing lactate accumulation, and increasing muscle glycogen content, increasing free fatty acids turnover, and increasing muscle oxidative capacity and antioxidant enzymes. 

Anthocyanins improve physical performance by affecting blood flow, metabolic pathways, and muscle fatigue. Accordingly, rice bran can improve physical performance as an ergogenic factor and promote health development by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. However, there is a need for more studies regarding the effect of rice bran on physical performance and health.

The use of testosterone enanthate is popular among athletes, especially resistance sports. Considering the side effects of using testosterone enanthate, it seems necessary to find alternative methods. The present study compares the independent and interactive effects of resistance training, testosterone and palm pollen extract on the expression of FNDC5 and IGF1 genes in brown adipose tissue in male rats.

In this experimental study, 36 male rats were randomly assigned into 6 groups: control, resistance training, palm pollen extract, testosterone enanthate, palm pollen extract + resistance training and testosterone enanthate + resistance training. The resistance training program was implemented for 4 weeks (5 days per week). On training days, palm pollen extract gavage (100 mg/kg) and testosterone injection (2 mg/kg) were performed. 48 hours after the last intervention, rats were sacrificed, brown adipose tissue was collected and sent to the laboratory, and the expression of FNDC5 and IGF1 genes was measured by real-time PCR.

In rats, resistance training increased the expression of FNDC5 and IGF1 genes in brown adipose tissue (P=0.001). Testosterone also increased the expression of FNDC5 gene in brown adipose tissue (P=0.013). However, palm pollen extract had no significant effect on the expression of FNDC5 and IGF1 genes in brown adipose tissue. Also, no significant synergistic effect was found between research variables (P>0.05).

Based on the present findings, both resistance training and testosterone significantly increased the expression of FNDC5 gene in brown adipose tissue in rats, but had no significant effect on IGF1. Palm pollen extract had no significant effect on the expression of FNDC5 and IGF1 genes in brown adipose tissue in rats.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common liver diseases, the prevalence of which is increasing. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of atorvastatin and combined training in NAFLD-induced rats.  This study was conducted on 21 male Wistar rats, divided into two groups: 1) HFFD + combined training + atorvastatin and 2) HFFD + atorvastatin. The groups received HFFD for 15 weeks to induce NAFLD. Atorvastatin was administrated at the dose of 2mg/kg/day. The interventions (atorvastatin and combined training) were performed for eight weeks.  Alanine transaminase (ALT) was significantly reduced, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) was increased in the HFFD + atorvastatin group. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) decreased significantly in the HFFD + combined training + atorvastatin. There was no significant difference in the aspartate transaminase (AST), triglyceride (TG), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and weight between the groups.  Based on the findings, Atorvastatin, along with combined training, improved NAFLD. Therefore, they can be used to reduce the complications of NAFLD. However, more studies are needed to confirm the results.

Stress is a set of reactions that occurs in response to any factor that disturbs the internal balance (homeostasis). The present study aims to investigate the effect of unpredictable long-term stress on running index, passive avoidance memory, and depressive-like behaviors in male Wistar rats.

Sixteen male rats were randomly divided into two groups (Each group=8). The experimental group was exposed to four weeks of stress, while the control group was not under stress conditions. Forty-eight hours after the end of the intervention, behavioral and running index tests were taken from all animals. Rats’ body weight also were measured during the intervention induced. Data analysis was done using one-way and repeated measure analysis of variance. P˂0.05 was considered a significant change.

Chronic stress causes weight loss, increasing the time spent in the closed arm (plus elevated maze test), increasing the immobility time (forced swimming test), reducing the distance traveled in the open box test, reducing the distance traveled using the rotating wheel, increasing the number of times entering the black box (shuttle box test), increasing the duration of staying in the black box, and increasing the delay in entering the black box. Running distance had a negative correlation with stress and depression and had a positive correlation with memory and rats’ body weight.

Long-term stress negatively affects weight gain, anxiety, depression, memory, and running index of animals. According to the correlations, a better running index is associated with fewer behavioral disorders.

Skeletal muscle atrophy is one of the most common muscle disorders that severely reduces the quality of life. Regular physical activities, especially resistance exercises, are one of the most important non-pharmacological interventions for the prevention and treatment of muscle atrophy. By increasing anabolic hormones, resistance training inhibits protein degradation signaling pathways and activates protein synthesis signaling pathways and reduces muscle atrophy. Many medicinal plants can also reduce muscle atrophy by inhibiting the signaling pathway of protein degradation and activating the signaling pathway of protein synthesis. Turmeric, tribulus terrestris, rice bran and ginseng are examples of medicinal plants that can inhibit muscle atrophy. According to the common mechanisms of resistance training and medicinal plants on the process of muscle atrophy, the results of studies show that these two interventions prevent muscle atrophy, especially in the conditions of skeletal muscle wasting diseases, by affecting the signaling pathway of muscle protein synthesis and degradation. do These two interventions in combination with each other have a synergistic effect and strengthen each other's effect. Therefore, the use of medicinal plants along with resistance exercises is an efficient way to maintain muscle mass.

There is ample evidence in the study of the association of inflammatory reactions with the pathogenesis and complications of diabetes, especially hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis. This study aimed to the effect of high intensity interval training and caloric restriction on inflammatory factors and PLIN3 visceral adipose tissue in male diabetic rats.

32 diabetic male Wistar rats was randomly divided into three subgroups: HIIT, control and caloric restriction. In the caloric restriction group, 40% of the calorie intake was restricted and other groups received the standard food they needed freely. Relative protein expression of PLIN3 was performed using western blot technique and TNF-α and IL-6 by ELISA. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test.

There was a significant difference between the mean of PLIN3, IL-6 and TNF-α in the three groups (P=0.001). The results of post hoc test showed a significant increase in PLIN3 and a significant decrease in IL-6 and TNF-α in the caloric restriction group and intense intermittent exercise compared to the diabetic control group (P=0.001).

HIIT and caloric restriction may increase lipid oxidation by increasing PLIN3 expression. Considering the role of TNF-α and IL-6 in increasing insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, reducing these factors during the present study may be helpful in preventing these metabolic diseases.

There is a close link between eating fatty foods, the prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes. This study aimed to evaluation the effect of 8 weeks caloric restriction on Perilipins (PLIN5) and ATGL visceral adipose tissue and insulin resistance in male diabetic rats.

In this experimental study, 24 male rats were divided into healthy control, diabetic control and diabetic group with caloric restriction. In the caloric restriction group, %40 of the calorie intake was restricted and other groups received the standard food they needed freely for 8 week. The relative expression of prilipine 5 and ATGL protein by Western blotting and insulin resistance were also evaluated using Homa index. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test.

A significant difference was showed between the means of the three groups in comparing the expression of PLIN5 and ATGL proteins. Post hoc test showed a significant increase in PLIN5 and ATGL in the caloric restriction group compared to the healthy and diabetic control group (P=0.001). There was also a significant decrease in insulin and glucose levels in the caloric restriction group compared to the diabetic control group (p = 0.001).

Calorie restriction may prevent insulin resistance by acting on the overlying proteins and thus reducing fat accumulation.

Obesity is considered a global epidemic, which, according to current evidence, is rising in military populations. It is now well established that the immune system and inflammation play a central role in the development of numerous chronic metabolic diseases including insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and obesity. Given the close relationships between adipose tissue and the inflammatory/immune system, obesity is considered an inflammatory chronic disease. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are immune receptors that facilitate inflammation and induce insulin resistance, and are considered as a pivotal factor in the pathogenesis of obesity, possibly triggered by the activation of TLR4. There is evidence that TLRs may be involved in the link between a sedentary lifestyle, inflammation, and disease. Physical exercise elicits potent anti-inflammatory effects that are likely to account for many of the beneficial effects of regular exercise on chronic metabolic diseases. Recent studies have shown that exercise resulted in decreased monocyte cell-surface expression of TLRs. The precise physiological stimulus mediating an exercise-induced decrease in cell-surface TLR expression is not known; however, a number of possible signals have been implicated including anti-inflammatory cytokines, pituitary-hypothalamic-adrenal axis hormones, heat shock and acute-phase proteins and myokines secreted from active skeletal muscle (such as irisin). In this review, current knowledge about the TLRs, their signaling pathways, and their critical role in the innate immune system was summarized. Future human studies based on the close relationship between TLRs and types of sports activities may provide therapeutic methods to prevent the progression of obesity to metabolic syndrome and its complications.

It is well established that the excess cellular cholesterol concentration, as well as high density lipoprotein (HDL) and total cholesterol levels are strongly correlated with the incidence of coronary artery disease (CAD). Reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) is a term used to describe the efflux of excess cellular cholesterol. ABCG8 is a member of ABCG family that play a critical role in this process.. The current study was conducted to investigate the effect of endurance exercise with or without Pistachia atlantica (Baneh) extraction on small intestine and kidney ABCG8 gene, also plasma high density lipoprotein (HDL-c), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), glucose, and estrogen levels in female rats.. In this study twenty Wistar female rats (six to eight weeks old, 125-135 g weight) were used. Animals were randomly assigned into training (n = 10) and control (n = 10) groups and further divided into saline-control (SC), saline-training (ST), Baneh-control (BC), and Baneh-training (BT) groups. Training groups was given exercise on a motor-driven treadmill at 25 m/min (0% grade) for 60 min/day, 5 days/week for eight weeks. Animals were fed orally with Baneh extraction and saline for four week. After the last training session, rats were sacrificed, small intestine and kidney were excised, and ABCG8 expression was detected by Real-time PCR method. Plasma also was collected for plasma variable measurements. Statistical analysis was performed using a one way analysis of variance, and significance was accepted at P < 0.05. Correlation was calculated using the Pearson Product Moment correlation.. Exercise increased (P < 0.01) and Baneh reduced intestinal ABCG8 mRNA (P < 0.05). In kidney tissue, there wasn’t significant change between the groups (P < 0.40). Plasma HDL-C level was increased by exercise (P < 0.05) and decreased by Baneh (P < 0.02) that was correlated by intestine ABCG8 (r = 0.81, P < 0.001). Plasma TG and TC were unchanged, but glucose and estradiol were increased and decreased in Baneh groups (P < 0.02), respectively.. Our study shows that exercise increases intestinal ABCG8 mRNA, and Baneh can increase plasma glucose concentration and reduce ABCG8 expression, HDL-C, and estrogen levels probably due to high fatty acid components..