sara asadi

Nicotine addiction and smoking are chronic conditions that increase the risk of various diseases, including cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Hence, it is highly recommended for all nicotine addicts to quit smoking. Pharmacotherapy along with psychotherapy is important in helping people quit smoking. Several medications, such as nicotine replacement therapy, varenicline, and bupropion are used for this purpose. Different delivery systems for nicotine replacement therapy are available, such as transdermal patches, gums, lozenges, and sublingual tablets. Bupropion and varenicline are widely used as therapeutic options in smoking cessation pharmacotherapy. In this paper, we have reviewed the clinical use of pharmacotherapeutic options available to aid smoking cessation in patients.

Patellofemoral pain syndrome often results from misalignment of the patellofemoral joint that can affect lower limb function. Therefore, the present study investigated the relationship between patellar position and lower limb function and balance in athletes with patellofemoral pain syndrome. 

In this exploratory analytical study, 39 male and female athletes with this syndrome with an average age of 25.6±4.7 years were selected by available sampling. Lower limb function and dynamic balance were measured by the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis index (WOMAC) scale and Y balance test, respectively, and patellar position was assessed by digital radiology. The Pearson correlation test was used to analyze the data at a significance level of 0.05. 

The results showed that the position of the patella was significantly associated with lower limb function and dynamic balance (P<0.01). Accordingly, lower limb function on the WOMAC scale had a significant positive relationship with patellar tilt angle and patellar congruence angle (P=0.001). Also, dynamic balance showed a significant negative relationship with patellar tilt angle (P=0.007) and patellar congruence angle (P=0.002). 

According to the results of the present study, the higher the tilt angle and patellar homogeneity, the weaker, the lower limb function and dynamic balance. Therefore, it is suggested that the position of the patella should always be considered and corrected to improve performance and balance and promote the record of sports activities of athletes with this disorder and facilitate their return to sports.

With its victory in 1357, the Islamic Revolution of Iran has brought with it many achievements in various fields since the beginning of its formation over the course of fourteen decades. These achievements are tangible and significant at the domestic and national level as well as at the level outside the national borders. The question raised in this article is what political and military achievements the Islamic Republic of Iran has had since its formation until now? It seems that the Islamic Republic of Iran has political achievements such as supporting Muslims and the oppressed of the world, which originates from the religious thought and Shiite identity of Iranians. Also, this Islamic and Shiite identity has supported the resistance groups in supporting Muslims under the domination of the world and has become a factor at the domestic and foreign levels to maintain its political independence away from any domination. It goes without saying that Iran's imposed war with Iraq's Baath regime has also been fruitful in the military self-sufficiency and in general the military achievements of the Islamic Republic of Iran. This article has analyzed the political and military achievements of the Islamic Republic of Iran in general by means of a descriptive-analytical method and using internet and library resources.

 Lateral ankle sprain (LAS) is one of the most common injuries during physical activity. Considering the high prevalence of this injury in athletes and the need to pay attention to athletes' return to the same level of sports performance as before the injury, the present study aimed to investigate the return to sport after lateral ankle sprains.

 In this study, a comprehensive review of the published papers has been done considering English specialized keywords, including physical therapy, sport-specific movement, return to sport, ankle injuries, ligament injuries, return to play, lower extremity, ankle sprain, recurrent injury, ankle, sports injury, lateral ankle instability, chronic ankle instability, athlete, lateral ankle sprain. Therefore, databases i.e., Science Direct, Scopus, Pedro, Google Scholar, PubMed, SID, ISC, Madlib, Magiran and Irandoc were explored, and those researches published between 2000 to April 2022 about the return to sport and LAS injuries were studied.

 After searching in the mentioned databases, first, the abstract of 370 articles on return to sport after LAS was found, and then the full text of 148 related papers was studied. After reviewing them based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria and eliminating duplicate items, 47 articles were scrutinized. Finally, 11 papers were identified about the return to sport after LAS injury. Most studies have reported that the recommended methods reduce the time to return to sport. In this regard, some studies have set a time to return to sport, and some have not reported the exact time. Studies have emphasized the use of specific tests and criteria for evaluating athletes to enter the final stage of rehabilitation as the most important principle of safely returning to sport.

 Athletes' return to physical activity should be followed in a way that allows them to safely return to sport while minimizing the risk of recurrent injuries. Determining specialized criteria and tests for high and diverse populations in sports, especially those involved with lateral ankle sprains, is the key to success in safer return to sport. However, most studies have been conducted in limited populations and disciplines, and researchers must perform more research in this area.

Water scarcity is the main challenging issue in supplying sufficient food in arid and semiarid regions. Agricultural production in Razavi Khorasan, like other arid and semiarid provinces, depends on underground water. Groundwater exploitation alongside climate change has dramatic effects on the availability of surface water for agricultural production in semiarid areas. Crop water use estimation is the first step to increasing Water Use Efficiency (WUE). From the water resource point of view, assessing the gap between actual and attainable crops, WUE is so important, especially for future mitigation strategies. The term water use efficiency refers to production per unit of water used by evapotranspiration, with units such as kg grain/ha per mm water or kg/m3 water, so it does not scale in the 0-1 range. This paper aims to evaluate WUE for main crops (wheat, barley, sugar beet, onion, potato, tomato, cucumber, and watermelon) in the different areas of Razavi Khorasan province (Torbat-e Heydarieh, Torbat-e Jam, Chenaran, Mashhad, Sabzevar, Quchan, Kashmar, Gonabad, and Neyshabour) for 26 years (1985-2010). 

WUE shows crop production per unit of water use. It was calculated as production per unit of crop water used (CWU) by evapotranspiration. CWU was acquired by estimating two components: reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and crop coefficient. ETo was calculated via the Blaney-Criddle equation. Although this method has a coarse accuracy in comparison to other methods, this is ideal when only air-temperature datasets are available. We examined the relationship between yield and CWU, as well as WUE and CWU for wheat, tomato, alfalfa, and sugar beet. A polynomial line was fitted to describe the best relation between two variables. The maximum yield at each point of CWU was determined as the highest attainable yield. Mann-Kendall test was applied to detect the trend of data over time.

The long-term average of WUE showed a similar trend for wheat and barley. The highest wheat WUE was about 0.59 and 0.53 yield per m3 in Torbat-e Jam and Chenaran. Chenaran and Torbat-e Heydarieh had the highest WUE of sugar beet (3.12 and 3.08 kg fresh root per m3). The highest amount of potato WUE (4.05), tomato WUE (4.7), and onion WUE (4.9) were found in Torbat-e Jam, Chenaran, and Chenaran, respectively. Kashmar, Gonabad, and Sabzevar had the lowest WUE for most of the crops. It seems that high temperature during crop growth caused a decrease in WUE in the mentioned locations. WUE of all crops had an intense fluctuation between 1986 and 1996, while it modified in the later years to the extent that a mild increasing slope was found in WUE.A polynomial line was fitted to show yield and WUE changes, then the upper boundary line and the lower boundary line were fitted to represent attainable yield and WUE and minimum yield and WUE. The highest yields were obtained around 540, 880, 940, and 850 mm water use for wheat, alfalfa, sugar beet, and tomato, respectively and the law of diminishing returns was observed between yield and CWU. An increase in temperature caused yield and WUE to decrease. The upper boundary line was more resistant to environmental changes, whereas the lower boundary line was sensitive.The effect of 1 and 2  temperature rise on yield and WUE  was negligible, while with a three  increase, yield and WUE of lower boundary line decreased by 20%. Although a three ℃ increase in temperature had a negligible impact on WUE in the higher boundary line, WUE in the lower boundary line decreased dramatically. Alfalfa was known as the most sensitive, and sugar beet was the most tolerant crop to temperature in terms of WUE.

WUE was negatively associated with mean annual temperature rise. The results indicated that global warming damages yield stability. Yield and CWU showed a positive correlation up to the maximum yield; then, excessive CWU increases led to yield decline. When temperature increases and environmental conditions become worse, appropriate agronomic management such as changing sowing date, balancing crop nutrition, and proper irrigation schemes can play an effective role in enhancing yield. We concluded that when temperature increase, the WUEIntroductionWater scarcity is the main challenging issue in supplying sufficient food in arid and semiarid regions. Agricultural production in Razavi Khorasan, like other arid and semiarid provinces, depends on underground water. Groundwater exploitation alongside climate change has dramatic effects on the availability of surface water for agricultural production in semiarid areas. Crop water use estimation is the first step to increasing Water Use Efficiency (WUE). From the water resource point of view, assessing the gap between actual and attainable crops, WUE is so important, especially for future mitigation strategies. The term water use efficiency refers to production per unit of water used by evapotranspiration, with units such as kg grain/ha per mm water or kg/m3 water, so it does not scale in the 0-1 range. This paper aims to evaluate WUE for main crops (wheat, barley, sugar beet, onion, potato, tomato, cucumber, and watermelon) in the different areas of Razavi Khorasan province (Torbat-e Heydarieh, Torbat-e Jam, Chenaran, Mashhad, Sabzevar, Quchan, Kashmar, Gonabad, and Neyshabour) for 26 years (1985-2010).Material and MethodsWUE shows crop production per unit of water use. It was calculated as production per unit of crop water used (CWU) by evapotranspiration. CWU was acquired by estimating two components: reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and crop coefficient. ETo was calculated via the Blaney-Criddle equation. Although this method has a coarse accuracy in comparison to other methods, this is ideal when only air-temperature datasets are available. We examined the relationship between yield and CWU, as well as WUE and CWU for wheat, tomato, alfalfa, and sugar beet. A polynomial line was fitted to describe the best relation between two variables. The maximum yield at each point of CWU was determined as the highest attainable yield. Mann-Kendall test was applied to detect the trend of data over time. Results and DiscussionThe long-term average of WUE showed a similar trend for wheat and barley. The highest wheat WUE was about 0.59 and 0.53 yield per m3 in Torbat-e Jam and Chenaran. Chenaran and Torbat-e Heydarieh had the highest WUE of sugar beet (3.12 and 3.08 kg fresh root per m3). The highest amount of potato WUE (4.05), tomato WUE (4.7), and onion WUE (4.9) were found in Torbat-e Jam, Chenaran, and Chenaran, respectively. Kashmar, Gonabad, and Sabzevar had the lowest WUE for most of the crops. It seems that high temperature during crop growth caused a decrease in WUE in the mentioned locations. WUE of all crops had an intense fluctuation between 1986 and 1996, while it modified in the later years to the extent that a mild increasing slope was found in WUE.A polynomial line was fitted to show yield and WUE changes, then the upper boundary line and the lower boundary line were fitted to represent attainable yield and WUE and minimum yield and WUE. The highest yields were obtained around 540, 880, 940, and 850 mm water use for wheat, alfalfa, sugar beet, and tomato, respectively and the law of diminishing returns was observed between yield and CWU. An increase in temperature caused yield and WUE to decrease. The upper boundary line was more resistant to environmental changes, whereas the lower boundary line was sensitive.The effect of 1 and 2  temperature rise on yield and WUE  was negligible, while with a three  increase, yield and WUE of lower boundary line decreased by 20%. Although a three ℃ increase in temperature had a negligible impact on WUE in the higher boundary line, WUE in the lower boundary line decreased dramatically. Alfalfa was known as the most sensitive, and sugar beet was the most tolerant crop to temperature in terms of WUE. ConclusionWUE was negatively associated with mean annual temperature rise. The results indicated that global warming damages yield stability. Yield and CWU showed a positive correlation up to the maximum yield; then, excessive CWU increases led to yield decline. When temperature increases and environmental conditions become worse, appropriate agronomic management such as changing sowing date, balancing crop nutrition, and proper irrigation schemes can play an effective role in enhancing yield. We concluded that when temperature increase, the WUE gap will widen, and agronomic management will play a more important role in this condition. gap will widen, and agronomic management will play a more important role in this condition.

Recently, a few studies based on anti-factor Xa activity levels have propounded doubtful and sub-prophylactic levels by the usual dose of enoxaparin in surgical and critically ill patients. In this study, we assessed two doses of enoxaparin in adult non-critically ill patients.

Patients were randomly assigned into two groups of intervention and control. While the intervention group received enoxaparin with a daily dose of 60 mg, the control group received enoxaparin 40 mg. Anti-factor Xa activity was measured based on the peak steady-state levels. The level of 0.2 to 0.4 IU/mL was considered as a prophylactic goal. All individuals were followed for bleeding or thromboembolic events during admission.

The mean levels of anti-factor Xa were 0.29 ± 0.13 IU/mL in the control group (n = 31) and 0.44 ± 0.19 IU/mL in the intervention group (n = 29). More patients in the control group had an optimal level of anti-factor Xa compared to the patients in the intervention group (62.1% vs. 29%). No adverse outcomes were detected in any of the groups.

Enoxaparin dose of 60 mg daily provided anti-factor Xa level higher than desired in most patients. In non-critically ill patients, the dose of 40 mg is the proper dose for thromboprophylaxis.

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is the leading non-infectious cause of mortality in Iran. Inflammation plays an important role in CAD. Additionally, vitamin D deficiency is linked to a higher risk of cardiovascular mortality.

This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in patients with CAD and to determine the level of high-sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hs-CRP) as the main inflammatory marker.

In this cross-sectional study, the prevalence of hypovitaminosis D was assessed in patients with CAD during 14 months. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. The patients were evaluated regarding the level of 25-OH cholecalciferol via high-performance liquid chromatography and hs-CRP level via enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. The related demographics, medical history, and lipid profile were evaluated, as well. Insufficient and deficient levels of 25-OH vitamin D were defined as < 30 ng/mL and < 12 ng/mL, respectively. The patients with insufficient vitamin D levels were evaluated regarding the hs-CRP level, as the cardiac inflammatory marker. The correlation between vitamin D level and hs-CRP was also determined using a bivariate method reporting Pearson’s correlation coefficient in the SPSS software (IBM Corp., version 25).

In this study, hypovitaminosis D was reported in 257 (65.1%) out of the 395 patients with CAD. The mean age of the patients was 62.54 ± 8.81 years, and 77 ones (55.0%) were female. Vitamin D deficiency was more prevalent in the patients with hs-CRP levels > 3 mg/L (P = 0.003). In addition, a significant negative correlation was observed between vitamin D serum level and hs-CRP (R = -0.601, P < 0.001).

Vitamin D deficiency was prevalent in the patients with CAD, and decreased vitamin D levels were associated with increased hs-CRP levels. Hence, CAD patients should be evaluated regarding the vitamin D status.

Determining the precise water use efficiency is a critical issue in crop production temperature, precipitation, and evapotranspiration play an essential role in the hydrological cycle and crop production and as well as in assessing hydro climatological studies, plants water balance, water use efficiency, and water requirements measurements (Alizadeh, 2015). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the water requirement of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants in Hormozgan province and compare it with other southern regions that are adjacent to this province, including Ahvaz, Dezful, Fasa, Isfahan, Kerman, Shiraz, and Yazd, in a 47-year long period from 1967 to 2013, using time series analysis.

In order to compare the water requirement of tomatoes in Hormozgan Province and other southern regions adjacent to the province, crop water requirement (CWR) and irrigation requirement (Irr.Reg) of Tomato was estimated in Bandar Abbas, Ahvaz, Dezful, Fasa, Isfahan, Shahrekord, Kerman, Shiraz, and Yazd. The CWR was acquired by estimating two components: reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and crop coefficient (Kc). ETo was calculated via the Penman-Monteith method (Allen, 2003). Time series analysis of total precipitation, average maximum temperature (Tmax) and minimum (Tmin) and diurnal temperature range (DTR) during the growing season of Tomato was calculated by using the non-parametric Mann-Kendall test (Mann, 1945; Kendall, 1975) in the studied areas during a 47-year long period from 1346 to 1392. The Pettitt test's presence of change-point in the series was also studied (Pettitt, 1979). It should be noted that ETo and CWR were calculated using the Ref ET and CROPWAT 8 software and the Man-Kendall and Petti test with r software.

The results showed no significant trend observed in crop water requirement (CWR) and irrigation requirement (Irr.Reg) of Tomato in Bandar Abbas, similar to Ahvaz, Fasa, Kerman, and Yazd. In comparison, the highest and lowest decreasing trend of crop water requirement was recorded in Dezful (with slope -5.42 mm) and Isfahan (with slope -1.56 mm), respectively. Also, the highest average tomato water requirement was observed in Yazd and Dezful (1135 and 1131 mm, respectively), while the lowest average tomato water requirement was observed in Shahrekord and Ahvaz (602 and 702 mm, respectively). On the other hand, high water requirement and irrigation of tomatoes in Dezful and Yazd can be attributed to an increase in the evaporation rate from the soil surface and transpiration from the plant surface due to the higher mean of the maximum (39 and 36.7 °C, respectively) and the minimum temperature (20.8 and 21.3 °C, respectively) and the sunshine hours of these two areas during the growing season compared with other areas. Bandar Abbas has the lowest water requirement and irrigation requirement of Tomato with the length of a growing season and growing season, similar to Ahwaz. In general, it can be stated that planting fall tomatoes in Ahwaz and Bandar Abbas is more cost-effective than summer planting due to reduced evapotranspiration. The t-student test results for comparing water requirement with irrigation requirement of Tomato showed that there was no significant difference between the amount of water requirement of tomatoes for all stations compared to the amount of irrigation requirement of Tomato due to the average low rainfall in these areas.

By analyzing the time series of evapotranspiration and climate variables and plant sensitivities to the minimum and maximum temperature for germination and growing, it is possible to decide about crop planting in a particular region, so the highest crop yield was achieved by maintaining more water resources in the region. In addition, due to climate change and the importance of Iran's food security in a warm and dry climate, acceptance and spending on appropriate strategies to adapt crop planting systems to warmer and more humid climates and new irrigation

In order to improve water utilization management the trends of changes in crop water requirement (CWR), yield, cultivation area and water use efficiency (WUE) of tomato in some regions of Iran evaluated in a 23-year long term (1990-2013) by measuring evapotranspiration (ET) and crop coefficient (Kc). Highest (1137 mm) and lowest (642 mm) CWR of tomato observed in Yazd and Shahrekord cities respectively. Unlike Dezful and Shiraz, this characteristic has a significant increasing trend with a slope of 5.6 mm per year in Fasa. Furthermore, unlike Fasa, tomato yield in Ahvaz, Bandar Abbas, Shahrekord and Yazd has a significant increasing trend. The maximum (49.5 ton/ha) and minimum (19.4 ton/ha) tomato yield and also the maximum (5.6 Kg/m3) and minimum (2.4 Kg/m3) WUE was observed in Fasa and Kerman, respectively. However, the highest reduction (0.1 kg/m3) and highest increase (0.07 kg/m3) in WUE per year was obtained in Ahvaz and Fasa respectively. The results of this study showed that the WUE has a linear relationship with tomato yield. So that the water consumption per 100 kilograms of tomatoes yields per unit of area increased 0.1 kg/m3. While there was no logical relationship between WUE and CWR. By drawing the boundary-line, which represents potential yield against the CWR, high fluctuation of tomato yield in a steady interval of water requirement was estimated. Overall, the lack of a relationship between the WUE and CWR in the range of 600 to 1000 mm was due to yield gap caused by malpractice in the farms.

Patellofemoral pain syndrome is a common musculoskeletal disorder. Quadriceps exercises are used as standard exercises for patellofemoral pain syndrome rehabilitation, but in addition to the weakness of quadriceps muscles, the weakness and shortness of the knee proximal and distal muscles are also effective in the incidence of this syndrome. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of knee local, proximal, and distal training on performance, dynamic balance, and pain in athletes with this syndrome.

A total of 39 athletes with patellofemoral pain syndrome, diagnosed by a specialist practitioner, with an average age of 25.5 ± 3.35 years, were voluntarily included in the study and were randomly assigned to three groups of proximal, including hip and knee muscles exercises (n=12), distal, including ankle and knee muscles exercises (n=11), and and control, including only knee muscles local exercises (n=12). Training was performed for 8 weeks. To evaluate the patients’ performance, dynamic balance, and pain severity, the WOMAC questionnaire, Y test, and visual analogue scale were used, respectively.

The results showed that in anthropometric characteristics, pain and function before intervention, there were not any significant differences between three experimental groups. In all the three groups, the pain, dynamic balance and performance in post-test were significantly improved compared with pretest (P = 0.001). Also, there was a significant difference in pain intensity between the proximal group and those of the other two groups (P = 0.016).

Based on the research findings, all three types of exercises are effective in reducing pain and improving performance and dynamic balance of patients, but the proximal exercises have a greater effect on reducing pain in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome. Therefore, it is suggested that the combined hip and knee exercises be used in rehabilitation of patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.

A new and efficient approach has been developed for the synthesis of N-amino pyridine-2,6-dione derivatives by a one-pot, three-component reaction of 2-cyanoacetohydrazide, Meldrum's acid, and aryl aldehyde in the presence of piperidine in DMF. All the products were obtained in excellent yields and their structures were established from their spectroscopic data.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the marital life experiences of women in Kermanshah. These women are the ones who have spent at least a decade of their married life together and are unwilling to divorce. The research method was narrative analysis and purposeful sampling was used. Finally, 20 women were interviewed. Qualitative analysis (themes) The story of women's marital stability experience can be narrated in five situations: First position: family's desire to get married: This situation involves two sub-categories: the preference for family experience and interest over the girl's interest in marriage. stage two: Couples living under one roof: This includes events and conflicts that include: feelings of childlessness for mothers, sexual needs, conflict until divorce.Stage Three: Impact on Couples' Adaptation: After the height of conflict, couples gradually adapt. It has a great impact on separation from the paternal family and independence. Stage Four: Begin Honeymoon Living: Couples' attention to shared desire gives them a sense of calm. Women also experience some form of marital stability after having children. Stage Five: Satisfying Marital Life: At this point, women have had enough experiences to continue living. They have also learned to manage relationships within and outside the family. Thus, the stability of marital life can be narrated in the form of external family supervision and couples' internal commitment.

Rett syndrome is an X linked dominant neurodevelopmental disorder which almost exclusively affects females. The syndrome is usually caused by mutations in MECP2 gene, which is a nuclear protein that selectively binds CpG dinucleotides in the genome. To provide further insights into the distribution of mutations in MECP2 gene, we investigated 24 females with clinical characters of Rett syndrome referred to Alzahra University Hospital in Isfahan, Iran during 2015-2017. We sequenced the entire MECP2 coding region and splice sites for detection of point mutations in this gene. Freely available programs including JALVIEW, SIFT, and PolyPhen were used to find out the damaging effects of unknown mutations. Direct sequencing revealed MECP2 mutations in 13 of the 24 patients. We identified in 13 patients, 10 different mutations in MECP2 gene. Three of these mutations have not been reported elsewhere and are most likely pathogenic. Defects in MECP2 gene play an important role in pathogenesis of Rett syndrome. Mutations in MECP2 gene can be found in the majority of Iranian RTT patients. We failed to identify mutations in MECP2 gene in 46% of our patients. For these patients, further molecular analysis might be necessary.

Today, in order to maintain or improve the appearance, composition, flavor and nutritional value for food, compounds called additive are added, that they lead to complications in the human body, which the colors are only one of these substances. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of consuming colors in saffron foods in Fasa in 1397 by thin layer chromatography and spectrophotometry methods. This is a type of Experimental study that was conducted by a cross-sectional study in Fasa. A total of 64 samples of food were collected from restaurants and after color extraction with Hydrochloric acid and purification, the color analysis was performed using thin-layer chromatography and spectrophotometry. The Data were analyzed using Excel software. Out of 64 samples, 36 samples (56.2%) of natural color and 28 samples (43.8%) of artificial color were used. Of this amount, artificial color (57.1%) was non‐permitted artificial color (16 samples) and 42.9% of permitted artificial color (12 samples). Also, 75% of the natural colors used were saffron type. Considering the high level of artificial colors found in the samples of this study, preventive measures are essential because the high consumption of non-edible and edible color in foods and their adverse effects on health, raising the level of awareness of manufacturers and consumers about the complications, the amount of consumption or lack of use of these substances is necessary.

The role of leaf area index (LAI) in terrestrial ecosystems is undeniable. LAI affects the amount of carbon, water and energy metabolism. Also, many agronomic, environmental and meteorological applications require information on the status of LAI. The time series of the spectral indices obtained from the remote sensing indicates its usefulness in detecting regional-scale LAI changes. So, the desire for the development of models for estimating LAI was increased with using satellite images. Vegetation Indices (VIs), especially the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Ratio Vegetation Index (RVI), are most widely used. According to the different sensitivity of VIs to the value of LAI and vegetation characteristics, in this study, we tried to determine an algorithm with a higher accuracy to estimate the LAI of wheat using more variables (VIs). In this study, regarding the wheat growth period in Astan Quds Razavi (AQR) farms, the Landsat 8 satellite images were used from November 22, 2014 to June 20, 2015. LAI was measured simultaneously with passing of Landsat 8 (16-day intervals) from AQR Fields of Mashhad (in five dates from 17 farms) during wheat growing season in 2014-2015.
After pre-processing of satellite images, VIs including the Difference Vegetation Index (DVI), NDVI, RVI, Transformed Difference Vegetation Index (TDVI), Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI), Infrared Percentage Vegetation Index (IPVI), Greenness Index (G1 and G2) and Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI1 and EVI2) were calculated. To select the best variables and the equation for estimating LAI, simple regression (linear, quadratic and exponential) and multiple linear regression (Backward and Forward) methods were used. Finally, to validate and assess the accuracy of the presented models, the mean square error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Point accuracy based on a percentage of actual value (E%) and correlation coefficient (r) was used. The results of this study showed that simulation of LAI based on the existing equations in the references using the NDVI, EVI1 and EVI2 indices extracted from Landsat 8 satellite images has low accuracy (RMSE:2.71, 3.65 and 3.65). This confirms the necessity of examining and calibrating equations. The results indicate that the accuracy of the wheat LAI estimation by using the NDVI and SAVI index was increased by exponential functions (RMSE:1.18 and 1, respectively) compared to the linear model (RMSE:1.46 and 1.26, respectively). This increase was due to a more accurate estimation LAI lower than 4 and the fixed value of LAI simulated in a range of actual LAI higher than 6. The accuracy of LAI estimation was increased with combination of two VIs (NDVI and SAVI) compared to the linear model of each index separately. Also, the highest accuracy of LAI estimation from the combination of G2 with SAVI and EVI1 (RMSE: 1.03, 1.03, respectively) was observed due to the higher sensitivity of G2 to medium and high LAI compared to NDVI. In addition, the backward and forward regression model was improved the accuracy of wheat LAI estimation compared to other models, due to the greater sensitivity of this model to LAI higher than 6 (RMSE: 0.87 and 0.95, respectively). Although the accuracy of wheat LAI estimation by the forward regression model was higher than all models, but its calculation requires the use of many parameters. Since LAI is an important biophysical parameter in ecological modeling. Accurate and fast estimation of this parameter in large scale for ecological models such as yield and evapotranspiration, and carbon exchange is very important. Considering the results of this research and the opinions of other researchers, it can be stated that the accuracy of the exponential functions and multiple linear regression (Forward regression model) for estimating LAI was higher than simple linear regression.

Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a common type of articular disorder worldwide. Interleukin 10 (IL-10) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) are considered as an essential regulator contributing to inflammation and knee OA pathogenesis. In this study, effects of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), ozone (O3) and exercise training were considered on IL-10 and TNF-α expression in rats with knee OA. Surgical method was applied to induce knee OA in rats. OA rats were randomly divided into patient, MSCs, ozone, and exercise groups. Rats in MSCs group received intraarticularly injection of 1×106 cells/kg. Rats in ozone group received O3 at the concentration of 20μg/ml, once weekly for 3 weeks. Rats in exercise group were trained on rodent treadmill for three times per week. 48 hours after the final exercise training, cartilage tissues were isolated and expression of IL-10 and TNF-α was considered using RT-PCR. Ozone therapy significantly increased the expression of IL-10 compared to the patient (3.12-folds; p=0.031), MSCs (2.78-fold; p=0.042) and exercise (4.64-fold; p=0.034) groups. The patient group had significantly higher expression of TNF-α compared to the control (32.27-fold; p=0.000), MSCs (1.58-fold; p=0.001) and ozone (3.02-fold; p=0.000) groups. MSCs and ozone therapies significantly decreased TNF-α expression compared to the patients (p=0.001 and p=0.000, respectively) and exercise (p=0.042 and p=0.000, respectively) groups; however, ozone therapy was significantly more effective than MSCs therapy (p=0.007). Ozone therapy was significantly more effective than exercise and MSCs therapy to improve knee OA in rats.

Resistance literature expresses social identity, in order to save and protect the high value of humanity, and calls men for self-reliance so that they can deal with domestic oppression. Since literature is the stage of presenting movements and social-political events, writers choose it to evoke resistance impression. Although poetry is the first place of resistance literature, stories and novels are also appeared in accordance with social, political, and cultural changes which has covered Arab society. Among the novel writers, Egyptian BahaTaher(1935) tried to choose his immortal work, Shargh-al-Nakhil(1985), as an instrumen to sustain resistance in people's life, so that they can confront domestic oppression and invasion. He criticized social relations and political repressions which had covered Egypt. since resistance is one of the most important motivations that the writer has wrote about, holding protests, perseverance, etc is appeared in such works. In this work, it is illustrated that Egypt and Palestine have tolerated the most difficult condition to resist and defend their homeland and eliminate oppression. Resistance is the most prominent feature of Shargh-al-Nakhil. In this research, we tend to study resistance concepts and its different kinds in this novel through descriptive-analytic approach.

Angiogenesis is the physiological process through which new blood vessels form from pre-existing vessels. Cardiovascular endothelial factors are involved in diseases and vascular regulation. Stachys lavandulifolia belongs to the Laminacea family and its hydroalcoholic extract is used as a traditional treatment to reduce pain and inflammation. The present study was conducted to examine the effect of aqueous phase and hydroalcoholic extract of Stachys lavandulifolia on the expression changes of vascular endothelial growth factor gene (VEGF) and angiogenesis of chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane.
In this study, 40 Ross fertilized eggs were randomly divided into control, sham and two experimental groups of treatment with aqueous phase and treatment with hydroalcoholic extract. On the 2nd day of incubation a window was opened on the eggs; on the 8th day a gelatin sponge of 1×4×4 diameter was put on the chorioallantoic membrane, and 75 mg/kg of each extract was added. On the 12th day, the height and weight of the embryos were measured, their blood vessel network was photographed by a stereomicroscope and the number and length of vessels around the sponges were measured via applying image J software. The VEGF Gene was sampled. Results were analyzed by Minitab software using t-test and ANOVA at a significance level of P The mean of the data showed no significant difference between control and sham groups (P>0.05). The mean number of vessels in the experimental group 1 (aqueous phase) had a significant reduction (P≤0.05), while the experimental group 2 (hydroalcoholic extract) showed no significant difference. Gene VEGF expression in the experimental groups increased compared to the sham group.
The aqueous phase of Stachys lavandulifolia has anti-angiogenic effects, which appears to work through affecting VEGF receptors.

The purpose of this study was to predict the marital burnout on emotional expressivness and marital attributions in married people referring to the welfare organization in Ardabil.
Statistical population comprised of all married people referring to the welfare organization in Ardabil in 1394, from this population, 150 married people were selected using convenience sampling method. The used tools were Marital Burnout Questionnaire, Emotional expressivness Questionnaire and marital attributions Questionnaire. Data analysis was performed through Pearson’s correlation coefficient and regression analysis.
The findings showed a positive significant correlation between marital of attributions and Expressiveness negative with marital burnout and significant negative correlation between Positive expressiveness and Express intimacy with marital burnout. The results of regression analysis also revealed that 63% of the total variance of marital burnout can be explained by marital attributions and 71% by Emotional expressivness.
Therefore, considering the importance of marital burnout of married people and role of Emotional expressivness and marital attributions to predict it, paying attention to informing people about the attributions of communication and emotional expressiveness is necessary.

The prevalence of hypertension in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) is approximately twice as much as healthy people. This study was designed to determine the effect of L-arginine supplementation on blood pressure in patients with T2D.
In a double-blind randomized clinical trial, 75 T2D were randomly divided into three groups (3 g/d and 6 g/d of L-arginine and placebo) for 3 months. Height, weight, waist circumference, dietary intake, and blood pressure (BP) were measured before and after intervention.
In patients who received 3 g/d L-arginine, no significant difference was observed between BP before and after the intervention, however, subgroup analysis among patients with high BP showed significant reduction in systolic (p = 0.036) and diastolic BP (p = 0.027) after L-arginine supplementation. After 3 months of intervention, systolic and diastolic BP were significantly different compared to the baseline values and also with placebo value in patients receiving 6g/d of L-arginine (p The daily intake of 6 g of L-arginine for 3 months in T2D may improve BP. Taking 3 g/d of this supplement may help to improve BP only in patients with hypertension.

Literature has always been the stage of representing prominent concepts of humanity, and illustrated the most undercover scenes of human life. Warfare and resistance have apparently been represented in literature. Writers and belletrists have always created fine works in this field to the extent that after the crusades, especially after the rise of Zangies and liberation of the occupied territories, poets as the expressive language of the time, assigned their poems to encourage leaders and encourage consistency of epic emotions for releasing the occupied territories. Ibn Munir Terablosi is one of the popular poets of Zangies period who devoted his mission to the resistance goals to liberate Islamic territories from the dominance of crusaders. Influenced by religious thoughts and Islamic thoughts, he induced the morale of warriors and Islamic leaders. Calling to jihad, hope for the future, expression of joy, and adaptation of history are considered as the most important components of resistance in his poetry.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the comparison of cognitive emotion regulation, locus of control and meaning in life in addicted and normal women. The method of this study is causal-comparative. Statistical population of this study comprised of all women addicted referred to addiction treatment centers under the supervision of Behzisty in Tabriz in 2015. From three medical and rehabilitation, centers called Hope, Noor and Khane Sabz one center was selected by cluster sampling method and from this center 50 subjects were randomly selected. For comparison, between normal women referred to health house centers, 50 people were randomly selected as the control group. The used tools consist of Granefski, all cognitive emotion regulation questionnaires, Rutter Locus of Control and Steger Meaning in life questionnaire. Data analysis was multivariate analysis of variance. The findings proved that normal women use internal locus of control more than substance dependence women do. Substance dependence women use more external control (p