sareh shakerian

Objective (s): 

The pandemic of the COVID-19 caused a wave of mental health problems in people. Resilience and social support can act as psychological factors to protect individuals from the devastating effects of the COVID-19 crisis and enable individuals to make positive changes in times of crisis. Based on this, the present study was designed and implemented with the aim of investigating the effect of protective factors such as social support on mental health and its mediating role on resilience in health workers of Tabriz before and during the Covid-19 pandemic

This cross-sectional descriptive study is conducted on 350 health workers working in health centers in Tabriz, Iran. Health workers were selected by random cluster sampling. The data were collected using the Mental Health Continuum Short Form (MHC-SF), the Multidimensional Perceived Social Support (MPSS) and Connor-Davidson resilience questionnaire. Data were analyzed by Amos 22 software.

The results of the structural model showed that in coronavirus conditions, the direct effect of social support on resilience and the direct effect of social support on mental health were greater than in the situation before the outbreak of COVID-19. Also, the direct effect of mental health on resilience in the corona situation was higher than before the corona. The indirect effect of social support through mental health on resilience was also higher in the corona situation.

The findings of the present study showed that in difficult conditions, such as the prevailing Corona pandemic, impressive social support, can improve mental health and resilience.

Evidence shows that blood lipid disorders in people are influenced by their unhealthy diet. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the dietary pattern of people with lipid disorders and the status of non-communicable diseases in the studied population.

A cross-sectional study was conducted on 300 patients with lipid disorders. The participants were selected among people with lipids who referred to comprehensive health service centers in Alvand city by multistage sampling method. The data were collected using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The findings were analyzed by SPSS software.

Three dietary patterns including healthy, unhealthy and average were identified in the research participants. Most people (66.3%) followed a moderate dietary pattern. Also, 85% of people were overweight or obese. The results of the logistic regression analysis showed that an unhealthy eating pattern increases the likelihood of developing diseases by 2.267 times compared to a healthy eating pattern. It also showed that with increasing age, the probability of contracting the disease increases by 1.093. Also, there was a significant relationship between food pattern and education level (P<0.05). In this study, there was no significant relationship between age, marital status of people and their food pattern (P>0.05).

The results showed that people who follow an unhealthy food pattern have more non-communicable diseases. Therefore, it seems that modifying the food pattern through nutrition education is appropriate and can be effective in preventing other non-communicable diseases in the future.

Indicators of social accountability in medical education institutions are necessary for the improvement of community health needs. In this regard, the present research aimed to investigate the social accountability at Ilam University of Medical Sciences in the period before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The present survey research was carried out in 2022 on students and professors of medicine and dentistry (n=788). The data were collected by standard questionnaire of Social Accountability of Medical Education. This questionnaire included 0 components and 85 items.

The results showed that the mean scores of the components of medical school standards range (24.9) (P=0.0002), amount of quality improvement in education and research (34.4) (P=0.0003), amount of mandatory mechanism for accreditation (23.2) (P=0.003), and amount of global principles with the characteristics of the context (33.8) (P=0.002) were in an unfavorable situation during the COVID-19 pandemic from the point of view of both professors and students. These values had a statistically significant difference (P<0.05) with those in the the pre-COVID-19 pandemic. The component of evolving roles of doctors and other health professions (82.5) (P=0.098) and responsive and effective management (74.8) (P=0.0001) were in a favorable situation during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Given the diversity of the performance of groups regarding the mentioned areas and criteria and considering that most of the cases related to education received a low score, there is a need to create a foundation for increasing social accountability.

Childhood obesity has become a global challenge today. Many studies have shown the relationship between obesity and socioeconomic factors. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate socio-economic inequalities with nutritional patterns and obesity in children.

This study was conducted using the structural analysis methodology on 80 children from 6 to 13 years old, selected randomly from those referred to the health assessment centers of Sonqor and Kolyai, Iran. The body mass index was calculated using the standard method. Nutritional patterns were measured using the 24-hour food recall questionnaire, and socioeconomic status was assessed using related standard questionnaires. The data were analyzed using SPSS 24 and AMOS 24 software.

The results showed that 28.75% of the subjects were obese or overweight. The structural analysis showed that the socioeconomic variable directly affected the nutritional pattern and body mass (-0.43) with an impact coefficient of as much as 0.65. The nutritional pattern variable affected BMI with an impact factor (-0.74). The bootstrap test results indicated that the significant effect of socio-economic status on BMI is mediated by nutritional pattern (-0.48). Prediction values show two economic-social and nutritional pattern variables predicted 0.16 and 0.29 BMI changes, respectively.

The findings of this study showed the effect of socioeconomic status on nutritional patterns and body mass index in the research community. Today, The issue of increasing body mass in the world and our country is one of the most important social challenges. Considering the heterogeneous effects of socioeconomic status on nutritional patterns and body mass index, it is necessary to formulate and implement preventive policies according to the conditions of the communities to achieve effective results.

Evidence suggests that one of the behaviors impacted by the quarantine measures enforced due to the COVID-19 pandemic is sexual activity. This study aims to investigate this phenomenon.

A descriptive-analytical study with before-after measurement was conducted during both the COVID-19 pandemic and post-pandemic periods in 2021-2022, utilizing the standard Sexual Performance Index questionnaire administered to 250 women in Ilam province. Inferential statistics including paired t tests, correlation and chi square analysis were performed by SPSS software.

The findings revealed that the COVID-19 pandemic had an impact on all six components of sexual function in women of reproductive age, including sexual desire, sexual stimulation, lubrication, pleasure, satisfaction and pain. The average overall sexual performance during the COVID-19 period (2.01±1.25) and in the post-COVID-19 period (2.94±1.2) was lower than the cutoff point (3.8), indicating poor performance across the entire scale of sexual function. The results showed that there is an inverse and significant (P<0.05) relationship between age, duration of marriage and number of pregnancies with sexual function index and its subscales.

The study findings suggest that research population experienced weaker sexual performance during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to the post-pandemic period, highlighting the impact of the mental and physical burdens associated with the pandemic on sexual function.

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis is a significant endemic diseases in Iran, leading to skin lesions, lifelong scars, and social stigma. This study aims to investigate the influence of climatic and ecological factors on the prevalence of cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Iran.

This study employed a narrative review approach. A comprehensive search was conducted using key terms such as 'skin Leishmaniasis', 'cutaneous Leishmaniasis', 'climatic factors,' and 'environmental factors' in both national and international databases. All relevant research was included without limitations on location, time, or research methodology.

The initial search yielded 823625 articles. After refining the search keywords and conducting initial screening, 184 studies remained following the removal of duplicate articles. Subsequent screening for eligibility further narrowed down the selection to 30. The inclusion of 6 master theses brought the final number of studies for review to 36. A review of the studies showed a significant association between certain climatic factors, including temperature, humidity, hours of sunshine, and rainfall, and the incidence of cutaneous Leishmaniasis, across various geographical regions in the country. The relationship between factors such as vegetation, wind, and the number of disease cases had different results in different parts of the country.

The results of the present study show the effect of climatic and environmental factors on the rate of cutaneous Leishmaniasis in the country. Considering that the effect of these factors is not the same in all parts of the country, it is necessary to implement effective preventive measures to reduce the disease burden according to the needs of each geographical area.

The available information denotes the increased annual occurrence of breast cancer in Iranian women and the decreased age of developing this disease.

The present study aimed to assess risk factors for breast cancer in Iranian women.

The present research was conducted in a hospital-based case-control study on 46 cases and 43 controls from March 2019 to March 2020 in Damghan. The interview was conducted to collect data by a predesigned questionnaire consisting of socio-demographic variables, nutrition and physical activity, and a checklist for fertility, and care items. Descriptive and analytical statistics, including the chi-square and logistic regression models, were used to analyze data by SPSS- ver16.

The findings showed that out of 46 cases, only 6 (6.7%) were detected by self-examination and two cases by health workers. The average age of breast cancer in the case group was 53.28 ± 10.4 years. The results showed significant association in many terms of education level, employment status, physical activity, nutrition and fertility factors (OR≤1, P-value≤0.05). Based on the determination coefficient obtained considering the mentioned variables, at minimum, 68.2%, and at maximum, 91% of the changes in the likelihood of developing the risk of breast cancer can be explained.

Consistent with most studies, the findings of the current research showed a significant association with the developing risk of breast cancer. Considering that most factors identified in the present study are preventable, there should be effective interventions to control the disease and its complications in society. 

Evidence shows that a high level of emotional intelligence in health care workers leads to better communication with patients and, ultimately, the pateints’ satisfaction. Considering the undeniable and complex relationship between emotional intelligence and communication skills, the present research was designed and implemented.

The current research is a descriptive-analytical study. The participants included 121 community health workers from Kurdistan Province, Iran. The required data was collected through a communication skills checklist by observation, Queen Dam's communication skills questionnaire, and Shering's Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and linear regression were performed using SPSS (version 21) software.

The results of self-declaration of emotional intelligence and communication skills showed that only 28% of the participants had high emotional intelligence, and 32.2% had high communication skills. The evaluation of communication skills through the observation method showed that the staff obtained a low score with respect to introducing themselves to patients, explaining the treatment process, and keeping the patients calm. Moreover, 40.7% of participants had active listening skills. The r-squared (the coefficient of determination) showed that 86% of the variance of emotional intelligence is related to the variable of communication skills.

Overall, the findings of the present study revealed an average level of emotional intelligence and communication skills among health care workers. Concerning the communication weaknesses observed in the emotional dimensions, it is recommended to intervene appropriately.

Despite a lot of efforts made in the rabies health?care system, Iran is still in an endemic region and millions are spent annually to prevent rabies.

Searching in national and international databases has been performed. The preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta?analyses protocol were followed. To assess heterogeneity, the I?index wascalculated. In addition, sensitivity analysis was performed by the remove?one method. The publication bias was also investigated by Egger’s regression test, and the trim and fill method. To perform a meta?analysis, CMA version 2 software was used.

Totally, 33 studies with 250,980 animal?bite cases were meta?analyzed. A summary estimate of the incidence of 1200 per 100,000 population (95% CI 1000, 1500) with a mean age of 29.97±15.13years (95%CI: 29.33, 30.61) was estimated. The rate in men was higher 76.7% (95%CI 74.7%, 78.8%) than in women and in the rural 49.7% (95%CI: 42.8%, 58.6%) was equal in the urban. Most bites occurred in the spring and summer 20.5% (95%CI: 16.1%, 25.9%). The highest of job-related bites was in students 20.1% (95%CI: 19%, 23%). The highest rate of bite location and the animal type were estimated in the order of lower limbs and by dogs respectively. The rate of complete vaccination 61% (95%CI: 43%, 76%) and immunoglobulin injection 39% (95%CI: 22%, 59%), were estimated respectively.

Estimates reveal that there has been little change in the animal bites over the years. It is necessary to take special actions to control the disease at the national and international levels.

Studies have shown that high levels of perceived stress during pregnancy are associated with an increased risk of gestational diabetes, preterm labour, low birth weight, and other complications. In this regard and also considering the role of education in reducing maternal anxiety and stress, the present study was designed and conducted in the primiparous mothers.

  The present study is a quasi-experimental study with a control group.  Participants include primiparous pregnant women in Ilam in 1398. Sampling was done by random cluster sampling.  Cohen's perceived valid stress questionnaire was used to collect data.  To analyze the data, descriptive and inferential statistical indices including analysis of variance, independent t-test and paired t-test were calculated using SPSS software. 

 The findings of an analysis of variance showed a statistically significant difference between the perceived stress of pre-test to post-test (F-29.606  P-value = 0.007) and post-test to follow-up (F-62.502 P-value=019). Also, the results of paired t-test showed a statistically significant difference in perceived stress in the intervention group (P-value ≤ 0.05). The results of the present study did not show a statistically significant relationship between demographic variables and perceived stress (P_value≥0.05.

 The present study showed the effect of e-learning on reducing perceived stress in primiparous women.  Therefore, this method of education is recommended as a useful method, without time and space restrictions to improve the attitude, awareness and practice of mothers

Socioeconomic status (SES) is a criterion consisting of several components that encompass socioeconomic and cultural dimensions. This study aimed to design and develop a methodological guideline for calculating a single summary index (SSI) using the contributing variables of SES in a family unit. The data consisted of 18 700 urban and 19 200 rural households. Effective components of SES were extracted using two-step factor analysis and the structural equational modeling (SEM) method for both populations separately with AMOS software. Then, in order to customize and validate the weight of each component, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method was performed by a panel of experts. Finally, the SES index computational tool was developed as an SSI using all effective components by Excel software. Statistical analysis was done with SPSS software version 21. In rural areas, the four wealth components of education, job, income, and family size were recognized as effective socioeconomic factors. Yet, in urban areas, family size was disregarded as an effective factor. In both rural and urban communities the three welfare components of appropriate nutrition, appropriate home appliance, and appropriate housing were similarly effective. The SES of rural population had a homogeneous distribution, while urban population did not follow a particular trend. The SES index impacts all aspects of life, especially health status. The introduced method is comprehensive and applicable to both rural and urban populations. Due to ever-changing lifestyles, constant technological advances, and socio-political changes in each society, the tool requires modification in a specific time intervals.

Periodontal disease has high prevalence in diabetic patients and the knowledge of them about the relationship between diabetes and periodontal disease is effective in the control of the blood glucose and progression of periodontitis. This study was done to evaluate the knowledge, attitude and practice of diabetic patients about periodontal disease in Gorgan north of Iran.

This descriptive-analytical study was done on 300 type 1 and 2 diabetic patients (136 males & 164 females) whom referred to governmental health centers in Gorgan, northern Iran during 2019. Demographic information, knowledge, attitude and practice were recorded using a questionnaire.

The level of good knowledge, attitude and practice were evaluated 51.7%, 44.3% and 25%, respectively. There was significant association between oral hygiene practice and gender and education (P<0.05). Good practice was observered more in females and in patients.

More than half of diabetic patients had moderate to good knowledge and attitude about periodontal disease but their practice was moderate to poor.

Emotional intelligence has a crucial role in organizational performance, especially in the health domains facing high levels of emotions and challenges. Given that emotional intelligence is a skill based on competency that can be learned, it provides training in specific competencies causing the expansion and improvement of quality performance. In this regard, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of emotional intelligence on the quality of service delivery of health care providers.

The present descriptive-analytical study was conducted in regions supported by Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, in 2019. A total of 500 individuals (including 250 health care providers and 250 clients of the health centers) were selected using random cluster sampling. Two valid questionnaires were used for data gathering, namely Schering’s Emotional Intelligence and SERVQUAL. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and correlation and regression analyses in SPSS software (version 21).

 The results of the present study showed a significant positive relationship between emotional intelligence and quality of services (r=0.45; P=0.001). The dimensions determined the relationships respectively between self-awareness with responsiveness, assurance, reliability, empathy, and tangibles. Regression results also showed that 20% of the changes in the service quality variable based on the emotional intelligence of health care providers can be explained. Two-way ANOVA demonstrated that the interactive effect of age and experience on emotional intelligence was significant (P<0.01).

Considering the impact of the quality of service delivery in the health system on all aspects of personal and social life, paying attention and providing training of emotional intelligence dimensions for health care providers can improve the quality of service delivery and satisfaction.

 A large number of students enrolled in many universities and the low ratio of supervisors to the student have challenged the process of developing education and research. Today, information and communication technology (ICT) tools have changed the learning environments. We assessed the improvement in challenges in the thesis process for Master’s degree virtual students using learning management systems (LMS).

 This study is a translational research design focusing on adaptation of educational technology and was conducted in three stages: Preparation, implementation, and assessment in the Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in 2017. In the preparation stage, we matched LMS with technical support requirements. In the experimental stage, the effectiveness of a web-based system (LMS) for thesis support was assessed in 67, 65, and 51 master students in 2017, 2018, and 2019, respectively, and they were followed two years. In the post- experimental stage, the program was assessed using quality criteria. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation), analysis of variance (ANOVA), and post-hoc tests.

 Data of 67 students as the first entry group were collected after two years of implementation of the program and 22 quality criteria were extracted by literature review and validated by focus group discussion. The results of students’ perspective showed that the scores of the quality criteria after using LMS in comparison other alternative methods were at the desirable level (mean score > 7), the social network and email scores were mostly at the moderate level, and the meeting was almost less desirable (mean score < 4). The results of the supervisors’ perspective also showed that the scores of the quality criteria were at the desirable level. The ANOVA result for most criteria was statistically significant at 95% CI. The results indicated the higher scores in all quality criteria after using LMS in comparison with alternative methods from the viewpoints of the supervisors and students (95% CI: 8.76 ± 0.83) and (95% CI: 8.71 ± 0.64), respectively.

 The results of this study indicated that implementing LMS for thesis support was almost twice more successful in achieving the considered criteria than other alternative methods in terms of both students’ and supervisors’ perspectives. Implementation of LMS in the thesis process, which significantly affects the quality and quantity of research through improvement in feedback quality, saves time, and increases the rate of thesis completion.
 

 Universities are among the most influential educational environments for teaching creative thinking. The current study aimed to investigate the creativity of postgraduate students at Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences.

 This applied research studied 265 students in 10 majors in 2018. The participants were selected via two-stage random cluster sampling. Abedi's creativity test was used to collect the data. Content validity was confirmed by the Lawshe method, and the reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient and ICC. Data were analyzed by SPSS using descriptive statistics, t-test, Mann-Whitney, ANOVA, and Kruskal-Wallis tests.

 Based on the findings, most students (88.6%) obtained a moderate score, in general, and separate by dimensions. Only did 9.7% reach a high score. The highest score was for the fluency dimension (25.3%), followed by originality (24.3%). According to demographic variables separated by age, marital status, educational degree, and gender, there was no significant difference in students' creativity scores.

 According to the findings, paying more attention to creativity and having a detailed perspective through intertwining abilities with creativity in universities, as specialized institutions for training, is useful for growing creativity.

Systematic application of a cervical cancer screening program reduces the socioeconomic burden of the disease. Evaluation of screening programs using performance indicator sets and applying cultural, economic, and social considerations minimize the negative impacts of screening and maximize its benefits.

The present study aimed at developing and evaluating performance indicators of a cervical cancer screening program based on the guidelines of Iran Ministry of Health and Medical Education to identify shortcomings and improve national programs.

A total of 839 out of 2504 care checklists for middle-aged women in Rasht, Iran, from 2014 to 2018 were studied. Indicators were evaluated based on the guidelines of Iran Ministry of Health and Medical Education on care for middle-aged individuals in 6 areas of screening intensity, screening the program performance, the participation of individuals, compliance of the implementation with guidelines, etc.

The eligible women coverage index was 34%. The index of participation in the first run Pap test was 45.53% in 2014. The study findings showed that with the implementation of the plan on participants, the test rate increased by 39.1%. The indices of identification of high-risk individuals based on medical histories, identification of abnormal Pap smears, and participation continuity in the program were 54.84, 33.73%, respectively and 1.32% in 2015, which decreased to < 1% in 2016. The compliance rate with the guidelines was 64.94%, and the performance recording index was 22.40%.

Due to the low coverage rate and other performance indicators, especially the low continuity index, the attention of policy-makers and program managers should be drawn to potential shortcomings of screening programs, such as active implementation, in order to promote women’s health status.

Today, improvement of a labor inspectorate is an indicator of a countrychr('39')s economic and social growth development. So, inspectors need to perform a level of competence, professional knowledge, and skills. Training should meet these particular needs.

This cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the educational priorities over 80 occupational health inspectors in Tehran province. The study tools included an attitude questionnaire and a knowledge test in occupational health based on the instructions provided by Ministry of Health inspection. The reliability and validity of these tools were evaluated and confirmed by quantitative and qualitative (Delphi) methods by experts in each field.

The attitude of inspectors was in the desirable range (total score of 4.669). Knowledge status was low in all fields (in the 70% threshold) and very low in some cases. Regarding the educational priorities, chemical agents with an average of 4.121 and the lowest percentage of correct response were placed at the first priority of education. The sound and vibration with an average of 1.325 were laced at the seventh priority of education. Moreover, ergonomics, thermal stress, biological, and radiation were placed from the second to sixth levels of priority.

Due to the low knowledge level of the studied participants and their abilities, these workers should be trained as inspectors in the realm of sound. To this end, continuous educational planning is required based on needs assessment studies.

According to the World Health Organization, the high prevalence of breast cancer mortality in the least developed countries is because breast cancer is diagnosed at late stages. Accordingly, cost-effective breast cancer screening plans are the most effective methods to control this cancer and also increase women's survival.

 This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the performance of the breast cancer screening program based on the guidelines of the Ministry of Health on 14,493 eligible women in rural areas of the Rudsar city in 2018-19. Providing target coverage, identification of the at-risk population, early diagnosis, referral index, and other statistical indices were calculated, analyzed and quantified using the relevant scales and SPSS 22 software.

 The target population coverage was estimated at 48%. The results showed that 0.4% of the cases (27 cases) were identified as high-risk group according to national guidelines with referral to a specialist of 100%. All cases identified at the first stage of screening were found with BIRADS (Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System)4 and 5 based on biopsy specimens.

 The low target population coverage, as well as the cases with advanced breast cancer, indicated the need for more attention and consideration in implementing programs and policies for preventable cancer by all organizations. In this regard, there is a need for relevant interventions and follow-up by health authorities.

In Iran, community health workers (CHWs) are native and are only employed in the health-care system. Therefore, the training and empowerment of these staff are essential. The present study was aimed to develop cooperative learning techniques in CHWs to improve both cognitive and noncognitive aspects such as accountability and other social skills in learners.

This study employed a quasi-experimental pre- and post-test design with a control group that was conducted in Kangavar City, Iran, in 2019. Forty-four CHWs were selected using a two-stage cluster sampling, of whom 22 were randomly assigned to the experimental group where the jigsaw technique was applied and the rest to the control group where the lecture method was applied. The aim was to identify job performance and motivation among the CHWs after instruction and compare the two groups. Pre- and posttests were applied to the groups before and after an in-service training course using valid questionnaires. Data analysis was performed on both descriptive and inferential statistics such as mean and standard deviation, paired t-test, and covariance analysis with the confidence level of 95%.

The findings showed that the intervention significantly increased the mean score of motivation and performance in the experimental group. Covariance analysis with the removal of the pretest effect was also statistically significant (P = 0.01). Moreover, the MANCOVA test showed the jigsaw technique effect considering motivation and performance with a confidence level of 95%.

Given the well-known effect of cooperative learning techniques and since CHWs have multi roles and tasks, it is necessary to use such techniques so that they can be accountable for developing health indicators in local areas.

Assessing the effectiveness of in‑service training courses in order to achieve the desired goals and reduce the waste of costs and opportunities in the system is necessary. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the “pharmacopeia home health” course considering its importance in different aspects using the Kirkpatrick model.

The present study was a quasi‑experimental conducted at community health workers (CHWs) on three levels of reaction, learning, and behavior. In each phase, a valid questionnaire was used to measure the outcome according to the Ministry of Health guidelines with pretest and posttest measurements. The data were analyzed through SPSS 23, using descriptive statistics and repeated measures test and general linear model.

The results of the study showed that at the level of reaction in terms of content and holding, conditions of implementation were favorable. Findings at the level of learning showed that the training course was only effective in enhancing the knowledge and awareness about drug maintenance and had no significant effect on other areas. In the third level, the results of the CHWs’ performance showed that in some areas, the results were influenced by the demographic variables.

The present study showed the effectiveness of education in different areas using on the Kirkpatrick model. Given the lack of impact of education in some areas in the present study and on the other, it is necessary to consider cooperative learning methods in order to develop the effectiveness of the courses.

Given the importance of learning from both cognitive and non-cognitive aspects of development in medical science education, the selection of appropriate educational strategies is a key structural issue. The jigsaw method is used in cooperative learning to improve cognitive and non-cognitive skills.

The present study aimed to investigate the status of the jigsaw method as a cooperative learning technique.

This was a review and meta-analysis, in which relevant studies were identified through electronic database searching using specific keywords. The inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis were experimental and quasi-experimental studies. The intervention involved the comparison of the jigsaw method to other methods, and various cognitive and non-cognitive outcomes were assessed. The meta-analysis to determine the summary estimation using comprehensive meta-analysis software was performed using the fixed model method. The heterogeneity of the studies was evaluated based on the I2 index.

From the extracted studies (n = 682) with various stages of investigation in the target databases and exclusion of the repetitive cases, 10 articles were selected based on the inclusion criteria, and seven articles with common outcomes were selected for the meta-analysis. The summary estimate of 1.29 (95% CI: 1.07 - 1.51) was calculated, and many outcomes were individually interpreted.

The national literature review indicated that the jigsaw method is rarely used in medical education. Considering the impact of this approach on cognitive and non-cognitive skills, the necessary cooperative learning approaches should be developed in the medical education system.

Colorectal cancer ranks third most common cancer in Iranian men and fourth in women. Evidence suggests that awareness and beliefs about risk factors for disease are significantly associated with screening behaviors. The present study aimed to investigate the behavior of colorectal cancer prevention based on the health belief model.

The present descriptive cross-sectional study on 382 people in rural and urban in Behshahar city in 2019-2020. Participants recruited by the random cluster sampling. Data was collected by Standard Champion Questionnaire consisting of 36 phrases and 6 dimensions including perceived sensitivity, perceived intensity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, awareness, and self-efficacy.  Frequency, mean, standard deviation, correlation coefficient and regression coefficient were estimated by using SPSS17 software.

More than half of the research population (65.8%) did not inform about the implementation of the program. Only 2.6% of people was participated at the program. Perceived intensity with regression coefficient 0.422 was the most predictive and the self-efficacy with the lowest value (b=0.226) was effective in predicting preventive behavior.

Awareness seems to be an effective factor in the practice of screening for colorectal cancer. Interventions at various levels are necessary to increase public awareness and access to prevention letters. It is recommend to use theories and models of health promotion to promote health behaviors in society.

Tuberculosis is one of the top 10 causes of mortality worldwide. It is also the leading cause of death in HIV-positive patients. In this study, we aimed to assess the educational needs of general practitioners regarding tuberculosis in the North Health Center of Tehran, Iran.

This quantitative and qualitative study was conducted in 2017. In the quantitative phase, 31 general practitioners from the North Health Center of Tehran were included. The educational needs assessment was performed using the knowledge assessment and self-assessment scales. Data were entered in SPSS version 21 and analyzed using descriptive tests and Pearson’s correlation coefficient test. In the qualitative phase, data were collected by interviewing six managers of tuberculosis monitoring program and analyzed using the content analysis method.

The mean score of the knowledge assessment scale was 22.8±6.4. The most and the least important educational needs were related to treatment and general information about tuberculosis, respectively. Moreover, tuberculosis treatment and general information about tuberculosis were the most and the least important educational needs in the self-assessment scale, respectively. There was a poor correlation between the mean scores of self-assessment scale and knowledge assessment scale regarding tuberculosis prevention (P=0.01, r=0.27). Also, a moderate correlation was found regarding tuberculosis screening (P=0.001, r=0.56). However, no significant correlation was found in terms of general information (P=0.31), diagnosis (P=0.43), and treatment (P=0.29) of tuberculosis. Five major themes were extracted in the qualitative phase of the study, including “training time”, “educational content”, “educational references”, “teaching method”, and “organizational factors”.

An appropriate educational program should be developed for general practitioners in form of continuing education and educational reform.

Known as a health and medical problem in the community, osteoporosis (OP) is the most prevalent metabolic bone disease. The most facile approach to dealing with osteoporosis is prevention and lifestyle modification. In adolescents, in particular, lifestyle plays the most important role in preventing from osteoporosis in the adulthood. This study was conducted to determine the level of osteoporosis preventive lifestyle and awareness among 13-15-year-old students in Garmsar city in 2018. This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 400 high school students selected by two-stage cluster sampling method in Garmsar city in 2018. The data were collected with a three-part questionnaire containing 38 questions related to personal data and measurement of the awareness and lifestyle dimensions associated with osteoporosis prevention, including habits (smoking cigarettes and hookah and exposure to the sun to mention a few), nutrition, and physical activity. Cronbach’s alpha of awareness (0.84), habits (72. 5), and nutrition (0.72) was calculated to specify the reliability of the tool and the content validity was calculated with Lawshe method containing CVR (0.9) and CVT (0.86). For data analysis, use made of descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression by SPSS software version 24. The results of awareness dimension with merely 42.77% correct answers indicated the low awareness of students. The dimension of habits in the preventive lifestyle was in optimal condition with a score of 61.1%. With scores of 33.4 and 25.2%, physical activity and activity without mobility were optimum (score: 70%). There was a direct and significant correlation between students’ awareness and their performance regarding osteoporosis (P<0.05). A direct correlation was further observed between awareness and lifestyle (r=0.255). The studied population had inadequate awareness and poor lifestyle. Given the existing risk factors, it is necessary to pay close attention to education and lifestyle changes in adolescents and their families.

One of the efforts that solve complex real-world problems is to use an interdisciplinary approach. However, the contradictions among different disciplines and the absence of a theoretical model add to the difficulty of interdisciplinary activities. When interdisciplinary researchers face a complex problem, they need to integrate several different disciplines. It seems the first step in interdisciplinary activities is to have a theoretical model to understand and examine by what content and method the processes of integrating and crossing the disciplinary boundaries are done. The purpose of this study is to propose a new theoretical model for interdisciplinary development. It also show that a multilayered model can be formed based on the boundaries of scientific disciplines.

In this study, the critical review strategy of Carnwell and Daly has been used to synthesize the theoretical model using online databases. The method consists of 5 stages: defining the scope of the review, identifying the sources of relevant information, reviewing the literature, writing the review, and applying the literature to the proposed study.

The results of this study showed for interdisciplinarity, the artificial boundaries of disciplines must be broken. Therefore, we first began to explain the disciplinary boundaries in 13 levels, then, we proposed interdisciplinary development by examining the views of the experts in this field and with the synthesis opinion of researchers of this study on each of the disciplinary boundaries of the multilayered model.

This model can effectively support interdisciplinary programs and can bring the goals of interdisciplinary programs closer to practical reality.