sedighe lotfi

Security is the most fundamental need of human being and its provision is one of the preconditions to attain better spiritual life. Shiraz due to many different factors such as cultural diversity is facing serious security problems. These problems are embedded in physical, socio-economic status of the city. In this article the impacts of environmental elements on the sense of security is studied in public space. The methodology of the research is based on descriptive-analytical approach which was accompanied by conducting a field work tom complete the questionnaires and the samples were dispatched using random method which 386 samples The model of path analysis was used to determine the influential factors on the level of satisfaction in public space and by using the applied software of EQS the direct and indirect impacts of independent variables on the depended variable were analyzed. The results of research showed that the highest impact which influenced directly on depended variable belonged to informative elements such as light, gender, accessibility to transport. In general, the impact of gender and informative elements with the score of 0.311 and 0.258 showed greater influence respectively. The variables of congestion and form with sum score of 0.02 and 0.06 had the lowest influence on sense of security respectively. Therefore the structural equitation indicated that the level of sense of place could be predicted by accessing the standard score relevant to influential environmental factors on security.

Today, achieving sustainable development and proper and sustainable construction density in the cities to improve the quality of life and improve the urban environment is considered as a necessity of urban development. The increasing urban population growth, resource constraints and the rational efficiency of existing facilities increase the importance of paying attention to the density of urban areas. Since demographic and construction densification is one of the most important means of urban planning in order to balance and create order in a complex urban system. Accordingly, the need for a deep and deep view of the topic of urban density and its effects on other urban phenomena is felt more than ever.The present research is analytical-descriptive. In order to collect information for the study of construction density, statistical blocks of 2011 were used. 384 questionnaires were also used to assess the sustainability of urban neighborhoods. In this study, various statistical methods including Kruskal Wallis and binomial test were used. The results of the research showed that there is a significant difference between the groups of construction density and the level of neighborhood stability in the cities of Babolsar is not equal in terms of density. In fact, it can be stated that there is a significant difference between neighborhoods with different construction densities in terms of physical, environmental and economic sustainability. Neighborhoods with average building density in terms of physical, environmental and economic sustainability are better than low-density (construction) and high-density (construction) neighboroods. However, in terms of socio-cultural sustainability between neighborhoods with different construction densities, there is no significant difference and the situation of this aspect of sustainability is not related to the density of construction in the neighborhoods. In general, Babolsar is not in a good position in terms of sustainability.

In parallel with the change of urban systems from the inner-city level to the inter-city scale, one can expect that many of the issues that manifested themselves at the city level will arise today at the regional level. One of the most relevant issues in this regard is the change in the regional space organization and the patterns of movement and consequently the social costs of traveling by private car. One of the most important social costs is the cost of emitting greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide, as the most important greenhouse gas associated with human activity. Accordingly, the present article tries to clarify the consequences of negligence and neglect over time by calculating the carbon footprint and social costs caused by carbon in intercity travel in the Central Mazandaran region. The research methodology is based on the proposed method of IPCC and using the release factors of the Department of Environment, Nutrition and Rural Affairs of the United Kingdom. In addition, estimates of the world''s major banks, such as the Asian Development Bank and the World Bank, have been used to financially convert the social cost of carbon. Also, using the statistics of the Road Transport and Highways Organization, the amount of carbon dioxide emissions, its social costs and the amount of reducing carbon dioxide emissions by implementing policies such as launching transportation, light rail transportation system, high-speed bus system, replacing fuel and planting trees in intercity axes - Babylon - Ghaemshahr and Sari were calculated. The results of research in Central Mazandaran show that in 1387, 1392 and 1397, respectively, about 223, 270 and 365 thousand tons of carbon dioxide were produced from the movement of people and goods, the social cost of which can be estimated at about 12.5 to 18.6 million dollars. . Calculating the amount of carbon dioxide emissions shows the proposed scenarios in the region; Thus, replacing LRT with hybrid vehicles with gasoline vehicles, BRTs, and replacing gas-powered vehicles with gasoline-powered vehicles can have the greatest impact on reducing carbon and the resulting social costs. However, the use of complementary policies enhances their effectiveness. In addition, designing and planting trees on interurban axes and urban afforestation can complement the above options. However, none of the cities in the province will be able to finance the design, construction and commissioning of public transport infrastructure alone; Therefore, the synergy and cooperation of these cities is necessary to implement these policies.

The inappropriate placement of certain industrial, production and service activities in urban spaces has negative effects on the physical and psychological well-being of citizens as well as on the urban landscape. The purpose of this article is to study the existing situation and to measure citizens' attitudes about the effects of workshops and industrial occupations on Gorgan entrances (east, west and north entrances), and inspired by the theoretical foundations of research and its adaptation with case study, was done in four dimensions: environmental, physical, cityscape, and traffic. The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical and the data collection is done by conducting field research, conducting surveys and using tools such as observation and questionnaire. The statistical sample includes 384 residents of these entries, which were chosen by the method stratified sample. The data was analyzed by the SPSS software using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk test for normalization. Then, a non-parametric binomial test was used to analyze the abnormal data. The results show that, in terms of citizens, workshops and industrial uses based on the east and west entrances, they have adverse effects on the environmental status of these entries, while northern entry has relatively minor adverse effects. With regard to physical effects, Results at both east and west entry show relatively high impact, but in the case of the northern entrance, the difference between the mean and the cutoff point = 3 is not significant. In terms of impact on traffic and landscape, the east and west entry have a relatively large impact, while they have little impact on the northern entry. This ratio seems logical since the number of workshops and industries in the northern entrance is negligible compared to other entries. The results were compared with the results of previous external and internal research related to this study, the results showed that policymakers ignored the importance and value of natural resources and the environment in past planning, and that many industries were designed and operated independently of environmental considerations. Unplanned locations of industries and workshops, and without taking into account the zoning and land use rules, one of the fundamental problems of the cities studied. The results of this research confirm similar problems at the entrance of the city of Gorgan.

Coastal cities in Mazandaran province, are one of the most important tourist destination in Iran. Although tourism boom can be considered as an opportunity to enhance the competitive ability in the region, with the influx of tourists in the special periods of year, it can also be seen as Threat to regional security. Thus, this article seeks to provide an operating framework in order to preventing crime in the Mazandaran shoreline through environmental design (CPTED). After discussing theoretical and empirical studies regarding CPTED, 5 principles have been identified as the most important aspects of this approach. These aspects including physical security, territoriality, access control, surveillance, management, and maintenance, in addition to 11 components and 29 indicators form the conceptual model of this research. Finally, by surveying experts' comments on this field and analyzing survey data through Analytical hierarchy process, each aspect, component, and indicator for the case study has been prioritized. Our findings show that forming defensible spaces, eliminating abandoned and unused public spaces, designing potential community centers, forming active views, designing edges in order to enter to public spaces, visibility, and natural surveillance are the most critical components which should be considered to improve security in the Mazandaran shoreline.

Evidences indicate that small urban centers with balanced and coordinated development corresponded with their environment; while reducing socio-economic differences within regions lead to realization of sustainable development. Given the importance of these small new founded towns; the main purpose of the paper is to investigate the role of these centers in urban sustainable development and their impact on the recruitment of population and development of socio-economic indicators for urban households by comparing the level of resident satisfaction in post change era from village to town. The methodology of the research is based on analytical and descriptive approaches which was accompanied a field work to complete the given questionnaires. The data were processed and analyzed using SPSS. The results revealed that there is a significant satisfaction among the citizens regarding to the new established facilities. Also the research findings show that transformation of village into city created job opportunities and improved the social components of people knowledge about their urban rights. Almost all of the statistical tests of the research confirmed that the level of quality of life has promoted by formation of the town. It can be concluded that the experience of rural places change into urban centers provides a better condition and opportunity for such settlements without leading to rural-urban migration.
The results revealed that there is a significant satisfaction among the citizens regarding to the new established facilities. Also the research findings show that transformation of village into city created job opportunities and improved the social components of people knowledge about their urban rights. Almost all of the statistical tests of the research confirmed that the level of quality of life has promoted by formation of the town. It can be concluded that the experience of rural places change into urban centers provides a better condition and opportunity for such settlements without leading to rural-urban migration.

Green space as one of the most important elements of life and sustainability of city، in case of considering environmental standards and its proper distribution، regarding factors including population، density، and area has crucial and positive effect on the life quality and joyance of people. But at present، a lot of small and large cities of Iran faced with limitation and inappropriate distribution of green spaces، which such condition causes the dissatisfaction and gradual decrease of life quality and health of people. The city of Qom as one of the large cities of Iran، regarding the increasing population and physical growth، requires a desirable urban green space. this research aimed to investigate and analyze the green space use and its per capita in the most populated area of the city (district 1) and presenting appropriate recommendations in line with creating balance in socio-physical structure of the study area، as the subject of this research، can have a great importance. The methodology of the research is descriptive-analytical method، and the documentary and field data were collected، meanwhile 380 short and brief questionnaires have been distributed among the area residents based on Kokaran model to examine the satisfaction of the area’s citizen about the function and condition of green space. The research findings showed that the current situation of the area، its dispersion and distribution in the area in not at all compatible with the common standards specially the population and the residents of this area are faced with great problems in this regard. So that، the made calculations show that the shortage amount of green space in the area is 8337293m2. This number shows the undesirable condition of green space and its improper dispersion especially in north east part of the area which is approximately devoid of green space. Finally by recognizing the condition of the green space of the area، a proper green space per capita has been recommended based on Bahram Soltani model.

Studies show that urban parks are not distributed regarding to standards and quantitative models and the spatial priorities for establishing parks are uncertain, so to meet such problem there need a pattern to apply standard criteria for park site selection to choose the best site for park location. Urban green space has a great importance in spatial development of cities to reach balanced and sustainable development. The present research aimed to apply AHP and FAHP to select appropriate locations for urban parks by prioritizing the effective criteria. AHP due to its resemblance to the process of analytical thought of human being is an optimum method for choosing the best option with respect to multi-criteria. However, using fuzzy data instead of real data and the proper classification of criteria could lead to certainty of the results. Also, the results of this research could be as base for establishment of new urban park s in the city of Neka.

Tourism consists of four elements; the government, tourists, the environment and The host population.The current investigation has focused on the tourists in terms of Their level of satisfaction. Accordingly, the purpose of this investigation is to evaluate The level of tourist satisfaction in the city of Bipolar. To survey the regarded subject three criteria, namely the utility of the accommodations, the amount of rent and safety and security were used The method used in this study is descriptive and analytical, and questionnaires and documental reference have been utilized. Based On the findings of the survey, in order to prove the significance of the relation between the three criteria and the variable of satisfaction, Pearson's Correlation Coefficient was used in the SPSS program