seyed ali alaviasl

Peppermint is one of the valuable plants in the pharmaceutical industry. The reduction of water in Iran is one of the most important production limitations. The use of organic materials such as humic acid and wood vinegar can be useful to help produce medicinal plants to reduce the effects of drought stress. This research was carried out in order to investigate the effect of humic acid and wood vinegar foliar spraying on plant traits and main compounds of peppermint essential oil under drought stress conditions. A filed experiment was conducted as a split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture of the Tarbiat Modares University in 2019. The experimental treatments included low irrigation regime at three levels (irrigation up to the field capacity and respectively after draining 25 (no stress), 40 (moderate drought stress) and 55 (severe drought stress) percentage of available water in the root zone) as the main plots factor was foliar application at seven levels (humic acid (1, 2, and 3%), wood vinegar (5, 10, and 15%) and no foliar application (control)) as a sub plots. The results showed that the interaction of foliar application and irrigation regimes had a significant effect on plant height, total dry weight, total chlorophyll, flavonoid, total phenol, essential oil percentage and yield, and essential oil profile. Maximum total dry weight was produced with foliar spraying of 2 and 3% humic acid in normal irrigation conditions with 3204 and 3259 kg ha-1, respectively, and moderate and severe water deficit stress, respectively, caused a decrease of 15.34 and 27.42% of the total dry weight compared to the control. Water deficit stress harmed the yield of essential oil; so that with the increase of the stress intensity, its value decreased, and moderate and severe water deficit stress, a decrease of 9.38 and 40.2 percent of essential oil yield, respectively, was observed. Increasing the concentration of humic acid from zero to 3% increased the total chlorophyll by 10.4%. The flavonoids increased by 14.6, 22.5, and 33.1 percent with the use of 1, 2, and 3 percent humic acid, respectively, and this increase with the use of 5, 10, and 15 percent wood vinegar was 14.3, 34.7, and 37.1 percent, respectively. It was 34.34 and 37.15 percent. By increasing the concentration of humic acid from zero to 3%, the essential oil content increased by 60.6%. While increasing the concentration of wood vinegar from zero to 15%, its amount increased by 90.7%. The highest amount of menthol was obtained from the application of 10% wood vinegar in normal irrigation conditions at 61.04%, and it was placed in a statistical group with the treatment of 2% humic acid application in moderate water stress conditions (60.1%). In addition, the results showed that with the use of humic acid and wood vinegar, the amount of menthol increased by 21.88 and 17.84%, respectively, compared to not using them. According to the water limitation and the results of this research, it is recommended to use 3% humic acid in optimal irrigation conditions and moderate water deficit stress and use 15% wood vinegar in severe water deficit stress conditions.

In order to investigate the effect of wood vinegar and humic acid on morphological and biochemical traits, antioxidant enzymes, and peppermint essential oil under water deficit stress conditions, an experiment was conducted as split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications in the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture of the Tarbiat Modares University. The experimental treatments were irrigation regimes at three levels (irrigation up to the field capacity and after depletion 25 (optimal irrigation), 40 (moderate water deficit stress), and 55 (severe water deficit stress) % of plant available water in the root zone, respectively) as main plots and foliar application at seven levels (humic acid (1, 2, and 3%), wood vinegar (5, 10, and 15%) and no foliar application (control)) as sub plots. The highest plant height (38.63 cm) was obtained from the treatment of using wood vinegar 15% under optimal irrigation conditions, while, the maximum leaf area index (3.01) was observed in the treatment using wood vinegar 15% under moderate water deficit stress conditions. The maximum essential oil yield was observed in the foliar application of humic acid 3% under optimal irrigation conditions with 37.48 kg h-1, and with the treatments of humic acid 2% under optimal irrigation conditions with 34.34 kg ha-1 and foliar application of 15% of wood vinegar under optimal irrigation conditions with 36.11 kg ha-1 was placed in a statistical group. An increase in water deficit stress caused a decrease in essential oil yield, so that in moderate and severe water deficit stress, 9.37% and 40.17% of essential oil yield decreased, respectively. The use of wood vinegar and humic acid increased the yield of peppermint essential oil, so that by increasing the foliar concentration of wood vinegar from 0 to 15%, the yield of essential oil increased by 81.29%, and increasing the concentration of humic acid foliar application from 0 to 3% increased the yield of essential oil by 69.28%. Considering the water limitation, the use of acid humic 3% is recommended in optimal irrigation conditions and moderate water deficit stress, and wood vinegar 15% in severe water deficit stress conditions is recommended.

IntroductionCanola (Brassica napus L.) is one of the most important plants to produce edible oil in Iran and in the world and also one of the negative factors for crop plants is the relative salinity of irrigation water in some areas of Iran. According to the researchers, salinity incorporates high concentration of minerals that prevents plant growth. Effects of Salinity significantly in arid and semi-arid areas, areas with limited rainfall, high temperatures combined with high evaporation with high chemical fertilizers, and poor water and soil management, is observed and is an important crop production problem in these areas. Zeolites are a group of natural porous minerals that acts as a molecular sieve with its crystal structure practices and allow some passage of some ions and block the passage of some others, due to open channels in their ionic lattice. Due to zeolites high porosity and stems from its crystal structure, they can absorb up to 70% of bulk with water. Recent research on various applications of zeolites in crop plants as well as its effect on the process of how to prevent the entry of toxic ions such as sodium and absorption of essential nutrients has been concentrated crop and the interaction effect of the two substances necessary to appear on canola This experiment intends to determine the ways of control damage caused by 5 and 10 10 ds m-1 salinity on yield and yield components on four canola cultivars with application of 8 ton hec-1 zeolite.
Materials and methodsThe experiment was conducted as split plot factorial in randomized complete block design with three replication at the greenhouse research station of Agricultural Faculty of Tarbiat Modares University started in autumn 2013 and at the end of spring 2014 greenhouse operation was ended. Treatments were salt stress from beginning of flowering at three levels included control, 5 and 10 ds m-1, zeolite application with two levels included control and 8 ton hec-1 and varieties with foul levels Zarfam, Sarigol, Hayola and RGS. From 29 October 2013 (sowing) to 20 May 2014 (harvesting), Greenhouse environment was with normal light and temperature conditions. The soil of pots was sand mixed with field soil in ratio of 1:1. Applied zeolite was clinoptilolite. To creation of appropriate drainage and prevent the accumulation of salt, three holes with one centimeter diameter was generated at the bottom of each pot. Salinity was started by adding salt mixture to irrigation water, before flowering. The final salt was mixed with salt water of Tehran, Gom and Kashan wells with ration of 2:2:4:3:4 and after standardization calculated with electrical conductivity meter and finally the salt water was transferred to each pot with graduated containers. On this experiment grain yield, yield components, yield and oil percentage and SPAD were measured. Mean comparisons were performed by LSD test using in SAS 9.2.
Results and discussionThe results showed that the effect on all traits except harvest index was significant, and none of the treatments had no significant effect on oil percent Number of grain per pod, and salt stress did not affect harvest index and zeolite on grain yield, number of pods, number of grain per pod, harvest index and greenness significant effect. Results showed that application of zeolite increases grain yield 9 and 26 percentage in control and average stress levels of RGS. But in severe stress condition because of severe prevent water absorption by increasing the osmotic potential into the roots environment, had not significant effect on experimental varieties. Application of zeolite in control condition and non-application of zeolite in severe stress on Zarfam number of pod were the highest and lowest with the difference of 36 %, respectively. Sarigol in control condition and Zarfam in severe showed the highest and lowest of 1000 grain yield with the difference of 22 %, respectively and RGS in control condition and Hayola in severe showed the highest and lowest of number of grain in pod with the difference of 54 %, respectively. It was also observed that application of zeolite in control stress condition on RGS and non-application of zeolite on Hayola in severe stress condition showed the highest and lowest of dry weight with the difference of 50 %, respectively. Results showed that, Sarigol in control condition of salt stress and zeolite was the highest of oil yield compared to Zarfam in condition of severe stress and non-application of zeolite with 66 percentage. Results of the experiment was shown, Zarfam in average stress and non-application of zeolite showed the highest amount of SPAD compaire to the same variety in severe stress and non-application of zeolite with more than double.
ConclusionsApplication of Zeolite increases grain yield of Zarfam and all three levels of salinity reduces this trait in canola varieties, significantly. Due to the low price (500 rials per kg) of zeolite and abundance of this mineral in our country, it can be used to prevent performance degradation of the material used in high salinity lands. Sarigol showed higher values of SPAD index than other cultivars, in terms of salinity and application of zeolite prevent the reduction of SPAD index values in terms of stress.

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is an annual plant, with self-pollinating flowers which belongs to the Pedaliaceae family. This crop is one of the most important oilseed plant in Iran with 6500 and 42 thousand hectares cultivated area in Iran and the world (Golestani and Pakniyat, 2007). India, Sudan, Myanmar and China are the main production centers of this crop (Rajeswari et al., 2010). Water deficit stress reducing photosynthesis, stomata closure due to reduced plant growth, lack of assimilates for grain filling and lower grain filling period of plants (Reddy et al., 2004). Chitin is polysaccharides found in nature and has multiple applications in industry, medicine and agriculture (Wang et al., 2003). Chitosan is a glucosamine polysaccharide derived from chitin that more than 50% of acetyl groups refer has removed. Zeolites are a group of natural porous minerals that acts as a molecular sieve with its crystal structure practices and allow some passage of some ions and block the passage of some others, due to open channels in their ionic lattice.
A split plot factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Research field of Yazd Center of Agriculture and natural resources, Yazd, Iran (31°N 54°E and 1220 m above sea level with sandy loam soil, 7/67 pH = and organic matter) during 2012 growing season. Treatments were three irrigation regimes (irrigation at 50, 65 and 80 percent depletion of plant available water in the soil, as the control, average stress and severe stress) placed in the main plots and foliar application in four levels (concentrations of chitosan with 0.4 percent and 0.05 percent, distilled water (control) and one percent acetic acid (This material is the solvent of chitosan and may affect traits separately)) and zeolite application (not application and use 4.5 tons per hectare) arranged as sub-plots. After determining the moisture content (TDR), field capacity and wilting point, experimental applied. Mean comparisons were performed by Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT) using in SAS 9.2.
Results showed that the interaction effects of all treatments were significant on grain and oil yield, number of seeds per pod and height of the first pod from the ground application of zeolite at the average stress level of irrigation led to 85 percent and 67 percent decreases in oil and seed yield, respectively, averaged over all levels of foliar application. It was also observed that non application of zeolite in average stress level decreased 70 percent of total dry weight, 10 percent oil percentage and number of pod per plant 4 times in comparison with using this mineral material in normal level. Zeolite did not affect the number of pod per plants significantly under controlled condition. By increasing water deficit stress, number of pod per plant was reduced. Zeolite increased number of pod per plant in both moderate and severe water deficit stress condition (29%). Maximum pod length (2.3 cm) was observed in controlled condition which was (30%) higher than severe stress (2.2 cm).
We concluded that Chitosan and zeolite as growth enhancer materials increased yield of sesame under water deficit stress. Results also showed that water deficit stress reduced oil yield, height of first pod and seed in pod that reduce yield being through impact on yield components. Zeolite and chitosan could reduce negative effects of water deficit on plants and improve crop yield and its yield components.

To study the effects of chitosan at 0. 5 (C1)، 0. 1 (C2)، 0. 05 (C3) and 0. 01 (C4) (weight percent) concentrations، distilled water (C5) and one percent acetic acid (C6) as controls on physiological and morphological characteristics of two landrace and modified (SZK-1) dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) varieties، a factorial experiment was conducted in completely randomized design in germinator of the Agronomy Department، Tarbiat Modares University. Results showed that، the interactions of treatments had significant effects on radicle length، plumule dry weigh، protein content and SOD activity. C2V2 and C6V1 produced the highest and the lowest of radicle length with 1. 52 mm difference respectively. Also C2 increased the protein content of landrace variety in compare to C5. High concentrations of chitosan (C1 and C2) increased the SOD activity of modified variety compare to C5. Therefore chitosan can increase some germination characteristics of dragonhead varieties and improved bred varieties showed a better response to this organic compound.