seyed hadi mousavi nik

The purpose of this study was to provide an indicator to estimate the probability of primary school children being exposed to school dropout based on the probit regression model and using the information of 8678 school dropouts and the same number of children in school. These variables can be divided into three categories: economic variables, non-economic variables and environmental variables. The estimation results showed that the signs of the coefficients of the variables are in accordance with theoretical and experimental expectations. For example, increasing the age of the child caregiver, the family size, or the fact that the child caregiver is a woman increases the chances of the child being left out of school. In the section on economic variables, the results show that the low monthly purchase rate, the low household income decile and the lack of a fixed income by the head of the household will also increase this probability. The results of the model estimate also showed that households covered by support institutions will have a lower chance of the child dropping out of school, which indicates the role of support institutions in improving social indicators. In poorer and less developed provinces, the child has a better chance of surviving school. From the point of view of good fitting statistics, the results of the model with a power of 83% is able to distinguish a child who is dropping out of school from a child who is not about to drop out of school.

The relationship between exchange rate changes and trade balance has always been one of the major issues in theoretical literature and policy circles. A new approach to theoretical literature and empirical work suggest that the interaction of these two variables depends on a number of issues, including how each country's export and import markets interact, and the degree to which exports of goods are dependent on imports. For this purpose, in the paper, the relationship between exchange rate and trade balance in the Iranian economy is examined by considering the crucial role of Intra –industry trade in the form of smooth transition regression model for the period 2001: 4 to 2018: 4. The results showed that the coefficient of effect of the exchange rate on the trade balance in each period is affected by the intra--industry index, so that the lower the index, the less the effect of the exchange rate increase on the trade balance, and as this index improves, the impact is greater. This means that the positive effects of money devaluation on the trade balance can be benefited when the competitiveness of domestic products with similar foreign goods in each sector increases.

Lack of reliable statistics relating to government debts in Iran's economy, not only has it influenced on the optimal management of resources and debt, but it has been one of the most important factors affecting the lack of theoretical and experimental literature in this field in Iranian economy; Somehow that he existence of extensive international literature in world, has led to very limited studies in Iran. In this study, the time series of government debt are calculated in four ways. Furthermore, this article has two ways to calculate the optimal ratio of government debt to gross domestic product, and then estimate financial space in Iran economy. In first way, without time series of government debts and based on a simple model this proportion was estimated at 15%. Despite the advantage of this method of not using the time series of debt due to the adoption of some assumptions that are inconsistent with the conditions of the Iranian economy, we cannot accept it easily. Therefore, the second method was investigated, in which first government debt series has been set up and then, using a smooth transition regression, the government's debt ratio was extracted which was 19 percent. Estimates performed in two ways, the highest government debt ratio has been experienced and the ratio of government debt that leads to negative economic growth, show that the government has a fiscal space to 30 or 32 percent of the government debt to GDP ratio.

This study aims to provide a mechanism on long-term relationships between key economic variables, drawing on a vector error correction model with exogenous variables (SVECM). In doing so, quarterly data for the period 1374-1392 has been used to survey the long-run relationship between GDP, real liquidity, exchange rate, price index, a weighted average of foreign countrie's production, oil export earnings and government deficit.
The results show a positive impact in real liquidity's increase on output. The long-term effect of oil export earnings - due to its role in formation of capital- on production was positive, meaning that these earnings play an important role, even in long-term, in economic growth. Results confirmed the existence of fiscal dominance in monetary policy formulation, since 1% increase in non-oil government budget deficit could lead to an 0.46% increase in real liquidity. The results show that an increase in real output and real liquidity, respectively, could decease and increase the real exchange rate. In long run, oil revenues has positive effect on real exchange rate, due to an increase in government controls on nominal exchange rate, that in turn can e caused by government budget's dependency on oil revenues, or cheap imports because of low exchange rate price.

In 2015 "Ministry of Industry, Mine and Trade" and the "Management and Planning Organization" tried to identify the key sectors of the Iranian economy on the verge of the Sixth Five Year "Development Plan". The first report entitled "industrial development strategy" uses general criteria such as the share of value added, employment, exports and comparative advantage and the second one namely "key sectors prioritization of the Iranian economy" identifies key sectors on the basis of traditional methods in Input Output analysis. The findings of both institutions suggest the development of heavy industries. In order to assess these findings, traditional, eigenvector and hypothetical extraction methods have been used to answer three following questions: First, which of these methods give a more realistic picture of Iran’s economy and what are the key sectors? Second, to what extent the results of the three methods proposed, are in line with the proposed recommendations of the two institutions? And the third, will there be any differs of the results obtained from the three methods with the new sectoral classifications? The findings of this paper reveal that: First, of all the results of the hypothetical extraction method are more realistic due to considering the intermediate transactions, and the size of the sectoral final demand and value added, reveal that the number of industrial sectors are reduced and service sectors especially distributional ones are identified as key sectors. Second, unlike the other two methods, the results of the hypothetical extraction show a different picture: The shares of industry sectors are reduced and agriculture and service sectors appear as key sector. Third, classifying key sectors according to level of technology shows "Chemicals excluding pharmaceuticals" and "Pharmaceuticals" is common in the three methods whereas there is a considerable difference in Medium-low-technology and Low-technology industries.

The article aims to examine the effects of various economic sectors on the household income with a social-accounting matrix approach. For this purpose، the SimSIP SAM software of the World Bank (2008) and the accounting matrix of Iranian Parliament Research Centre (2006) have been used. Based on total multipliers، the findings reveal the greatest effects for the construction and agriculture sectors on household income and the greatest effects for the sectors of crude oil، natural gas as well as water، electricity and gas on the company income. By total multiplier decomposition in the framework of structural path analysis، the findings reveal impacts of the agriculture sector through increasing mixed income of households.

Using different technology presumptions by Central Bank and Statistical Center of Iran in designing symmetric tables has confused the users. Users have two solutions for this problem: using the symmetric tables irrespective of the technology presumptions in different economic areas or calculating them based on make-use matrices proportionality to specific goals before using. The article addresses the later. Eight symmetric tables are calculated based on last aggregated statistical make-use matrices designed by Central Bank and Statistical Center of Iran in 1999 and 2001 and are compared with the present tables emphasizing the production structure of petroleum and natural gas. Findings of the research reveal that all elements of the mentioned tables are meaningful and should not easily be modified and removed.

In this paper, a Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium Model have been designed to investigate Fiscal Dominance' effect on social welfare. The designed model has solved by calibration method. Results shows that the degree of fiscal dominance in Iran economy is about 92 percent and decreasing of Fiscal Dominance would lead to decreasing of output loss and increasing of social welfare. However, these results do not mean that the zero degree of fiscal dominance would maximize the social welfare in Iran. Results indicate that increasing of independence of monetary policy to upper than .5 (50 percents) does not any significant positive effect on social welfare.