فهرست مطالب seyed javad hosseinifard

Today, in most pistachio farming areas, the reduction in the quantity and quality of irrigation water, followed by the reduction in the absorption of nutrients by the roots, has reduced the amount of pistachio fruit and its quality. The use of organic materials in sustainable agriculture, such as humic acid, causes the physical modification of the soil, including the increase of pores and water retention capacity and the reduction of evaporation from the soil surface. These substances increase the absorption of nutrients through the improvement of root growth and the formation of chelates of elements, and with the properties of stimulating growth, regulating plant growth hormones and increasing the tolerance of plants against plant stresses, it ultimately increases plant growth and Finally increasing the economic performance of pistachios. This research was carried out in the form of a randomized complete block design with 5 treatments including zero (control), 500, 1000, 1500, 2000 kg per hectare of humic acid produced by Shimi Golfaiz Khorasan Company in three replicates and for two years of cultivation on fertile trees of 35-year-old Kale Ghochi trees. Each plot included 5 trees and a total of 75 trees were tested. Based on the soil test, the lack of nutrients was determined and the required amount of chemical fertilizers (the same amount for all treatments) was used in a mixture with humic acid, and only chemical fertilizers were used in the control treatment. The results of analysis of variance and comparison of treatment averages based on composite analysis of two-year data indicated that the difference between treatments was statistically significant for most of the assessed traits. The fresh and dry weight of the tree showed an increase of 39% and 38%, respectively, in the treatment of 1500 kilos of humic acid compared to the control. The treatment of 500 kg/ha of humic acid had the lowest amount of blank (25% reduction compared to the control) and the highest percentage of non-splitting (48% compared to the control). The treatment of 1000 kg/ha of humic acid caused the highest branch growth with 21% compared to the control. The 1500 kilo humic acid treatment had the highest amounts of calcium (23%), iron (25%), zinc (22%), and manganese (24%) compared to the control. According to the results obtained from this research, the treatment of 1500 kgha-1 of humic increased the fresh and dry yield and the concentration of calcium and micro nutrients elements of iron, zinc and manganese and is introduced as the best treatment. Of course, it should be kept in mind that regardless of the type and concentration of humic acid used, the method of application, the physical and chemical conditions of the soil, the management of the farm are also effective in the results obtained.

The present study aimed to investigate the efficiency of silicate solubilizing bacteria in the release of elements of sepiolite. The greenhouse test was performed as factorial with completely randomized design with three repetitions. This experiment consisted of three bacterial strains (B7, B8, and D1) and pistachio (two cultivars Badami Riz Zarand and Qazvini) and four drought levels (including 90% (control), 75%, 60% and 45% of FC). The seedlings were fed with Hoagland's magnesium-free nutrient solution over a five-month growth period. The vegetative and biochemical traits of the seedlings were studied. The results showed that at the highest level of drought stress, application of strains B1 and B2 increased the rate of root Si uptake in Qazvini seedlings by 77% and 97%, respectively, and in seedlings of Badami Riz Zarand by an average of 2.75 times compared to non-drought stress conditions. Application of B7 strain increased Mg uptake in Qazvini seedlings from 6.91 mg per pot under non-drought stress conditions to 13.9 mg per pot at the highest level of drought stress. In Badami Riz Zarand, the application of the mentioned strain increased the uptake of Mg in the shoot at three stress levels of 75%, 60% and 45% of the field capacity by 74%, 67% and 66%, respectively, compared to non-drought stress conditions. Presence of these bacterial strains in symbiosis with plants will have a significant effect on the release of elements from minerals and its absorption by the plant and thus improve plant nutrition and change the mineral structure.

Pistachio is one of the most important and strategic crops in Iran which is typically cultivated under relatively saline soils and hot weather conditions. The present paper represents the results of an experiment which mainly focused on evaluating the tolerance of pistachio female and male genotypes to salinity stress. This experiment was carried out at the greenhouse of the Pistachio Research Center at Kerman, Iran, during 2016. The hybrids obtained from crosses between 17 male genotypes with a female genotype “Fandoghi” and also the combinations of 19 female genotypes after crossing with a male genotype “M15” were cultured in a completely randomized design with three replications under salt stress (4.2 dS m-1) without drainage in the greenhouse condition for a period of four months. The results show an increasing of the average soil salinity in pots to 32 dS m-1.The results also indicate that salinity might negatively affect growth parameters of pistachio. Therefore, selecting genotypes in this condition might lead to release tolerant genotypes. During the research, some yielded hybrids indicated the higher values for morphological parameters, the lower and higher concentration of Na+ and K+ under salinity stress, respectively. Meanwhile, it was found that, ‘Khanjari Damghan’ and ‘Mohseni’ among female parents, and M10, M15, and M25 among male parents are possible tolerant genotypes for further assessment in the area and also for releasing new rootstocks. The analysis of two clusters, i.e., cluster 1 (‘Khanjari Damghan’, ‘Mohseni’, ‘Lak Sirizi’, ‘Ebrahimi’, ‘Sifadini’, ‘Badami Zarand’, ‘Sephid Peste Nogh’, and ‘Post Kaghazi’) and cluster 2 (M10, M15, M24, M25, and M26) for female and male genotypes, respectively, exhibits that higher morphological parameters and also higher tolerance to salinity. More importantly, the analysis showed that these two categorized sets of genotypes can be proper choices for future breeding programs or to use directly in salinity conditions.

Pistachio is one of the most important and valuable orchard products in Iran, and its compatibility with unfavorable growth conditions, especially drought and salinity, causes its high production in the country. The study aim was to investigate the effect of soil characteristics on pistachio yield and their rating for applying in land suitability assessment studies. So, 124 pistachio orchards were selected in Kerman, Fars, Khorasan-Razavi, Isfahan and East-Azarbaijan provinces. In each orchard, a soil profile was studied and a land use questionnaire completed. After the necessary physical and chemical analyzes, multivariate regression was performed by the stepwise method between yield (dependent variable) and different soil characteristics (independent variables). By creating simple regression relations between effective soil characteristics on yield, the characteristics rating was determined for different land suitability classes. The results showed available potassium, salinity, ESP, sand and CaCO3 had the highest variation, and pH, organic carbon and available phosphorus had the lowest one. The results of stepwise regression showed the input of salinity, ESP, gypsum, CaCO3, gravel, available phosphorus and potassium to the equation were significant (P<0.01). The variables entered into the regression model with NRMSE=0.280 determined 75% of the variance related to the dependent variable (yield). In simple regression relations, salinity, ESP, gypsum, CaCO3 and gravel had negative influence and organic carbon, available phosphorus and potassium had positive influence on yield. The validation of soil variables ratings with R2=0.82 and NRMSE=0.224 distinguished acceptable accuracy of the proposed table which can be confidently applied for use in land suitability assessment.

In this project, the possibilities of changing the method of surface irrigation (flooding) to subsurface irrigation system (with porous PVC tubes) were studied on mature pistachio trees. This research was conducted as a randomized complete block design with three treatments and three replications. Treatments included: control (S) by flood  irrigation with 48 days irrigation frequency and the volume of 6720 cubic meters per hectare, P1 treatment, subsurface irrigation with PVC pipes with the amount of water used for irrigation control(S) and 12 days irrigation frequency and, P2 treatment, subsurface irrigation with PVC pipes with a water content of 75% of the water used to control and 24 days irrigation frequency. The results showed that among the growth characteristics, leaf area, total number of buds, percentage of fallen bud and vegetative bud were significantly affected by changes in irrigation methods. But changing irrigation methods on the most of quantitative and qualitative factors, significant effect at 5% level, as, increased the dry product from 0.8 to 1.6 Kg per tree, reduced blanking from 1.7 to 4.25 percent, increased splitting from 3.5 to 6 percent and reduced the number of nuts per ounce of pistachios from 1.3 to 2 units. While the WUP in irrigation methods of P1 and P2, increased 41.4% and 61.6%, respectively. There were no significant differences (P≤ 0.05) in subsurface irrigation treatments in most traits. The results of soil salinity in the root zone of trees in autumn (before leaching) also showed an increase in soil salinity in the soil surface and above the subsurface pipes. But, soil salinity after leaching and precipitation in the winter was appropriately (Less than 9 dS/m). Economic evaluation of this project showed that high economic justification. So, with an annual investment of about 60 million rials (as an initial investments) in Hectare to change the system, depending on the choice of irrigation method P1 or P2, respectively, earning between 7.6 to 15.2 times the initial investments, growers will receive. Therefore, considering the limitations of the pistachio producing regions in Iran, In terms of quantity and quality of available water resources, P2 method, due to a 25 percent reduction in water consumption and increasing 61.6% and 14.3% in WUP, respectively, compared to methods S and P1, is advisable.

In pistachio growing areas due to high soil pH, nutrient uptake from soil is difficult. One of the ways to solve this problem is to spray the elements that it is applied after leaf analysis and deficiency detection of each element. In this study, the effects of foliar application of different concentrations of Fe from two sources of sulfate and chelate at two different time intervals on plant Fe concentration, yield and fruit quality were investigated. Current research was carried out on four one-hectare pistachio orchards with Owhadi (Fandoghi) cultivar including two in Rafsanjan, one in Kerman and one in Anar region from Kerman province. The study was carried out as a split plot statistical design with time interval of spraying at two levels (15 and 30 days) and sub factor of different concentrations (0, 1 and 2 Kg per 1000 L of iron sulfate; 0, 1.5 and 3 per 1000 L of Fe-EDTA) of two Fe resources (FeSO4 24%, Fe-EDTA 6%) with three replications including five trees in each replicate. The first spraying was conducted on fully expanded leaves near the end of April and the early stages of fruit growth. Fresh and dry weight of pistachio, blank nut percentage, nut-splitting percentage, 100 grains weight (oz. Of pistachio), early splitting percentage, length and diameter of current year branch, number of vegetative and floral buds, floral buds abscission and leaf Fe concentration were measured and  calculated. The results showed that spraying of iron fertilizers on pistachio trees deficient in this element had positive effects on pistachio quantity and quality. In total, three times Fe spraying from Fe-EDTA 6%, chelated source (made in Iran) with concentration of 1.5 Kg per 1000 L H2O at 15 or 30 days interval had the greatest effect on improving the quantity and quality of pistachio. According to the results of this experiment, spraying of above-mentioned treatment in Fe deficient pistachio orchards increased 72 kg / ha dry pistachio yield. In addition, blank nut, nut early splitting and floral buds abscission decreased 8, 1.3 and 7%, respectively. The percentage of nut splitting increased 5% and ounce of pistachio was reduced one unit.

Increasing concentrations of heavy metals in the environment have raised serious environmental concerns. Cadmium is one of the most toxic heavy elements in organisms and it has no biological role. So far, little research has been done on the status of heavy metals in pistachio orchards and factors affecting them. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between cadmium extracted with DTPA in soil and other soil physical and chemical properties in agricultural soils of Rafsanjan using stepwise regression and artificial neural network modeling.

In this study, 140 soil samples from two depths of 0 to 40 and 40 to 80 cm were collected from pistachio orchards in six regions of Rafsanjan suburb. Soil characteristics including available Cd and Zn concentration measured using DTPA, P concentration by Olsen method, percent of sand, clay and silt by hydrometer method, and pH and electrical conductivity of soil saturated extract by pH meter and EC meter, respectively, were measured. In order to investigate the relationship between available Cd and physical and chemical properties of the soil, stepwise regression and artificial neural network (multi-layer feed forward) were used.

The results showed a significant and positive correlation between phosphorus and clay content and soil cadmium, a negative and significant correlation between Cd-DTPA and pH and clay percentage, and a positive correlation between available Cd and available Zn, total Zn, and total Cd. The results also showed that both modeling methods are
accurate in estimating soil cadmium concentration, although the neural network model was more accurate. The R2 and root of mean square error for the neural network model were 84.3% and 0.01% for the test data, and 27.2% and 1.43% for the stepwise regression model, respectively. Also, cadmium concentration showed the highest sensitivity to zinc concentration and other parameters such as clay, pH, phosphorus, EC, and sand were in the next order of importance, respectively. These results confirm that due to the consumption of zinc containing fertilizers and the increased consumption of phosphate fertilizers which have high impurity in the amount of cadmium, an increase in soil cadmium concentration is observed in the pistachio orchards.

Zinc and phosphorus fertilizers used in pistachio orchards have a significant impurity of cadmium that can cause soil contamination by cadmium due to its long-term use and absorption of this toxic element in pistachio plant and fruit. Therefore, while complying with national and international standards in the production and import of fertilizers, the use of these fertilizers should be optimized by analyzing and interpreting the results of soil and leaf analysis to reduce the risk of pistachio fruit contamination to cadmium.

Two problems of increasing costs and environment effects have enhanced the important of nutrition temporal management and its effects on productivity. In typical agricultural activities, inputs such as chemical fertilizers, plant pesticides and water are used uniformly and without regard to their actual needs in farms and orchards. However, given the high emphasis on the quality and efficiency of food production, it is necessary to use inputs based on actual needs in terms of time and place.

In this study, at first, the scientific points of view were determined related to deficiency and toxicity symptums and time management of nutrition. Then, growers' attitude and behavior regarding temporal management of this input was evaluated. Comparing growers' knowledge with experts' idea, the pistachio producers' number related to temporal management of nutrition and was calculated. Using questionnaire method, data was collected. Pistachio producers of Anar and Rafsanjan cities in Kerman province were study population. Using stratified random sampling method, a sample of 100 farmers was selected. As, more than one orchard were considered for each grower, final sample size was 286. Also, for measuring the effects of socio economic factors on growers' knowledge and also the effects of growers' knowledge on pistachio yield, Pearson correlation, variance analysis and regression methods were used.

The results showed that average of farmers' knowledge regards to temporal management of nutrition and recognizing the symptums of deficiency and toxicity nutrients is low and is very different among pistachio producers. Among the three indicators of deficiency and toxicity of elements, the time of elements application during the year and based on the plant growth stage, farmer's knowledge about the application time of the elements during the year was the best and about plant growth index was the worst condition. Also, among the elements studied, nitrogen is the best, followed by phosphorus and potassium.The results, also, showed that research and extension activities have had the significant effect on increasing knowledge of input temporal management. Also, knowledge of nutrition temporal management has increased land productivity. In this regard, one number increasing in farmers' knowledge will enhance pistachio yields, 21.32 kilogram per hectare. In other words, a person who receives 20, his yield is 426 kilogram per hectare more than a person who receive zero.

The knowledge of farmers and the impact of this knowledge on productivity of fertilizer use can be increased with the quantitative and qualitative increase in education and extension, raising the quality level of human resources employed in agriculture, improving water and soil conservation guidelines and reforming the rules for paying subsidies.

Nutrients have a great effect on quantity and quality of pistachio. Considering that Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) uses the nutritional balancing concept or relationship among nutrients, usage for the over growth stage and equal effect in different varieties and climates, it is postulated that this method might be more precise than other methods in the detection of nutritional deficiencies or/and excesses in pistachio trees. More than 3000 leave samples from different orchards in pistachio growing area of Kerman province were selected to determining of DRIS norms. Ten nutrients were determined in the samples which were collected from non-fruit branches in July, including of nitrogen(N), phosphorous(P), potassium(K), calcium(Ca), magnesium(Mg), iron(Fe), zinc(Zn), manganese(Mn), copper(Cu) and boron(B)  according to the conventional methods. DRIS norms were determined by selected nutritional rates based on greatest variance ratio of high-yielding and low-yielding population with 2000Kg/ha as discriminating border for low and high-yielding population. DRIS indexes were presented based on determined DRIS norms. These indexes can be defining priority of nutrients deficiency in pistachio leaf. Priority of ten nutrients was determined for each pistachio orchard with low yield and as totally nutrients requirement arrangement was as Mn>Zn>K>Fe>N>Cu>P>Ca>B>Mg in pistachio growing area of Kerman province. More pistachio orchards in this study had manganese, zinc, potassium, iron and nitrogen deficiency. High NBI in low-yielding population indicate unbalancing nutrients in study areas.

The cracking of pistachio nuts is the major source of mold contamination as well as pests and aflatoxins.

The effects of deficit irrigation on pistachio-nut cracking were evaluated at two irrigation intervals(25 days and 45 days) and five omissions of the irrigation time. The frequencies of hull early splitting and cracking weredetermined in nuts.

All and all, long irrigation intervals and deficit irrigation since late April until early June were critical andincreased the early splitting rate (up to 90%) in comparison with regular irrigation. The highest frequencies of the earlysplitting of pistachios were observed due to the drought stress at early June ranging from 7.7 percent to 9.6 percent. Deficitirrigation in July increased the rate of pistachio hull cracking significantly. The averages of the hull early splitting andcracking formation were by 37 percent and 18.5 percent higher in 45 days of irrigation intervals compared with 25 days,respectively. The contents of B1 and B2 aflatoxins in hull early splitting and cracking were 223.4 µg.kg-1 and 25.47 µg.kg-1,respectively. In hull cracking fruits, aflatoxin B1 and B2 were 111.06 µg.kg-1 and 9.71 µg.kg-1, respectively.

In general, to reduce the risks of aflatoxins in pistachio nuts, it is critical to manage irrigation in April andJune.

Unsustainable withdrawal of agricultural water resources in the province of Kerman has caused an annual average of one-meter drop in ground watertable. Drop in groundwater levels, in addition to decreasing water resources, has caused their gradual salinization. Thus, it is necessary to carry out research to find the ways for increasing water use productivity (WUP) and new guidelines to use saline water. This research was conducted in randomized complete block design, consisting of two types of irrigation water (normal and magnetic saline water with a salinity of about 19 dS/m) and two amounts of irrigation water (85% and 100% of the water requirements of pistachio trees). Treatments were compared with a mixture of non-saline and saline water treatment as a control (with a salinity of 6.5 dS/m). Irrigation was done every 30 days, based on the irrigation frequency of the experimental plots before the project. The results showed that, in most cases, there was no significant difference (p

Soil organic matter is the largest source of organic carbon in the soil surface which played an enormous role in restoring balance, environmental sustainability, soil elements and climatic conditions. Organic materials influence physical, chemical and biological properties of soil and thus soil fertility directly and indirectly. The amount, type and composition of organic matter are different in different soil and climatic conditions. Different soil components can hold different combination of soil organic matter. In this study soil samples were collected from virgin, Populus and Alnus forests from Guilan Province, Iran. The amount of organic matter in the original samples and sand, silt and clay fractions were measured and the quality of organic carbon (13C) and hydrogen (1H) were determined in fractions by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Based on the results the amount of organic carbon in the original samples of Alnus forest was highest. among fractions, clay had the highest amount of organic carbon. The result of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance showed presence of different aliphatic and aromatic carbons and hydrogen in different samples. Virgin forest had the highest proportion of alkyl to oxygenated alkyl carbon ratio and Alnus forest showed the highest ratio of aliphatic to aromatic carbon,. Both mentioned ratios was higher in clay fraction than other two fractions.

Many studies have been carried out both to produce ectomycorrhiza in axenic culture media and to investigate the impact of this symbiotic system on the plants. However, no investigation has been conducted on the effect of ectomycorrhizas on mineral concentration of pistachio when mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants exposed to different amounts of Mg. Ectomycorrhizal pistachio plants were produced using Agaricus bisporus, along with non-mycorhhizal plants were grown under sterilized condition in conical flasks where they were treated with four concentrations of MgSO4 prepared from Hogland nutrient solution with half of its concentration. After plant harvesting the concentration of Ca, Mg, P, Fe, K, Na, Zn, Mn and Cu of plants were measured. Colonization rate had increased in mycorrhizal plants when they exposed to higher Mg rates. The concentration of the above cations increased significantly in mycorrhizal plants in comparison to non-mycorrhizal plants. In ectomycorrhizal plants the excess amounts of Mg of high concentrations did not move to the shoots and was accumulated in the roots. The results were discussed with especial reference to the role of ectomycorrhizas in plant nutrition.