shahrzad sasanpur

Given the need for international relations and the role of customs law in the development of any country, the present article recognizes the customs provisions in Iran's agreements with Russia. This article describes the results of customs exemptions in the contracts concluded with Russia during the reign of Nasser al-Din Shah (1267-1275 AH / 1848-1896 AD) and Muzaffar al-Din Shah (1275 -1285 AH/ 1896-1907 AD) by descriptive-analytical method and using library documents and resources. based on Wallerstein's theory of the world order. The main question of the research is why in the agreements concluded with Russia; was the country's customs revenue considered to guarantee Iran's debts? It is assumed that Iran's economic weakness and Russia's lack of confidence in the financial strength of the governments in power in Iran, there was a doubt that if Iran does not fulfill its obligations under the agreements, or short, how to compensate for the damage?During this period, due to the weakness of Iran's political and economic structures, various countries and Russia included provisions in the amount of customs tariffs and tax exemptions in their peace treaties and trade agreements with Iran. Gradually, the exemption from customs duties on imported goods, Iran's handicrafts and workshops became defenseless in competition with imported products. Guaranteeing the payment of customs revenues as a backing of obligations, which was one of the most important revenues of the Qajar government and always poured large figures into the treasury of the government, could solve Russia's doubts about paying Iran's debts. They became the third government. Although the country expanded trade relations with Russia due to its strategic position, trade in northern Iran was monopolized by Russia. With the establishment of the Ministry of Finance and the annexation of customs to it in 1911 (1329 AH) the customs structure was improved, but still prevented tariff protections for domestic products. Iran was one of the peripheral countries during this period.

The present article seeks to understand the theoretical foundations of the influence of the Shahsoon and skeptical tribes on the developments in Miandoab. Given that the settlement of nomads between the Turkish and Kurdish areas played a major role in reducing tensions and defending against the aggressors, and so far no independent research has been done on this issue, it is very important to address this issue. The present study has been compiled based on documents, library resources and descriptive and analytical methods. According to studies, the establishment of tribes and the creation of a barrier between the Turkish-populated areas of Miandoab and Kurdish villages and towns has provided the ground for creating security, economic prosperity and the interaction of Turkish and Kurdish ethnic groups. Findings and results indicate that due to the high capacities of nomads and having an important strategic position in Miandoab, they have major effects on developments, power equations, security, sustainable development and peaceful coexistence of Turkish and Kurdish ethnic groups in the region. . According to documents in the Pahlavi era, forced settlement of nomads put them in difficult conditions, livestock activities stagnated, and livestock production plummeted. The policy of changing social structures during this period had a major impact on the fragility of Eilat life and led to migration, reduced livestock production, unemployment and their marginalization around Miandoab and neighboring cities.

Due to the inefficiency of small plots of land, farmers were forced to migrate from villages and settle on the outskirts of cities. This issue had effective consequences in Miandoab region and led to false employment and an increase in the number of day laborers in Miandoab city, and as a result, agricultural products decreased. Implementation of land reforms in the region caused a decline in production and transfer of capital from rural to urban areas and affected the lives of villagers, and for a trial start of law enforcement from Miandoab region as one of the areas of Maragheh city, which aims to achieve It was the political, economic, and social consequences of breaking the landlords' political influence that were important consequences. The economic consequences of enforcing the law in Miandoab led to the expansion of the peasant exploitation system and the change of land ownership, and had little economic benefit for them. In the social dimension, it led to the growth and development of the peasantry and the working class, reducing inequality and eliminating the landlord-peasant system, which shows the weakening of the power of Miandoab owners and increased concentration of government power in rural areas.

The present article has been compiled with a historical-analytical method and with the aim of examining the relations of the Sassanid government with China in economic and political dimensions. With the fall of the Parthian dynasty and the repression of the Kushans by the Sassanids, Sogdian merchants replaced the Kushans in relations between Iran and China. The findings of this study indicate that factors such as the Sassanid Empire's rivalry with Eastern Rome over the monopoly of silk products, the choice of Sassanid silver coins in the exchange of goods with Rome, etc., the creation of ports on both sides of the Persian Gulf, immigrants And new cities in Central Asia, and the residence of the Sogdians in the cities of Luoyang and Chang-an, expanded economic-trade relations between Iran and China. from the time of Ghobad I to suppress Hayatleh, the era of Khosrow Anoshirvan to suppress the Turks, and then from the time of Yazdgerd III and his descendants to suppress the Arabs, Khaqan was asked for help from China, which, although unsuccessful, caused relations between the two countries Find political. After the death of Yazdgerd III, Khaqan recognized his son Pirooz as the "King of Iran" in a small area of ​​Seyhun, but the Arab invasion of Takharistan resulted in Piroozh's asylum in China and made him one of Khaqan's officers. The efforts of Narsi, the son of Pirooz and Bahram, the son of Yazdgerd, also failed in attacking the Arabs, and since the Sassanids were considered a danger to the Khaqan remained silent in the face of the third Yazdgerd descendants between the Arab and Eastern Turks.

The month of Bam has a strong geographical, strategic, political, security, administrative and commercial positions in the old days, the resource of orientation of Murkhan, the geography of Danan, two travelers, internal and external tourists, pastanasan and پاگری پوچکronا Boudeh Tabareh and Ghezhar Ghazal articles. And this is a ridiculous note, as most of it has historical-political incidents, and I will choose Kalabadi, my year, when the month of Arg and the castle of Bardakhta is very strong. Duran Bastan ta Asr Qajarshahr Bam Ba historical transformations - Kalbady, Dar Bakhsh old, and Basyari az sites with pictures of the parts of Roya Rushid. The era of Muhammed Shah Qajar and the name of Sarkoubi Agha Khan Mahallai in the gradation of Mardam, where is the month of Dar Bakhsh Biruni and the new name of the housing of Yaftandaka, where is the era of Nasir al-Din Shah Shadat Yafat, where is the presence of an old Bakhsh, complete, and az? Darbara had left the castle and old Bakhsh as well as the people of the Qajar era, despite the codification of پuhsh hi multi, ta kanun پاپesh Dorkhori Daddah, a visit with the effects of his Madinah and the history of the University of Iran as it was established in the direction of the city of Shahr. We sing.

Medicine in relation to human health in history always have been respect Scholars, and in this regard has changed. Landmark development of this science in Iran is Qajar period. This study focused on the socio-cultural factors in response to a written question: whether the socio-cultural factors are role in the spread of modern medicine in Qajar period? The assumption was that the socio-cultural factors have contributed to the spread of modern medicine. To prove this hypothesis using library and documentary based approach descriptive - analytical combination of factors such as the belief in the superiority of western modern education, thinking through the superiority of modern medicine, tolerance in some socio-cultural issues in addition to the factors like keep up with the joneses in refer to foreign doctors, to flaunt wealth and power were reviewed. The results confirmed the hypothesis and showed each of socio-cultural factors were effective together and the size of its force.