نشریه جامعه شناسی سیاسی ایران
سال چهارم شماره 3 (پیاپی 15، پاییز 1400)

The purpose of this article is to answer this question. Is it possible to find in the constitutional movement a trace of Iranian nationalism? Prior to the constitutionalist movement, Mirza Fathali Akhundov formulated and founded "Romantic Nationalism" and found a handful of followers. But given the demands of the first, second, and after the constitution and its signature by Mozaffar al-Din Shah Qajar, there is no trace of Iranian nationalism (Romantic nationalism). The line between the constitutionalists and the opposition was conditional, and in the second phase the struggle between the constitutionalists and the constitutionalists was at the head of the constitutional forces. , Mazandarani and Naini, who escaped gaze into their written works One can find Iranian nationalism. Both sides disagreed or agreed with the position of religion on the basis of jurisprudential arguments. Thus, the results of the research based on the data of the present generation show the lack of Iranian nationalism and that romantic nationalism played no role in that movement. So the hypothesis of the article would be that the constitutional movement was created with the aim of creating a condition for power and lacking any color and smell of romantic nationalism.

Social indifference implies a kind of disregard for individuals, laws, norms, social and political events and events. . . It is in a society that has been strongly condemned and strongly condemned by many scholars in various fields of study.The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between religiosity and social indifference among the citizens of Bushehr city. Research Method In this research, the survey method and data collection tool is a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population of this study is all persons over 18 years old in Bushehr city with the latest statistics of about 150,000 people and 384 of them based on Cochran formula as sample size.The results showed that between religiosity and all its dimensions, religious belief (P = 0.38), religious ritual (P = 0.44), religious consequence (P = 0.27), The empirical dimension of religiosity (P = 0.32), emotional dimension of religiosity (P = 0.35) and negative and significant relationship between social indifference among citizens of Bushehr. Therefore, all the research hypotheses are confirmed. The results of the structural equation model (Smart PLS) also show that religiosity had a moderate effect on social inequality (-0.44) and the religiosity variable explained 0.23 of the variance in social inequality.

Identity is something that is becoming and the ground for its formation is collective life In this regard, our society contains different interpretations of Iranian identity, which is a living issue between discourses in various areas of life. And power, as the main factor in the formation of identity, creates the knowledge and truth it needs.One of the signs of identity in Iran is the Ashura event, which has validity and authority in the minds and consciences of Shiites. In this regard, the phenomenon of "Arbaeen Walk" as a cultural identity has developed in recent years ; therefore, re-evaluating and analyzing the presence of power in the formation of identity is the issue of this research.This study analyzes the two major identity discourses before and after the Islamic Revolution of Iran by adopting the method of "genealogy" and relying on components such as discontinuity, knowledge system, position of power and resistance, association of power with knowledge and truth and then it has tried to formulate a new cultural identity and how it is broken and its new manifestation.

Transparent government is a new model of modern government based on the transparency of political-economic practices and behaviors.Freedom of information and citizens' access to public information is the most important feature of this government. The purpose of this study is to provide a model of transparent government for the Islamic Republic of Iran. For this purpose, the data theory of the foundation was used and 16 experts in the field of transparency were interviewed using two methods of targeted sampling and snowball.In order to analyze the data, three types of coding including open, axial and selective coding were performed. In the process of this research, 163 open codes and 12 central codes were extracted, based on which the paradigm model of government transparency in the socio-cultural context of Iran was extracted. According to the findings of this study, the components of a transparent government are: good governance, quality social participation, government agility and free flow of information. Also, the factors affecting government transparency based on the participants' opinions are: the government's will and motivation for transparency, social contexts and conditions, environmental culture, step-by-step implementation of transparency, institutionalization, strengthening public culture, transparent management, corruption management and control and empowerment Civil SocietyThus, in the cultural and political conditions of Iranian society, if these factors exist together and at the same time, the formation of a transparent government with the above characteristics is not far from expectation. 

Since the constitutional era, the need to form a political system based on the rule of law has always been a concern. With the establishment of the Islamic Republic, the idea of Sharia law was realized, but the existing difficulties in this field, which were due to the hidden dichotomies between these two elements, became apparent. Because the acceptance of the republic and the validity of the majority vote was accompanied by the establishment of the legislative body and the council by the people and the formulation of the rules of the matter. Therefore, in this study, by examining the relationship between Sharia and law in the theories of thinkers as theoretical foundations of research, the nature of the Islamic Republic in the face of the duality of law and Sharia with reference to the works of Imam Khomeini and the Constitution was analyzed. This is important because many of the challenges we face today are rooted in ambiguit, and incompatibility as part of the theoretical and intellectual foundations on which a system is based, In this regard, the main question is what is the nature of the Islamic Republic in dealing with the duality of Sharia and law? Our hypothesis in answer to this question is that the Islamic Republic is a system based on the rule of Sharia and centered on the absolute authority of the jurisprudent. The research method is qualitative interpretation and data collection by library method.

The presidential election plays an important role in strengthening the people's connection with the future of the country. In the Islamic Republic of Iran, with the presidential election, the second executive position of the country has been elected for 4 years and the election of each person at this level will play a decisive role on the various executive levels of the country. In the run-up to the 13th presidential election, various political currents are seeking to nominate a candidate on the campaign scene. Due to the importance of this period of the presidential election, researchers study the political current by trying to examine the possibility of the dominance of political currents. The present article examines the formation of different discourses and tries to present the spectrum of elections with a specific analytical model and explain the patterns of participation based on it. It is assumed that if the candidates of these discourses pass the supervision of the Guardian Council and the effective components of the international system do not change significantly, the presence of the discourse of political and social currents based on three discourses with specific sub-discourses will play a role in election staging. The question is, what are the scenarios of discourse competition in the upcoming elections and what effect will they have on people's voting behavior? The method of analysis in this paper will be the method of discourse. In collecting data, library and documentary sources as well as reliable internet sources have been used.

Participation is the foundation of development. Development without participation is losing its meaning in today's world. The development of societies from traditional to modern, authoritarian to democratic has depended on the institutionalization of a culture of political participation in societies. Political participation means the power of citizens to influence political, executive, and socio-political power and governance. Ilam province, as a province, is developing and evolving, having experienced five rounds of National Assembly elections before the victory of the Islamic Revolution. However, the people's knowledge of the elections was very low, and consequently their presence at the ballot box was low, but in the ten rounds of the Islamic Consultative Assembly elections after the victory of the Islamic Revolution. People with higher knowledge of elections and candidates have had a higher participation, so that it can be said that today elections are institutionalized among the people of Ilam province and have become part of the culture, as after the Islamic Revolution had a relatively good level of political participation. Accordingly, the present article intends to answer the question of what social factors have influenced the political participation of Elamite citizens? The research method in this article is qualitative and interview technique. It is cross-sectional, expansive and practical Qualitative examples of those representatives are in the life of the Islamic Consultative Assembly from the beginning of the revolution until now. The conclusion of the present article shows that the factor of tribal-tribal and tribal prejudices has the greatest effect on the level

The right to security is the first and most individual need that human beings seek.Man has empirically understood that in choosing between freedom and security, he sacrifices freedom for security.Therefore, governments increase their powers by magnifying security. This approach, in some cases, leads to the violation of some human rights of human beings, under the heading of violation of the right to security.While the existence of security, for individuals and the government, creates a task independently. Individuals are obliged to respect each other's material and spiritual rights, and the government provides security for the people by enacting laws and administrative and judicial organizations.The need for security in society has sometimes led to some human rights needs being met. The present study aims to investigate the right to security and its human rights challenges in the criminal policy of Iran and the United States.This research has been done in the form of theoretical and library studies with descriptive and analytical methods. The results of the study show that the existing challenges imply that securityism is not necessarily a completely negative and transgressive strategy. However, if, in its wake, human rights standards are violated and tools are provided for governments that can hang on to them, at least monitor the social movements of citizens and their right to security, it is by no means a viable process. It is not a defense and can even have the opposite effect.

Comparative analysis of social justice in the performance of constructive government and justice-oriented governmentAbstract:The purpose of this study is to study and analyze social justice in the governments of Hashemi Rafsanjani and Ahmadinejad. The basis of review and analysis in this study includes speeches of presidents, the main regulatory bills of the two governments, official government reports and executive actions of the governments under review. The main question is what are the similarities and differences between social justice in the performance of the constructive government and the justice-oriented government? This article is based on the assumption that social justice was the main issue, but its definition and examples were different. In this article, using the method of comparative analysis with emphasis on the importance of justice in the system of the Islamic Republic of Iran, justice in theory and practice in the Hashemi and Ahmadinejad governments has been studied and analyzed. The findings of this article show that Ali Despite the efforts of these governments to achieve social justice, the definition and examples of justice are different from their point of view. Hashemi considers "economic growth" as the center of his theory of justice, Ahmadinejad emphasizes "fair distribution of opportunities and facilities for all." Although the above-mentioned organizations tried to address the issue of social justice in their development and performance programs, but in each of the mentioned governments, a proper perception of justice has been done and reflected in the functional spirit of that government.

Investment is the main requirement for countries that are trying to achieve a satisfactory level of economic development. One of the most important markets to attract investment is the capital market. By reviewing theoretical and empirical studies, we try to answer the question that what is the relationship between social capital and stock market? The findings of the paper show that the capital market is influenced by social capital through variables such as trust and the cooperation between individuals to achieve economic goals and as social capital is stronger as the economy and stock market will be strengthened. The paper also shows that by increasing communication, strengthening associations and increasing social participation that means boosting social capital, capital market will also be strengthened.Strengthening the capital market is a strategy that can have many fruits for different sections of society.And the overflow of positive effects is manifested in the strengthening of social capital in the capital market and economic development.

Due to the inefficiency of small plots of land, farmers were forced to migrate from villages and settle on the outskirts of cities. This issue had effective consequences in Miandoab region and led to false employment and an increase in the number of day laborers in Miandoab city, and as a result, agricultural products decreased. Implementation of land reforms in the region caused a decline in production and transfer of capital from rural to urban areas and affected the lives of villagers, and for a trial start of law enforcement from Miandoab region as one of the areas of Maragheh city, which aims to achieve It was the political, economic, and social consequences of breaking the landlords' political influence that were important consequences. The economic consequences of enforcing the law in Miandoab led to the expansion of the peasant exploitation system and the change of land ownership, and had little economic benefit for them. In the social dimension, it led to the growth and development of the peasantry and the working class, reducing inequality and eliminating the landlord-peasant system, which shows the weakening of the power of Miandoab owners and increased concentration of government power in rural areas.

Social capital is the communication and social networks that can create a sense of cooperation and trust among the people of a society. Today, social capital is one of the central factors affecting the development of neighborhoods and cities. The research method of this article is a survey and the statistical population includes citizens over 18 years old living in neighborhoods of Jahrom city. The statistical sample of this study is 384 people. This figure was determined based on referring to Morgan table. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data and Amos structural equations SPSS software was used to analyze the research data. The results showed that the amount of social capital varies between the studied neighborhoods. Findings show that the level of interpersonal trust among respondents is higher than public trust and it is an institution that has a high level of informal participation among them and a low level of formal participation.

In dealing with confidential information, there is access to market information that most traders are not aware of. Different groups, such as primary groups and secondary groups, have this information. The primary holders of confidential information generally consist of managers, members of the board of directors, company representatives, etc, and those who were accidentally informed. Both groups have civil liability. In fact, the main question of the present study is what is the civil liability of users of confidential information in stock exchange transactions? The research method is library and it is been tried to examine the three pillars of civil liability resulting from the use of confidential information by considering the responsibility of disclosing information in stock exchange transactions. The results showed that the disclosure of confidential information alone is not enough to fulfill civil liability and the existence of three elements of fault, detriment and Causality is also necessary. With the addition of these conditions, the victims can file a lawsuit to legally claim compensation.

Social capital is an important element that affects the typology of political culture. The most important reason the thinkers of social and political sciences consider for political effects of this capital is that social capitals have been created by human resources like human skills. In the present study, the theories of Almond, Verba, Putnam, and Bourdieu were used. The exploratory method and survey approach were respectively used for data collection. A survey was done on 382 citizens born before 1981 and 382 citizens born after 1981 in Shiraz; this was done through multi-stage cluster sampling. SPSS software was used for data analysis. The results indicated that there is no significant difference between the two generations regarding social capital but there is a significant difference between them regarding kinds of political culture. Moreover, there is a significantly negative relationship between social capital and limited subordinate political culture among both generations. Furthermore, hypothesis testing showed that empowering social capital results in the growth of the cooperative political culture among both generations.

The aim of this study was to identify and sociologically explain feminist attitudes among Iranian women. The method of the present study was qualitative-exploratory and was implemented with a qualitative content analysis approach. The participants were women over 18 years old in Isfahan who satiated the data after 10 interviews with the available sampling method. The data collection tool was a semi-structured interview, and the data analysis was performed in the form of open, pivotal and selective triple coding. The results showed; The women studied had four Marxist feminist, Islamic, liberal and radical attitudes. In the Marxist feminist view, categories such as oppression and exploitation of women in the workplace, gender dominance and women's weak perception were included. In the Islamic feminist view, some of the identified categories included inequality and discrimination in the ransom of men and women, inequality in inheritance, and in the radical feminist view, some categories included the institutionalization of patriarchy and other forms of male abuse. Finally, in the liberal feminist perspective, categories such as women's gender socialization, women's empowerment, and the division of labor function were obtained.

The evolution of cyberspace in recent years and its pervasive expansion and the tremendous impact this environment has on human life in a way that minimizes the boundary between real-world and cyber-life. The need to pay for new aspects of cyberspace has become inevitable. The evolution of cybercrime and the spread of organized cyber crime groups apart from its various forms make it increasingly necessary to address legal strategies to tackle this transnational criminal phenomenon. In other words, given the limitation of the scope of organized cybercrime and the interference of international organizations and governments with this type of criminal phenomenon, identifying national and transnational legislative measures and strategies against it is particularly important; It can be tackled by other cyber-attackers. Therefore, in the present study, by analyzing the strategies of the United Nations and the Council of Europe, as well as the legislative policies of some governments in the fight against organized cybercrime, and in addition to examining the legal policy of our country against such crimes, it has provided an analysis and analysis of existing strategies. It was determined, therefore, that in order to fully address and prevent organized cybercrime, we need to develop legal criminal policy and take advantage of the practices and actions of other international actors as described in this article to address the gaps and shortcomings of criminal polic to let's get rid of our legacies.

Vandalism is the deliberate and conscious destruction of public facilities, it is an anti-social behavior resulted from a sense of extortion, and failure and an instance of rebel against social injustices. Vandalism is a behavior in itself rather than the result of another; it is an environment-based action in which the effect of everything on the surface of a community including cultural, intellectual and material possessions cannot be neglected. Following no material objectives, a vandal expresses their wrath impairing public facilities and utilities; this anomalous phenomenon could be referred as a means of violating public welfare in which absence of any material objective excludes the action from actions liable to offence against properties and possession. Vandalism includes the repetition of vandalistic actions; a habitual perversity based on the person’s sociability and certainly based on psychiatric and structural factors. This article tries to introduce vandalism as a social harm and more importantly, recommend practical ways to decline it in society. The method is descriptive (library) analysis of data. The researcher tries to scrutinize the social harm with positive analyses. This social harm deserves excessive approachs to avoid creating any obstructions on development; the author eventually takes care of it on the basis of the literature and the theoretical basis and recommendation of the scholars in the field and presents some approaches.

Algebra is one of the most important philosophical, political, and social issues of Islam because it has a lot to do with the role of human beings in their actions and their well-being. The history of Islamic thought has always been the site of intellectual controversy among the proponents of each of these theories. The Ash'arites are one of the schools that strongly supported determinism. The arguments presented by them dominated the history of Islamic thought for about 14 centuries. Ayatollah Jafar Sobhani has criticized the deterministic view of the Ash'arites in his book Algebra and Authority. The aim of this study was to investigate Ayatollah Sobhani's critical approach to Ash' arite determinism using a study-library method. In the book of Algebra and Authority, he criticizes the Ash'arites in general in explaining the issue of Algebra and Authority in three cases: Contradiction between human free will and absolute divine will.

Judiciary and outsourcing Informal litigation has political and social aspects. The principle of separation of powers underlies the intrinsic duties of each of the three forces. As each of the devices is required to create the necessary organization and remove unnecessary organization from its structure. Also, the principle of independence of forces implies the elimination of unnecessary structure and the creation of the necessary organization for the forces. Accordingly, none of the powers can outsource the necessary structure to other powers under the pretext of downsizing the government, but it can delegate minor matters to the extra-governmental sector. Also, the focus of the judiciary on the adjudication of important matters accelerates it and, as a result, the general satisfaction of the society. In addition, the unnecessary costs of running informal structures are reduced, the government receives lower taxes, and gains public satisfaction with the political entity. Enacting regulations that facilitate access to private litigation for the public, while reducing trivial litigation in the courts, leads to the acceptance of rulings by informal litigants. As before, the holy shari'a, using the public's interest in informal litigation, recognized private litigation, such as arbitration.

Ethnic nationalism has become a tool in the hands of European colonial powers to promote ethnicity, oppose Islam, and undermine the unity of the peoples of the Islamic world. The seventeenth to the nineteenth century had a very significant impact on the political and cultural image of the dominant countries of the world. With the establishment of the Pahlavi dynasty, Reza Khan sought to provide a stable political legitimacy for his government by adopting the ideology of nationalism and patriotism. A cursory look at the nationalist historiography of the last century in Iran shows that this kind of view of history and its use not only did not lead to national unity and pride, but also led to intense ethnicism and sometimes separatism among the Iranian ethnic groups. Which did not exist before in Iran. This article tries to discuss how to use history as a tool to establish Reza Shah's nationalist claims.

The formation of the Pahlavi government in Iran and their geopolitical expansionist policy in the Middle East had led to their extensive relations with the governments of the region. Accordingly, the Iranian government, in order to establish relations with the Middle East states, turned to the expansion of the Foreign Ministry and the expansion of foreign relations.

In this regard, the present study has been collected by descriptive-analytical method and relying on documents, manuscripts and library resources.

The findings of the study indicate that the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was fully aware of the importance of Iran's geopolitical position in the region and international order during the period. During this period, separate circles were formed in the affairs of the Middle East.

the analysis of the performance of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Iran's political relations with the Middle East government between the years (1356-1320 AD), which shows the geopolitical situation and position of Iran at that time in the region and the international environment, can be helpful for historians and geopoliticians.

Various goals have been stated for punishment as a reaction to a crime, but one of its most important goals is to restore stability, peace and security to society, to correct the offender and to return him to the right path through error. Prosecution of criminals is the best way to create security in society, but sometimes neglecting punishment provides the best interest of society. In situations where the punishment loses its effectiveness and sometimes leads to corruption, it is time to apply other cases such as suspension, parole and amnesty, which, if used correctly and instead, can be the purpose of the punishment. It's going to provide a better way.Among the mentioned cases, amnesty is the oldest of them, which has been introduced in different societies, religions and tribes from the distant past and has been applied in different ways.The highest type of amnesty, which is called "amnesty amnesty" in jurisprudence, and according to the existing principles in Islamic criminal policy, can not only provide the development of criminal justice, but also show the face of mercy and devotion to religion to increase the authority of Islamic rule. And the effects of this type of amnesty in different dimensions, have been dealt with analytically and using library resources.

Today, the spread of terrorism and how it is carried out is done with the direct support of individuals and legal entities (such as governments) before, during and after military conflicts and directly and indirectly, and even using advanced technologies such as robots, drones or cyberspace. . This diversity and breadth of terror has led to a lack of jurisdiction at the international level; Because in compound crimes (crimes that begin and end in several countries) and extraterritorial; National courts will have jurisdiction in the event of access to or extradition of offenders, and the Statute of the International Criminal Court, as an international judicial authority, is not competent to commit terrorism (under Article 5 of the Statute), but this is international custom. The Statute of the International Courts of Rwanda (Article 2 of the ICTR Statute refers to premeditated murder and 4) and Yugoslavia (Article 2 of the ICTY Statute refers to premeditated murder and Article 5 refers to premeditated murder) and the Court of Appeal The Lebanese International (to investigate the assassination of Saad Hariri) was also formed for this purpose to reduce this power vacuum. But it seems that international norms and existing rules (including the customary draft of the international responsibility of governments in 2001) and the criminalizations in the ICC Statute, including crimes against humanity and war crimes, can be tried. The perpetrators of the assassination paid.

Peace of litigation has been accepted as a common practice in the civil procedure system of Iran and Canada. The main article in this field in the Iranian legal system is Article 184 of the Code of Civil Procedure. In the Canadian legal system, however, various articles refer to litigation. The main question that is considered in this research based on the descriptive-analytical approach, what are the differences between the institution of peace of lawsuits in the civil procedure system of Iran and Canada? Numerous differences are conceivable in this regard, including the fact that in the Iranian civil procedure system, litigation is cited as a purely judicial entity, while in the Canadian civil procedure system it is cited as an extra-judicial entity. This has led to the settlement of litigation in the Canadian legal system as an alternative to litigation, while its place in the Iranian legal system has not been determined.

Punishment has always been used as the strongest reaction of the criminal justice system to offenders, and each legal system pursues a specific goal in sentencing and sentencing based on its intellectual-philosophical foundations. So that the purposes of punishment also form forms of punishment. The main goals, principles and forms of punishment that are mainly implemented in society, represent the characteristics and nature of that society.After the victory of the Islamic Revolution, the Iranian penal system, without presenting any model theory for criminal policy and without determining the main purpose of criminalization and punishment in order to implement the fourth principle of the Constitution, following the jurisprudential views of textualists punish the principles of customary law It set aside the guarantee of the performances used in its criminal arsenal in accordance with the Islamic legal system. While examining the amount and type of these punishments, many contradictions and divergences between the Iranian penal system and the Islamic legal system are observed. On the other hand, gradually due to the emergence of new jurisprudential views, legal objections, as well as international pressures, problems in implementation and ultimately realism, the Iranian penal system using a special kind of expediency to modify, convert and reduce punishments without considering the effects And its consequences have taken action.

 In many pluralistic societies such as Iran, the issue of distribution of power and local governance as one of the important indicators of political development and good governance is of great importance. Historical experience shows us that inaccuracies in the proper distribution of power can be a good platform for centrifugal movements or authoritarian centralism. Since the beginning of the constitutional movement in Iran, the issue of power distribution and local governance has been considered by constitutionalists and later Republicans. Given the importance of this issue, the present article seeks to find out how the mechanism of power distribution is regulated and realized by paying attention to local governance in the constitution and subsequent ordinary laws as well as in practice. Our hypothesis in this article, which is confirmed by the following evidence, is that the crisis in the Qajar patrimonialistic system paves the way for the move towards decentralization, but the international and national situation increased the need of the monopoly control of power sources by the centralized Pahlavi government, and the issue of local governance and distribution of power wasn’t considered in practice. This article shows that the fluctuation between the concentration and distribution of power in the period under review indicates a duality of attitude towards political development among Iran's political elites; Development means the expansion of competition and political participation of social forces or development means increasing the power, potentiality and efficiency of government.

 During the unrest of some Afghans in Kandahar during the reign of Shah Sultan Hussein Safavid (1135-1105) and the dominance of this group over Isfahan, the Sistani agents of the Safavid government in Kerman, Kandahar, Sistan, Tun and Tabas in response to this confrontation and interaction or Afghans They came out.The main assumption is that the dispersal of Sistani agents in Iran and the proximity of Kandahar and Sistan made the clash between the two groups inevitable. The important question to be answered in this article is who were the perpetrators? And what effect did their confrontations and interactions have on the quality and quantity of Afghan military power? In this article, which is prepared using historical data and using analytical-descriptive method, we come to the conclusion that these agents could have prevented the fall of the capital if it was managed properly by the Safavids and wiser measures. 

The present paper is aimed at analyzing the sociological structure of the class of Kurdish Mokrian society and its changes over the last half century (based on the class structure of Mahabad city), and study of attitude to gender equalit and gender tolerance of them.This research was conducted by survey method and using questionnaire tools.The statistical population includes all people over the age of twenty and living in the Mokrian area. Based on cluster sampling, Mahabad city was selected as the sample and the appropriate sample size was determined as 356 people according to the maximum scattering rate and 5% error. Data were measured by the scale of Inglehart and analyzed by one-way analysis of variance test in four stratified groups of Kermanj (popular people), Aghavat (landlords), townspeople and Sadat. The findings of the study indicate that there is a significant difference between the four groups in terms of attitudes towards gender equality and sexual tolerance.

Individuals in the transactional process do not use only the prescribed legal formats to execute their contracts. It has been observed that individuals, for various reasons, such as lack of proper performance of traditional formats, lack of proper knowledge of the law or due to circumvention of legal restrictions, do not conduct their transactions through the existing legal entity and They use other formats. Now, the main question of this research, which has been written by analytical and descriptive method, is whether this legal action of individuals is correct? If so, what is its nature and what are its effects? In response, it should be said that using the power of attorney format to transfer ownership is not absolutely correct, even in cases where using a power of attorney contract to transfer ownership is not the same nature, because according to the terms of the transaction, the nature of this action in some cases Along with the power of attorney and in other cases, there is a statistic about the occurrence of the previous sale contract, which shows the difference between these two natures at the time of transfer of ownership. But as a result, it can be said that in both cases, the power of attorney contract is terminated with insanity, death and stupidity, while the lawyer's ownership of the property remains. In the light of the present article, an attempt has been made to , Explain the situation and its effects

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of political management of managers in Sistan and Baluchestan province on their participatory political culture. The method of this research is quantitative in terms of dealing with data, and the research is conducted by survey method, and data collection is done by questionnaire. The statistical population in this study includes all political managers of the Ministry of Interior working in (including governorates, governorates, districts, etc.) of Sistan and Baluchestan province, which based on the information collected, the total number is 168 people, all of whom All the required information has been collected. Therefore, the sample size in this study is equal to the total size of the statistical population of 168 people. As mentioned in this study, the counting method has been used to collect data. In the present study, non-random sampling and purposive sampling were used and the reason for using this type of sampling method was due to the limited statistical population and sample size. In order to assess the validity or validity of the research tool, apparent validity was used. The collected data were also analyzed by SPSS software. The results at the descriptive level showed that the managers of the province were in a relatively favorable position in terms of political management and were at a relatively high level in all aspects of political management, including political behavior, decision-making nature, perception of the environment and personality of managers. But regarding the participatory political culture

Discourses are a set of symptoms that seek power, and the elements seek hegemony through the Nodal Point. Hegemony will not be realized until articulation is achieved. Therefore, every political discourse and culture seeks to achieve hegemony in the light of alienation and definition of identity for itself. This process leads to otherization .Political culture is the product of discourse construction. Different subcultures are integrated in a chain of equivalence within a political culture and line up against others. Thus, discourse acts as a container and political culture as a subject, the product of which is the manifestation of identity. The dominant discourse that has reached hegemony itself is the generator of the same political culture that shapes this political culture of identity. And identity is a function of the hegemonic discourse and political culture that is institutionalized in the social construction. Therefore, cultural and identity structures are considered as the driving force of a state's behavior at the internal and external levels. At the internal and external levels, orientations are defined, and it is identity that introduces us to others and others to us, and discourse, political culture, and identity perform their functions by relying on otherization

The Tudeh Party of Iran was one of the most prominent representatives of Marxism in Iran. The Tudeh Party was formed in October 1931, in close consultation with the Soviet embassy, by 27 members of the 53-member group. Many factors, including cohesive organization, obedient hierarchy, and the constant injection of party knowledge into members and cadres, powerful press arms, the leadership of labor movements, influence among the educated, and attractive slogans appropriate to the status quo, make the party successful to influence the political and social atmosphere of Iran. The main supporters of the Tudeh Party were the salaried middle class as well as the urban working class. Although the party wielded considerable influence over all members of the middle class, its influence was very evident among engineers, university professors and students, intellectuals, especially writers, newly educated women, as well as army officers. Given the influence that the Tudeh Party was able to find among the various social strata of Iran at the beginning of its formation, this study seeks to answer the question of what role social capital has played in the formation, expansion and decline of the Tudeh Party

Undoubtedly, the family is the most fundamental and universal social institution of society, which creates the necessary preparation in individuals to attend and participate in larger communities. The family is an institution that has a great capacity in creating peace, personal and social growth and excellence, healing the physical and mental ills of its members and promoting the general culture of the society.Economic policies governing couples' relationships are one of the most important and influential factors in the stability and establishment of a healthy family or vice versa. Paying attention to it can be in creating a healthy family that is compatible with living and growing faithfully. What is important is that Iranian law, based on Imami jurisprudence, has accepted the principle of financial independence of couples in the ownership, management and use of women's property. This means that it is the head of the family and the alimony of the wife, and mutual obligations for the husband and wife, and on the other hand, because its non-implementation provides the basis for the formation of the divorce process.

Land reform was one of the most important programs implemented during the reign of Mohammad Reza Shah and brought about profound changes in the field of land ownership, class structure, social mobility and the composition of ruling groups. The aim was to implement social and political land reforms, the main consequences of which were to break the political and social influence of the owners. This research has used a descriptive-analytical method and the events have been analyzed using historical documents, memoirs of politicians and interviews with eyewitnesses. In this study, the hypothesis is that the socio-political consequences of land reform lead to growth. And intensified urban marginalization and eventually the spread and strengthening of radicalism among the youth. Findings show that the occurrence of land reform led to large-scale migration of villagers to cities, and because these villagers had low incomes, they were forced to live on the outskirts of large cities, which intensified and increased urban marginalization. In the political arena, the implementation of land reforms weakened the power of the landlords and increased the influence and concentration of government power in the villages. In this research, an attempt has been made to answer the question why there is a connection between land and politics during the second Pahlavi regime. We found that the relationship between land and politics has been taken seriously because the survival of politics has largely depended on land manipulation.Keywords: land reform, land division, agriculture, consequences

The testimony of a religious witness is a strong reason to prove a case in a court of law that has certain conditions, such as puberty. In the Islamic Penal Code, a witness who does not qualify for religious testimony is heard within the limits of judicial authority. In jurisprudence, the testimony of children is divided into two categories according to age: the testimony of non-discriminated children and the expression of testimony by discriminated children. In only one case, the testimony of discriminating children is accepted on the following conditions: their testimony is only against each other, for a specific crime between them, the gathering of children is permissible, they have not dispersed before the testimony, and only the first sentence He has accepted. The next issue, which is also specified in the Islamic Penal Code, is the tolerance of martyrdom in childhood and expression in adulthood. In these two cases, it can be stated that the testimony of children can be a reason, and in other cases, the testimony of children can only be a judicial statistic.

Parties need contexts to be institutionalized in a society, and the primary context for institutionalization is political development. Political development occurs in a society in which cultural development has taken place, and cultural development requires factors known as cultural factors to create and consolidate. Effective cultural factors are factors that cause political and social growth, and in the Islamic Republic of Iran after the revolution, which was a cultural revolution with a cultural turn, these factors arose, but for some reason did not grow enough and this need to happen. It happens in the context of time and with the necessary training by the family, educational centers and the media to achieve a developed society. In this study, we seek to answer the question: "What are the cultural factors affecting the activities of parties after the Islamic Revolution and how do they increase the activities of parties?" And based on this question, we hypothesized that "any component that causes cultural development in society, is also effective in political development and causes the expansion of party culture." In this research, descriptive-analytical method has been used.

Collusion to commit a crime due to the similarity of its material and spiritual elements has always been able to occupy the minds of lawyers; Because according to some, the only crime in which criminal thinking is punished is criminal collusion. The Iranian legislature has criminalized collusion in two areas of crimes against internal or external security (Article 610) and other crimes, subject to the preparation of executive measures and failure due to unintentional factor intervention (Article 611). In French law, the crime of collusion is criminalized in connection with some serious crimes, collusion is known as the beginning of a criminal offense. In Iranian and French law, the crime of collusion means the agreement of two or more persons to commit a crime, in two areas of crimes against security and other crimes, in this article. will be examined. In Iranian and French law, the crime of collusion means the agreement of two or more persons to commit a crime, in two areas of crimes against security and other crimes, in this article. will be examined.

The main purpose of this study is to investigate and evaluate how the effect of competitive advantage strategies on the non-financial performance of the insurance industry. The method of this research is descriptive-correlational and its statistical population consists of customers of Parsian Insurance brand in three cities of Rasht, Lahijan and Bandar Anzali. Using random sampling method, 392 customers were selected as the sample size of the study. The main dimensions of the research questionnaires were competitive strategies of differentiation, cost leadership, loyalty, satisfaction, trust and reputation of the organization. Using multiple regression statistical tests and structural equation modeling, the research hypotheses were examined. The results showed that strategies related to competitive advantage, including differentiation and cost leadership, significantly predict the non-financial performance of Parsian Insurance in terms of loyalty, satisfaction, trust and reputation of the organization. The structural equation model also showed that differentiation strategies and cost leadership mediated by the organization's reputation, customer satisfaction and trust affect customer loyalty.

Today, mentoring programs are one of the effective methods and strategies for training and development of employees, which are used for the survival of organizations and maximizing the efficiency of employees, equipping them against scientific and environmental changes. Commits to learning, training, improving performance and improving their abilities. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the mediating role of knowledge management and the moderating role of biographical characteristics in the relationship between mentoring and career outcomes. The applied research is descriptive-correlational and the statistical population of the study includes the governorates of Guilan province. Based on 23 governorates in this province, the sample size was estimated by relative sampling method and based on Cochran's formula of 231 people. Data collection tool was a questionnaire whose validity was assessed by content validity method and its reliability was estimated by Cronbach's alpha higher than 0.7. To analyze the data, the structural equation modeling method based on the partial least squares approach was used by Smart PLS3 statistical software. Findings showed that knowledge management has a mediating role in the relationship between mentoring programs and job outcomes. Also, the moderating role of education and work experience variable in the relationship between mentoring (implementation) and knowledge management was confirmed.

The aim of this study was to explain the legal basis and consequences of the US withdrawal from arms control regimes in a descriptive-analytical manner. The results show that arms control and disarmament, both in terms of process and in terms of provisions and regulations, are important and effective tools in the security of countries, because on the one hand, it removes ambiguities in military behavior and foreign policy of the government. And increase stability, and on the other hand, membership in this type of treaty has certain security consequences, such as the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, which limits the sovereignty of nations. And with the withdrawal of the United States from this treaty, a dark future will overshadow international peace; The abolition of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) could be seen as the death of a 30-year agreement between the United States and Russia. For example, in the structural, multilateral and bilateral dimensions, it affects the international and regional relations of the great powers.

1316/5000Arbitration in International Trade has gained a special place in recent decades. In other words, what methods are used when the arbitrators decide the case according to the system governing a national legal system, or even in cases where the case is settled according to the transnational legal system, what method or methods are used? . In short, it should be noted that in international commercial arbitrations, the will of the parties is the basis of the work, and that is why in determining the law governing the nature of the lawsuit, the principle of the rule of will is given the utmost respect, unless the law governing the nature of the lawsuit is determined by the parties. This is where the dispute arises and the arbitrators have to decide what law and by what criteria governs the nature of the lawsuit, so this is where the need to examine the methods of determining the law governing the nature of the lawsuit becomes clear. No litigation The arbitrators and the arbitral tribunal will not achieve their main goal, which is to resolve the dispute. It seems that in the practice of international commercial arbitration and in many legal systems, if the parties are silent, the freedom of arbitrators to determine the governing law is accepted according to different criteria.

Today, most laws in society are based on the collective interest, while individual and citizenship laws are an important category that in most cases has been ignored. On the other hand, the increase in the population of cities and the subsequent development of public spaces in the city has led to the entanglement and dependence of the rights of many people. This dependence requires restricting individual rights and paying attention to the rights and interests of society, which are mainly expressed and defined in municipal laws. And even in the amendments to the mentioned law, including the amendment to Article 101, it is explicitly stated that public rights are respected over the rights of individuals. But as a result of this research, it should be said that what is observed in the law of municipalities today The approach of the two theories is communitarianism and Individualism in laws. But the law has always sought to best resolve the conflict between public and property rights and to bridge the gap between communitarianism and Individualism. In Iranian law, although the esteemed legislator has made efforts in this regard, but unfortunately the current state of the law is not very satisfactory and does not provide the necessary guarantees to protect the property rights of individuals.

The principle of sovereignty of the will as a fundamental principle dating back to Western law and especially industrial capitalism in English law in the 17th and 18th centuries, as a general principle governing a variety of contracts, including marriage. On the other hand, the principles and conditions of the principle of the rule of will in the financial rights of couples in Iranian law, jurisprudence and English law make significant differences with each other. Apart from the fact that, within the framework of the rules of fair trade, the rules of jurisprudence and the rules of morality, the principle of the rule of will can be affected in English law. Which includes marriage and financial rights of the couple, in other cases such as disproportion - meaning the financial rights of one spouse over another - can not be considered a restriction of the sovereignty of the couple. On the other hand, the principles of the rule of will in English law are based on principles such as the principle of good faith, fair trade and non-violation of the rules of jurisprudence. However, in Iranian law, which originates from Shiite jurisprudential standards, the principle of the rule of will in the financial rights of couples is severely limited compared to British law; In such a way that the legislator, despite recognizing the right of the couple, including in determining the amount of dowry, has limited its receipt to a certain capability

The purpose of this study is to identify the success factors of commercialization of academic research in the field of humanities. This research is applied in terms of purpose. The statistical population included faculty members in the field of humanities, growth and technology centers and research assistants, 12 of whom were selected by purposive sampling. The data collection tool was interviews which were analyzed by data foundation method. In order to design the model, first, by reviewing the literature and research background, interview questions were prepared and to determine the desired index, the accuracy of the content and their adequacy, the interview and receiving views were used. The interviews were conducted in a semi-structured and in-depth manner and the interviews continued until theoretical saturation was achieved. The saturation point was obtained after analyzing the data obtained from interviews with 12 people. After collecting the interview data, the data were analyzed as open coding, axial coding and selective coding according to the instructions of Strauss and Corbin (1998). Finally, the identified factors were represented in the form of a paradigm model. In order to assess the validity of the data and the interpretations made, a combination of criteria of validity, transferability, reliability and truthfulness was used. Also, in order to evaluate the reliability of qualitative data, the percentage of agreement between the two coders (researchers) was performed, which 75% of the agreement indicates the reliability of the qualitative part.

The silence of the international community against the governments that use chemical weapons on the one hand and the assistance of some governments in equipping the governments that use these weapons on the other hand has had terrible consequences in human, economic, social and ... dimensions. Is. Despite the relevant documents in this field, especially the 1925 Protocol and other declarations and documents of the United Nations in the field of the prohibition of production, reproduction, distribution, accumulation and use of chemical weapons and mass killings against civilians, children, women and .. Some governments have used chemical weapons and massacres, especially against civilians, without complying with any of the above, which can be clearly identified in the context of the rule of law. Lack of effective enforcement guarantees and adequate sanctions to deal with violators of international rules and declarations are obstacles that require the cooperation and support of all member states.

In order for a leader to be successful, he must be able to have an ethical perspective and instill it in his subordinates. In moral leadership, having a good personality is more important than having technical efficiency. The present study aims to provide a model for target organizations in the public sector. Took. In the quantitative phase of the research environment, including all employees of the Tax Affairs Organization (in two provinces of Isfahan and Chahar Mahal and Bakhtiari) and 1205 people in 1397-1397, using simple random sampling method, 290 people were estimated as the sample size. Cronbach's alpha coefficient estimation values were reported for themes higher than 0.7, indicating a high internal correlation in the base codes. In order to analyze the data, descriptive statistical methods were used in quantitative data analysis including frequency distribution tables and graphs, and in the inferential section, factor analysis method and covariance-based structural equation modeling approach were used. The results showed that the dimensions and components of genuine leadership in the tax organization can be classified into 14 main dimensions and 131 components. Due to the main loads, the research model has a good validity. Including being ethical with a factor load (0.68) is the most determining factor in a goal-oriented organization.

The efficiency of any organization is owed to its managers and the intellectual and belief system governing each society is the basis of its management and the beliefs and beliefs of man are the product of his behavior that in capitalist systems originality with material and management style, influenced by thoughts. It is material, but in the Islamic system, which aims to achieve perfection and happiness in this world and the hereafter, the method of management must be based on religious beliefs and teachings. The purpose of this study is to study the Qur'an and the validity of the effect of belief in the Hereafter on individual behavior of managers and to express the function of beliefs and its effect on managers' administrative health through analytical and descriptive methods. The most important of these are: self-control and internal control, simple living, creating a jihadist spirit and avoiding corruption and rent-seeking. Conclusion The belief in the hereafter of CEOs prevents corruption and deviation and practical commitment to it, causes self-purification, a sense of responsibility, avoiding worldliness and ensuring the health of management.

Analysis of dimensions and components of family entrepreneurship sustainability in IranAbstractFamily businesses are in a favorable position among various industries and occupations and have an important impact on economic growth, wealth creation and job creation in countries around the world. The aim of this study was to identify the dimensions and components of family entrepreneurship sustainability in Iran. This research is applied from the point of view of purpose and is of qualitative type and has been formed by using the content analysis technique. Data were collected through in-depth and unstructured interviews with 15 senior managers and family business owners by snowball method and analyzed using open, axial and selective coding. Findings indicate that family variables (family relationships, shared values, work behavior, entrepreneurial mindset, similar perspectives, family experiences); Financial and commercial factors (financial resources, long-term investment, capital market, marketing);Environmental factors (reliability, environmental competitiveness, existence of a suitable market, government policy and policy); Managerial factors (preparation of strategic plan, succession plan, successor competence, governance and control, transformational leadership); Business factors (identity, profitability and economic growth, competitive advantage, manpower) are among the factors affecting the sustainability of family entrepreneurship.

 The dynamism of human rights should be considered as an ideal that is in line with the characteristics of human transformation and growth. By striving and moving towards meeting his current and future needs and improving his living conditions in a constant movement forward, he can pursue the promotion and dynamism of these rights, both quantitatively and qualitatively. This study hypothesizes the obstacles to the dynamics of human rights, three categories of which are considered as ideological, political and financial obstacles, which need to be removed in order to pursue the dynamics of human rights is inevitable. In this way, the answer to the question of how each of these factors hinders the dynamics of human rights? its necessary. Therefore, to achieve the result, this article uses a descriptive-analytical method and collects information through the library method to examine these barriers and their impact on preventing the dynamics of these rights.

Installment sale, a long-standing contract with a new robe, was established in accordance with social relations and economic developments to facilitate the flow of sales, access and use of goods and to be its catalyst. In Islamic jurisprudence, installment sale following the topics of credit, while praising the purchase and sale of the debtor, the recognition of the price regardless of its installment, has been identified. Furthermore, the Iranian Civil Code, although it does not specify the installment sale, but in view of the undeniable benefits of this legal entity, its requirements and requirements with the characteristic of "being the seller and the price being the installment" can be sought among banking rules and regulations. This descriptive-analytical study, while explaining the jurisprudential concept of installment sale and analyzing the issues of agreements, has examined the position of Iranian law and the International Convention on the Sale of Goods (1980 Vienna).

One of the most important issues regarding environmental pollution in Iranian law is the issue of balancing the expediency and responsibility of the government, because if it causes pollution and damage to the government, it will cause difficulties. Because the government structure is made up of individuals whose actions may sometimes intentionally or unintentionally cause serious pollution and damage to the environment, and since the environment has no private claimant, the compensation ratio may sometimes be neglected. As a result, the government should not be held responsible. Therefore, the interest of the government requires that the pollution caused and the damage done by the person or persons under the control of the government be compensated. So the question that will arise in this regard is how to assess the expediency and responsibility of the government in relation to environmental pollution? Therefore, according to the research question in a descriptive-analytical manner and using library tools, we came to the conclusion that in general, the government is responsible and enforces laws and regulations, but the protection of public interest is also one of the main goals and policies of the government. Sometimes it leads the government to ignore and violate the rules and regulations, in other words, the interest of society requires the government to ignore some principles and red moral and human lines in the field of environment and assign responsibility to the government.

Cyberspace has brought numerous benefits to various aspects of human life; however, in some cases, it becomes an insecure environment for committing crimes, which is one of its disadvantages. The present study addresses the important issue of crimes against children and children victimization in cyberspace and evaluates situational and social prevention strategies against it. Because children are the victims of such crimes and there is social sensitivity toward this age group, it is obvious that certain expectations of criminal law are conceived that have been examined in this study. The results showed that there are various crimes through cyberspace against children with a variety of reasons, including sexual crimes, virtual pornography, pedophilia, leaking information through children, insulting, drug dealing, harassment, and assault among others. In response to such crimes, situational and social prevention strategies have been developed, such as providing children-specific SIM cards and the Internet, which are vindicable and have resulted in reduced crimes against children in cyberspace. However, there is still room for further in this area, which should be considered by the relevant governmental and non-governmental institutions, and in this regard, the experiences of other countries may be employed.

One of the issues in law is the issue of social justice. One of the important components of social justice is freedom. Freedom is one of the concepts that in order to understand it, in the beginning, one must understand the opposite concept in order to understand the scope of this concept. When we say freedom, if we do not understand any of the concepts that are placed in front of it, we cannot get the truth and scope of this concept. First we have to consider being bound to a bond, then we have to define the boundaries of that bond, then we imagine the liberation from that bond and put the name of freedom on it, being bound to live in a place, as opposed to freedom and liberation from this bondage is the relative freedom it faces. Being limited in speech or in action or in thought is against freedom, and being free from limitations is freedom. This article examines the components of social justice in the field of freedom.

The present study aims to provide appropriate strategies in the face of soft media warfare by domestic media to reduce its effects and consequences. The combined research method includes qualitative and quantitative methods. In the qualitative section, the statistical population included professors in the field of communication and media sciences as well as national security in the universities of Central Tehran, Imam Hossein University. Theoretically saturated n is obtained. Quantitative findings of the study indicate that there is a significant relationship between media performance, environmental opportunities and environmental threats and the adoption of an appropriate strategy in the field of soft media warfare. In other words, by improving the performance of the domestic media and their awareness of environmental opportunities and threats, they have adopted more appropriate strategies in the field of soft media warfare and vice versa. In addition, the results of the qualitative part of the research indicate that from the point of view of the interviewees, the optimal use of domestic media of the advantage of settling in the country and, consequently, quick information about the news and its accuracy, pay more attention to News analysis, more attention to lifestyle in the domestic media, strengthening the morale of the people, warning and warning to officials by the local media, strengthening public trust, benefiting from speed, accuracy, expediency, innovation, attractiveness and interaction Being appropriate strategies to counter the enemy's soft media warfare should be on the agenda of the domestic media and responsible agencies.

In recent decades, there has been a lot of talk about domestic violence and many efforts have been made to prevent it and help victims of this crime. Domestic violence is a huge problem because the consequences go beyond the original victims. Usually, only adults are recognized as victims of domestic violence, but today it is estimated that 10-20% of children are at risk of domestic violence, which will result in behavioral, social, emotional, cognitive and attitudinal problems. Today, due to the easy access to information and available media, common legal provisions and the existence of governmental and non-governmental organizations, it is possible to be aware of a large number of situations of domestic violence, which were almost impossible to access before. Recognizing domestic violence as a social and political issue helps to gradually identify various situations related to it.domestic violence that has severe consequences such as anxiety, drug and psychedelic abuse, depression, suicide, murder, etc.; It is a phenomenon whose consequences are related to every level of the society's population. Failure to report this violation is a big challenge in facing domestic violence. Some of the reasons for not reporting domestic violence are personal, such as embarrassment, fear of revenge, economic dependence, and some other reasons are social, such as the existence of unequal power relations for men and women in society, maintaining family privacy, and blaming the victims.

The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between playing the role of social responsibility of the National Company for Refining and Distribution of Iranian Petroleum Products with sustainable development. The research method was quantitative survey. The statistical population was all managers and employees, formal and informal, related to plans and projects, as well as engineers, supervisors and agents related to the implementation of the construction plan for the transfer of green sour / Ray crude oil pipeline. The sampling method was non-probability sampling. Therefore, 300 organizational individuals were selected as the available sample. Data were also analyzed using SPSS software. The results of Bartlett test and desirable indicators of structural model fit, express the significance and proper explanation of all components to examine corporate social responsibility. Findings show that there is a significant relationship between playing the role of corporate responsibility and sustainable development, which are coefficients for economic responsibility (0.692), legal responsibility (0.668), moral responsibility (0.608) and humanitarian responsibility (0.612). . The coefficient of determination is equal to 0.326. The results show that policymakers, designers, contractors and implementers of the Sabzab / Rey sour crude oil pipeline project should pursue social responsibility goals from three perspectives: "companies", "standards" and "people" in order to Achieve maximum efficiency.

The main purpose of this article is to evaluate the Shahab plan in the curriculum of the second elementary course based on the objectives, content and methods. The method of conducting research is qualitative. In order to conduct this research, in addition to the documentary study, the content analysis technique with MAXQDA12 software has been used to identify factors and components based on objectives, content and methods. The statistical population in this study was all experts in the field of education. After the interview, 15 theoretical saturations were performed and all interviews lasted between 60 and 85 minutes. In addition, semi-structured interviews with teachers, experts and instructors implementing the Shahab project in 1399 were conducted as theme analysis (in 7 stages). The results showed that in the first stage of reading the interviews, in the first step of the theme analysis, 74 concept codes were extracted and in the second step, the concept codes became 8 sub-concepts and finally presented in two favorable situations and obstacles and problems.

The formation of citizenship rights is one of the most important concepts in the Islamic system. One of the texts that has carefully addressed this issue is Nahj al-Balaghah. Communities, transparency, as well as in the discussion of the economic rights of fiduciary duty in the treasury, the fight against greed, the creation of welfare, employment and poverty alleviation, as well as civil liberties in the constitution and legal system of the Islamic Republic of Iran The Islamic Republic, using the concepts of political and civil law of Naj al-Balagheh, these concepts have been considered in the legal and political texts of the Islamic Republic and in the discourse of political Islam. It is from Nahj al-Balaghah .This syndrome is in fact derived from the original Islamic logic.In fact, this symptom is an important part of religious discourse, which is derived from religious and doctrinal principles on the one hand, and on the other hand, the practical life of Islam, which is manifested in the words of Imam Ali and Nahj al-Balaghah.It is from Nahj al-Balaghah .This syndrome is in fact derived from the original Islamic logic.In fact, this symptom is an important part of religious discourse, which is derived from religious and doctrinal principles on the one hand, and on the other hand, the practical life of Islam, which is manifested in the words of Imam Ali and Nahj al-Balaghah.

The present article seeks to examine the principle of freedom of transfer of proceeds from foreign investment in accordance with the rules governing international investment law in the light of international arbitration procedure. Assess the Arbitration Center's rulings on issues that could be helpful in this regard. Provide capital gains and income by the foreign investor. If the investor has complied with the conditions related to the rules of jurisdiction of the arbitration center, he can refer to this center to realize his rights and request that his claim be considered according to his request.In today's world, investment is not only an economic and industrial determinant, but also a political and security factor. In fact, foreign investment is a key factor in achieving economic, industrial, political goals and in ensuring national security. Economic growth that all countries seek is equal to having and productivity of both capital and energy factors.

The need to observe the principles of fair trial in administrative proceedings in judicial proceedings is due to the importance that the results of such proceedings can have on the rights of individuals. The importance of these principles is such that today they even overshadow the concerns of creating administrative courts. Due to the multiplicity and diversity of Iran's administrative authorities and the lack of a single procedural law to deal with disputes, there is no doubt about the undeniable importance and necessity of a single administrative law, independent and containing all the principles and rules of fair administrative procedure along with other procedural laws, including It is a criminal procedure and a civil procedure because administrative lawsuits are undoubtedly less than the civil and criminal lawsuits, both in terms of the heavy volume of administrative lawsuits and their innumerable number, and in terms of the nature of the administrative matter, if they are not of higher value and importance than civil and criminal lawsuits. They will not be. In the legal system governing the proceedings of these authorities, the observance of these principles has received less attention, and it seems that the legislator should be particularly sensitive to this issue and lay down the necessary regulations to guarantee the procedural rights of litigants in such proceedings.

Urban law is a branch of public law and regulates the relations of citizens with each other on the one hand, and citizens and city managers on the other, so that it is a set of rules and regulations that regulate citizens' relations with city administrations in local and urban affairs. Municipalities and councils state other decision-making bodies, part of which is the executive guarantee and protection of the fundamental rights of individuals.Urban rights are the result of modern urban life and industrialization, so the definition of a city is an organized unit based on these laws, while citizenship rights are part of the inherent and innate rights of human beings and can not be transferred and violated. It is indivisible and its elements are necessary and obligatory for each other, every member of society has the right to enjoy it, these concepts have become global today and have found spiritual value.Some of these laws are found in constitutions and some in commercial laws and urban rules and regulations such as municipal law and even some customs. Of course, there are principles that are required by international law and principles that can be applied Sought fundamental and universal human rights; Therefore, in this article, the authors have explained the effects of citizenship rights in Iranian civil law with an analytical-descriptive method.

The emergence of advanced media, using the knowledge of how to influence, has increased the role of the media in controlling public opinion. Today, the media play an inevitable role in advancing the plans of governments, and by creating a media environment to shape public opinion and guide decisions in the desired context, have always been the focus of governments. Instead of sending their troops and armies to conquer countries and dominate nations across distant geographical borders and incur exorbitant costs of war and militarism, governments today use soft warfare and the use of audio-visual media on the nation's brains and hearts. Others dominate and instill their values ​​in them. The United States, as a superpower, has been able to make the most of the audio-visual media to its advantage, and through news agencies, Hollywood, satellite programs, and Internet and radio networks, has sought to impose its strategic goals, such as imposing American values ​​have spread Islamophobia, propagated capitalism, and weakened its enemies and rivals around the world.This article will first examine the role of the media in increasing US soft power, and then we will see how the Americans use this tool against the Islamic Republic of Iran (as a regional rival).

This study was conducted to investigate the rules of aggravation of punishment in Iranian and French law and using descriptive and analytical research methods and library studies and tried to investigate the criminal phenomenon of recidivism and its features in the laws of Iran and France. The multiplicity and repetition of crime is considered as a criminal facility that its application has been considered in most legal systems of the world in such a way that even the legislators of Iran and France follow these principles and from the very beginning of the legislation of this criminal institution is considered. Is located. Thus, in the year 1304 AH. The legislature has addressed this issue in Articles 24 and 25 of the General Penal Code, and now Article 48 of the Islamic Penal Code is also devoted to this criminal establishment. In France, on the other hand, Articles 8 to 132 and 16 to 132 of the 1994 law provide a basis for the existence of this criminal establishment. The results of this study indicate that the two legal systems of Iran and France, with regard to the principles and examples of multiplicity and repetition of crime and also in terms of aggravation of punishment, have discrepancies that are discussed in detail in this article.

The evolution and transformation in information technology has made societies undergo a fundamental change and transformation that will continue in the future, on the other hand, new technology has challenged legal concepts. Information and communication have flowed in the easiest way in the world and borders are no longer an obstacle to this flow, in addition to the fact that the development and evolution of the cyberspace has caused cybercrimes and that criminals can commit crimes without being present at the scene. be criminalized, the validity of the law in the stability of order and public security depends on the support of the governments, and the governments have drawn an indicator called territory (land - nationals) to avoid interfering in each other's affairs.In the cyber world, the sovereign territory of the states as a baseline no longer has any function, and in such a situation, it seems that the position of international treaties has been elevated and they have taken on a more prominent role, in the sense that the drawing of the cyber territories of the countries is only after harmonizing the laws for They do not advance their goals and they also play the role of international consensus laws, the issue raised in this article is to examine the point that what are the influencing factors on the drafting of treaties in cyberspace rights?

The location of Cyprus in the Mediterranean Sea and its proximity to the western regions of the Levant, especially Jerusalem, as well as its proximity to European countries such as Byzantium, the co-religion of the inhabitants of Cyprus with Christians caused the fate of this country to be associated with the Crusades. This research deals with the economic, political and military role of Cyprus in the Crusades and the effects these wars had on Cyprus through historical and analytical research. The period of the 1st to the 6th Crusades economically, on the one hand, caused the commercial activities of the Italian republics in Cyprus, and on the other hand, after the eastern coast became insecure, it increased the commercial importance of the northern coast of the island.Because trade with Asia Minor expanded due to the insecurity of other coasts, it seems that during the Crusades, Cyprus played a major role in providing aid and support to the Crusaders, and the Crusades also had important effects, especially after the Third Crusade and the occupation of the island by Richard Shirdel left a legacy in political, religious and economic fields.

The current research was conducted with the aim of designing a model of cultural citizenship based on cultural rights in a smart city. This research is of a qualitative type and is developmental-applicative in terms of its purpose, and in terms of its nature and form of implementation, it was done in a descriptive-survey manner. The statistical population of the research includes all professors and faculty members of public and open universities and elites in the field of urban management, information and communication technology in Tehran province, and sampling was done using the snowball method, and finally theoretical saturation occurred with 19 interviews. The data collection tool included a semi-structured interview, and coding and foundational data theory methods were used to analyze the specialized interviews. Based on the findings, the model of factors affecting cultural citizenship based on cultural rights in the smart city was designed. The results indicate that this model has 6 main dimensions, including causal conditions (lack of urban development, cultural stagnation and cultural diversity, socio-political problems, etc.), interveners (media and networks, infrastructure, beliefs, etc.). .), background conditions (management factors, environmental factors, legal and legal factors, etc.), central category (unity and participation, urban development, fulfillment of cultural citizenship duties, etc.), strategies (public education of citizenship duties, creating database and information, management of communication and implementation of cultural rights, etc.) and consequences (obvious macro consequences, individual consequences and socio-political consequences, etc.) have been determined. Finally, practical suggestions were presented based on the research results.

AbstractThe purpose of this research is to investigate the concept of light and illumination in the Bible. In many Western traditions, the concept of "light" and similar terms (such as "illumination") served as a basic symbol for wisdom. In many of the foundational documents of the Christian tradition, we find light and associated symbols that form basic patterns of thought. The most obvious and important document of enlightenment in the Christian tradition is the first chapter of the Gospel of John, where the Logos is described as "the light that enlightens all men". The results show that in the Old Testament, the "Logos" or the "Word of God" is the superior intellect that He received his light directly from Yahweh. Jewish mystics believe that God Himself is "Light" and He is also known as the Infinite Light "Ein Suf". In the New Testament, God is absolute light, a light that is full of life. Jesus considers himself to be the light of the world, that his followers also have this light, and therefore those who want to become children of light must trust in Jesus Christ and light.

In this study, we deal with the effects of the integration of banks in the past, present and future in the country's banking management system. The present research is a field that has been done in a survey method in terms of applied purpose and in terms of how to collect information. Increasing the efficiency of banks, achieving cost reduction and creating a coherent and efficient management system are the main goals of merging banks in the past, present and future. The results show that the item "In the past, mergers had the potential to reduce costs due to the reduction of a number of employees and the elimination of some administrative costs" (cv = 0.408), as the most important case in the merger of banks in the past "The alignment of individual and organizational goals and increasing performance improvement are among the factors that can affect the productivity of human resources in integration" (cv = 0.398), as the most important case in integration Banks now, saying "many mergers are likely to change in the future due to poor management of change." (Cv = 0.362), as the most important case in the future merger of banks, were identified in the banking management system of West and East Azerbaijan province and as the most important effects of bank mergers in the past, present and future in the banking management system To be.

In the early days of the Prophet's departure for Medina, the financial resources of the Muslims were meager, and the spoils of war that the Muslim warriors gained were immediately distributed among themselves, until the shadow of more Muslim conquests and a peace treaty with the Jews, Christians and Zoroastrians Committed to taxation, and with the conquest of many lands, tax Began. Before that, the Islamic State's sources of income included zakat, khums,spoils of war and etc.Thus, financially, there were several sources of income during the Umayyad period.Acquisition of more spoils of war led to an increase in wealth in the territory of the Caliphate, which led to the formation of the government under the guidance of the Iranians. This article intends to recognize these sources, as well as to recognition the contexts and results consistent with it.The research method is historical and analytical and descriptive study that has been done using Islamic sources.The findings of this study show that the spoils obtained from the Muslim conquests in Iran were more than other conquered areas and this increased the wealth of the Islamic State. In fact, it can be said that these spoils had a large share in the economy of the Umayyad era.