shirin mohammadi

Peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) have long been used to provide intravenous therapy to premature neonates. The advantages of PICCs for neonates include avoidance of the pain and handling associated with repeated peripheral intravenous cannulation as well as the ability to safely deliver concentrated parenteral fluid or nutrients. Malpositioned PICC line tips can cause life-threatening complications. There are different intra- or post-procedural techniques to confirm line-tip placement to decrease the potential complications. These include plain radiographs, fluoroscopy, ultrasonographic detection, digital imaging, computed radiography, and intra-cavitary/ trans-esophageal/ and thoracic electrocardiographic monitoring. Each method has advantages and disadvantages and some methods have benefits in specific situations. The present study provides a literature review of common methods developed for detection of PICC tip positions over the last two decades.

De nos jours, les communications ont un rôle important dans la vie, c’est pourquoi l'apprentissage d'une nouvelle langue étrangère, comme le français, est considéré comme un atout. Selon les dernières recherches, il est préférable de commencer à apprendre une langue étrangère dès l'enfance. Dans l'enseignement de la langue aux enfants, il est essentiel que les enseignants fournissent un environnement dans lequel les enfants peuvent s’intéresser à l'apprentissage de la langue. Notre recherche vise à évaluer le rôle des styles d'apprentissage dans l'enseignement de la langue française aux enfants iraniens du niveau A1. La problématique est la suivante : « Comment les enseignants du FLE, diplômés de la langue française ou maîtrisant cette langue, prennent-ils en compte les styles d'apprentissage spécifiques des enfants iraniens dans leur enseignement du français ?» Pour répondre à la problématique, nous avons préparé un questionnaire en ligne et nous l’avons distribué parmi 13 enseignants du FLE provenant de l'école primaire privée "Bamdad Parsi" et de l'institut "Iranmehr". A partir des conclusions, nous comprenons que le style d'apprentissage dominant de la plupart des enfants est visuel et kinesthésique. Les enseignants préparent et mettent en œuvre des activités didactiques qui leur conviennent. Dans des cours collectifs à effectifs nombreux, les enseignants conçoivent plus leurs activités didactiques en se basant sur trois styles d’apprentissage (visuel, kinesthésique, auditif).

Aspergillus species are found as opportunistic agents to cause a wide variety of clinical manifestations. Regarding the drug resistance emergence against Aspergillus species, new aspects of using nanoparticles (NPs) as antifungal agents are considerable. This study takes a new approach to biosynthesized NPs of zinc oxide, copper oxide, cerium oxide, silver, gold, and selenium influence on the clinical isolates of Aspergillus species.

The antifungal activities of six NPs were examined against a total of 12 clinical isolates of Aspergillus species, including A. flavus (n=4), A. welwitschiae (n= 4), and A. fumigatus (n=4) based on the M38-A2 guideline.

According to minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values, NPs of ZnO, Ag, Au, and Se showed a significant antifungal effect. CuO-NPs and CeO2-NPs didn’t show an inhibitory effect against Aspergillus isolates. The MIC ranges of ZnO-NPs, Ag-NPs, Au-NPs, and Se-NPs were 128-512, 26-53, 21-85, and 6-26 µg⁄mL for A. fumigatus; and 512->512, 26-53, 85, and 1-13 µg⁄mL for A. welwitschiae, respectively. In addition, the MIC ranges of Ag-NPs and Se-NPs were 26-53 and 106-425 µg⁄mL for A. flavus, respectively. However, A. flavus were not inhibited by NPs of ZnO and Au.

Among the examined NPs, ZnO, Ag, Au, and Se showed a significant effect against Aspergillus isolates except for CuO and CeO2. However, Ag-NPs seemed to be the most effective nanoparticle against the Aspergillus species. Compared to other Aspergillus species, A. flavus was not inhibited by NPs of ZnO and Au.

Echocardiography (ECHO) is a non-radiation real-time technique for evaluating Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter (PICC) tips that could overcome the limitations of plain radiographs, including the static and single image and exposing neonates to radiation. This study compared the accuracy of ECHO and radiography for PICC tip positioning in neonates.

This cross-sectional pilot study was conducted in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of the Children's Medical Center in Tehran, Iran. Ultrasonography was used to visualize the end of the catheter in the vessels. After insertion of the catheter, a chest x-ray along with the ECHO was performed by a pediatric cardiologist blinded to the preliminary radiographic reports, and the results were compared and interpreted.

Forty infants with mean gestational ages of 35.4±3.3 weeks were enrolled in this study which was conducted during 12 months, from 2019 to 2020. The radiography results confirmed the correct PICC location in 29 infants (72.5%), which was simultaneously confirmed by ECHO in 28 infants (70.0%). The ECHO results indicated inappropriate placement in 12 infants (30%), and radiographs indicated correct placement in 11 infants (27.5%). This confirmed the higher accuracy of ECHO compared to radiography. ECHO had a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 96.55%, PPV of 91.67%, NPV of 100%, and diagnostic accuracy of 97.5%. Both methods were appropriately correlated regardless of the demographics characteristics, sex, birth weight, gestational age, and catheter insertion site.

The findings confirmed that ECHO was more accurate than radiography for visualizing PICCs tip placement. ECHO does not require radiation exposure, has fewer complications, and is faster than radiography; thus, it should be considered as an alternative to standard radiography for line tip confirmation.

reading is the most important acquired skill and the most basic learning tool for students, and acquiring this skill is one of the main goals of primary education in every country.  This research aims to compare of the effect of cognitive-balance rehabilitation with Orton-Davis integrated method in the form of distance education on the overall performance of reading and word comprehension and text comprehension of dyslexic children.

The research method in this study was semi-experimental and pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of this study was all dyslexic male and female primary school students who attended learning disorders centers in Tehran in 2019-20. To measure the dependent variable of the study, the Nema reading and dyslexia test (Karami Nouri and Moradi, 2014) was used. In this research, two educational interventions of the integrated Orton-Davis method, which is one of the multi-sensory methods and includes tasks based on directional games, were designed and formulated by Atchershawi (2019), to improve reading skills and reduce dyslexia, and Bar-on cognitive-balance rehabilitation. Which have been used in the form of an educational package and include assignments focusing on strengthening executive functions and rescue attention (2016).

The results showed that cognitive-balance rehabilitation with the integrated Orton-Davis method in the form of distance education on overall reading performance (P<0.001) and word comprehension (P<0.001) and text comprehension (P<0.001) was effective in dyslexic children.

It can be concluded that both the cognitive-balance rehabilitation training and the integrated Orton-Davis method in the form of distance education have an effect on the overall performance of reading and understanding words and text comprehension of dyslexic children and And it can be used to reduce the problems of dyslexic children.

Economic issues are one of the social determinants of women's sexual satisfaction. The aim of this study was to estimate questionnaire cut-off point and to compare the effect of economic status on women's sexual satisfaction in years 2014 and 2020. Two separate data sets were used in this cross-sectional study. 286 samples were available from 2014 and 150 samples were collected in 2020 in Tehran. Data were analyzed with IBM SPSS software using the one-way analysis of variance, Pearson correlation coefficient, and t-test.  For estimating questionnaire cut-off point, the obtained score of questionnaire and clinical interviews evaluation were compared for each participant using Roc curve and Youden Index. There was no significant difference between women's sexual satisfaction in 2014 and 2020. Sexual satisfaction in 2014 and 2020 had no significant relationship with household economic status.  Surprisingly, none of the demographic variables affected women's sexual satisfaction score in the 2020 data. It seems economic issues have no destructive effect on the sexual satisfaction of Iranian’s women.

 Individual factors that can lead to psychological disorders, including early maladaptive schemas, sexual self-esteem, and anxiety, and their impact on the female orgasmic disorder (FOD), has not yet been thoroughly examined.

 The purpose of this study was to compare these factors in women with FOD to those without the condition.

 This descriptive research was causal-comparative or ex post facto study, and the statistical population was two groups of married women aged 18 to 40 years. Out of 152 women who participated, 66 cases had FOD, and 86 cases had no FOD according to the cut-off scores of the Female Sexual Function Index questionnaire and based on the DSM5 criteria. The Young Early Maladaptive Schema questionnaire (YEMSQ) (1995), Zeanah and Schwarz’s Sexual Self-esteem Inventory for Women (SSEI-W) (1996), and the Beck Anxiety inventory (BAI) (1988) were filled out by all the participants. An independent t-test at a significance level of P < 0.05 was applied to analyze the data using SPSS 24.

 The results indicated that the mean scores of women with FOD were significantly higher in all schema areas than the mean scores of women without FOD (P < 0.001), and the mean scores of women without FOD were significantly higher on the sexual self-esteem scale and all its sub-scales than those with FOD (P < 0.001). Also, the mean anxiety scores of women with FOD were significantly higher than the mean scores of women without FOD (P < 0.001).

 These results support the differences in individual psychological factors among women with FOD and those without and can be used for education, prevention, evaluation, and treatment of orgasmic disorders.

Spasticity following upper motor neuron lesions has adverse effects on patientschr('39') quality of life and performance. Shockwave therapy is a non-invasive treatment to reduce muscle tone. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of shockwave intensity on the improvement of upper limb spasticity in patients with stroke.

In the present study, 20 patients with stroke were randomly divided into two treatment groups. Shockwave was applied for 1 session at the musculotendinous junction of flexor carpi ulnaris and radialis muscles using a low level of energy for group one (0.03 mj/mm2) and a high level of energy for group two (0.8 mj/mm2). The patients were evaluated at baseline and one week after the intervention. Upper limb spasticity and active range of motion of wrist extension were evaluated by Modified Ashworth Scale and goniometer, respectively.

Upper limb spasticity and range of motion of wrist extension were significantly improved immediately and a week after high-intensity shockwave therapy. A significant decrease in upper limb spasticity and a non-significant increase in the range of motion of wrist extension were observed in the group receiving low-intensity shock waves.

High energy shockwave appeared to provide a beneficial effect on upper limb spasticity and range of motion of wrist extension, compared with low energy shockwave. It seems that treating with the appropriate intensity of shockwave may be an alternative method to other spasticity treatments.

Education, as the highest authority and organization governing school sports in the country, is responsible for its development and promotion. The success of education in this field is tied to the diffusion of sport in schools. Sport not only benefits health, but also contributes to the economic, cultural and social characteristics of a region and country. Attention to physical education and vitality of students is one of the most important issues in education and every year there are various programs aimed at emphasizing the importance of sport and sport activities for the general public. The development of equity in sports planning in schools enables institutionalized sport in all areas. While there are no sports facilities and equipment in many schools today, this has led to the growth of injustice on the path of physical education development in schools. Many problems have arisen due to the lack of attention to school sports, especially in deprived areas of the country. The loss of talent and the lack of cultural programs in these areas have led to some form of poverty in these areas. With this in mind, the need for comprehensive research to strengthen the status of school sports, especially in deprived areas of the country, is well understood. The lack of research in this area has led to major ambiguities in the planning and development of school sports in deprived areas of the country. Therefore, the present study was designed and implemented to determine the incidence of exercise in deprived areas. The method of this research is mixed (qualitative and quantitative). The statistical population of the present study in the qualitative section consisted of elites and people with knowledge of school sports in deprived areas in Kermanshah province. These included some physical education teachers and physical education managers who worked in deprived areas of Kermanshah province during their service. The statistical population of this research includes all the teachers of sport in the deprived areas of Kermanshah province. When the statistical population is uncertain, Cochran's sample size formula will be used in the case of statistical uncertainty. According to this formula, under these conditions, the sample number will be 384 (Sarani and Elahee, 1395, 57; Drunk and Fakhraei, 2014, 117). Accordingly, 384 sports secretaries were identified as the research sample. In order to study these areas, first a list of deprived areas in Kermanshah province, according to the meeting of the Cabinet of Ministers in 2009, was determined and based on random cluster selection, 3 cities were selected as target cities and then 384 secretaries. Exercises were identified from these areas. According to government approval in Kermanshah province in 2009, there are eight deprived cities including Qasr Shirin, Javanrood, Sarpol Zahab, Gilan Gharb, Paveh, Thales Babajani, Dalahoo and Ravansar. The target areas were identified and the questionnaires were distributed among the sports teachers present in these towns and villages around the cities and after they were completed. Finally, 361 completed questionnaires were collected from sports teachers in these areas. The data collection tools in this study included semi-structured interviews in the qualitative section and in the quantitative section a researcher-made questionnaire based on the Wisbord model with 2 demographic sections and 22 questions. The main questions of this research were identified after reviewing the research background and reviewing the opinions of a number of experts using an open questionnaire. The questions in this section were designed on a five-point Likert scale. The face and content validity of this questionnaire was evaluated using the opinion of academic experts and exploratory factor analysis was used to assess the construct validity of this questionnaire. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to determine the reliability of the questionnaire. The reliability of the questionnaire was 0.81. Statistical methods used in the present study include Smirnov clomograph test to determine the normality of research data, exploratory factor analysis test to check the construct validity of the questionnaire and sample t-test to check the status of each component. Research findings. Data analysis was performed in SPSS software version 22 and PLS. Open, axial, and selective coding was also used in the qualitative part of the research. The qualitative results of the research showed that 22 complications were extracted from the interviews that were classified into 6 categories including goals, structure, rewards, useful mechanisms, communication and leadership. The results showed that among the sporting events in schools in deprived areas of the country, the goals with the impact rate of 0.969 were the most important. To evaluate the model performance of the present research, the fit indices of the Structural Equation Approach (PALAS) approach were used. Sample Tatech test results showed that the rate of complications identified in the study included the Weisbord model in all dimensions and domains below the mean level of 3. Given the significance level of less than 0.05, it can be stated that these conditions are in undesirable conditions. Meanwhile, the state of play related to sports goals in schools in disadvantaged areas is in a disadvantage compared to other conditions. It seems that the lack of clear goals as well as the lack of clarity in some aspects of the school sports structure have led to the lowest level of importance of sports in schools in disadvantaged areas. This is due to the lack of appropriate culture for the performance of sports among students. This has led to the focus of school principals and education officials on addressing problems and shortcomings in the non-sporting areas of schools, and on the other hand, even in some cases, channeling many of the budgets and privileges related to sports. Lead the non-sport areas of schools.

NeuroMobilization is one of the recent nonsurgical treatments for patients with carpal tunnel syndrome with a lot of discrepancies regarding its efficacy. The aim of the present study was a systematic review of the previous studies about effectiveness of neural gliding techniques for carpal tunnel syndrome patients.
Using the keywords Carpal tunnel syndrome, Median nerve, NeuroMobilization, and physiotherapy, a literature search was performed for the period 1998-2015, in Google Scholar, PEDRO, PubMed, and Science Direct databases.
Among the articles found, only the ones that had control groups and used neural gliding techniques were chosen. Therefore, out of 20 articles, nine were selected according to the inclusion criteria.
Although pain reduction, function and sensing improvement, and ability enhancement were noticed in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome, after applying neural gliding techniques in some studies, the efficacy was not clear and definite due to weak results in some other studies. Also, more comprehensive researches are needed with more study cases and longer follow-up time to resolve these discrepancies.