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The present study investigated the suitability of nanocomposite foams of fluorapatite and bioactive glass (FA /BG) in different weight ratios as scaffolds for bone tissue in rat tibia regeneration to determine the optimal composition. FA and BG nano powders with a weight ratio of 25% FA/75% BG (compound 1) and 75% FA/25% BG (compound 2) were used as precursors for gel casting to produce nanocomposite foams. Thirty rats were randomly divided into two equal groups. Disk-shaped samples of each compound were implanted into the tibias of 15 rats. After 15, 30, or 60 days, five rats from each group were sacrificed and subjected to radiological, histopathological, and histomorphometrical examination. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. No foreign body reaction was observed in either group at all intervals, and the bone-biomaterial junction was direct. Overall, the inflammation rate, and the number of blood vessels, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts decreased over time in both groups. However, the number of osteocytes, trabecular bone thickness, and the percentage of new bone formation increased, in contrast to the remaining biomaterial percentage. Most of the changes in the group implanted with compound 2 were significantly more significant and faster than in the other group. Although the composite with the higher percentage of FA was superior to the composite with the higher percentage of BG, considering the results of our previous similar studies, the composite with the same percentage of FA and BG is more favorable to be used as a substitute for bone tissue in the body.

Deviation from the original shape of the canal leads to poor filling and lack of proper canal seal and consequently to the failure of root treatment The aim of this experimental study was to determine the extent of apical transportation after instrumentation with hand K-Flexofile and BioRace rotary instruments by cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).

In this experimental ex-vivo study Fifty-four extracted maxillary first molars with 19-22 mm length and 5-25 degrees of curvature were selected. The mesiobuccal canals were prepared using either the K Flexo file and Bio Race rotary files. To compare apical transportation, CBCT images were taken before and after canal preparation. The apical transportation values were analyzed using the SPSS software 18  and T-Test, Mann-Whitney ,X2.

the mean canal transportation in 1 mm from the apical foramen with Bio Race are more than K Flexo file (P = 0.000).  And the mean canal transportation in 3 mm from the apical foramen with K Flexo file are more than Bio Race (P= 0.047). The Bio Race and K Flexo file  at 2mm from the apical foramen were not significantly different in causing transportation (P= 0.899)

Root canal transportation can be seen in all techniques, regardless of the file type used. Although both rotary and manual systems in this study showed some apical transportation, But they both had the same ability to maintain the centrality and curvature of the root canal.

Statement of the Problem:

 Molar teeth with furcation involvement are one of the most common problems in patients with periodontal disease. Regeneration methods are of the most controversial treatment strategies for these lesions.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF) with 1.2% Atorvastatin (ATV) in the treatment of furcation involvement of mandibular molars.

The present randomized clinical trial was conducted on 15 patients with moderate periodontitis and class II furcation involvements; 24 defects were located in four groups of six, including debridement, ATV1.2%, PRGF, PRGF with ATV1.2%. The parameters of vertical probing depth (VPD), vertical clinical attachment level (VCAL), gingival index (GI), horizontal probing depth (HPD) and gingival recession (GR) were measured at baseline (T0), immediately before surgery (T1), 3 (T2), and 6 (T3) months after surgery. Moreover, the bone conditions were evaluated by digital subtraction radiography before and six months after surgery. Data were analyzed using SPSS23 software.

No significant difference in radiographic parameters was observed among the groups (p= 0.08). There was no significant difference in the mean levels of VPD, VCAL and HPD among the groups at different times (p<0.05). Comparison of clinical parameters of VPD, VCAL and GI in the treatment groups compared to the baseline showed a significant improvement in each group (p< 0.05) but there was no significant difference among different groups (p< 0.05).

The use ofPRGF with ATV 1.2% in grade II furcation involvement in mandi-bular molars was effective in the improvement of clinical and radiographic parameters six months after treatment, but this effect revealed no difference in comparison with the other groups.

One of the critical factors determining the success of dental implants is primary stability. This study aimed to determine the density of jawbones in the implant candidate sites via cone‑beam computed tomography (CBCT) and its correlation with the values obtained from resonance frequency analysis during surgery.

In this descriptive‑analytic study seventeen implant sites requiring implant placement were selected. Impressions were sent to the laboratory to construct a surgical guide via the stereolithographic method. An electronic surgery was performed on the chosen implant sites according to each patient’s CBCT information entered into the Kaveh surgical guide software. The bone density of the target areas was calculated using the gray value (voxel value). After preparing the final osteotomy, an implant was installed in the area according to the manufacture’s recommendation. The relevant Osstell® SmartPeg was selected and installed on the implant body to determine the primary stability. Kolmogorov–Smirnov test and the correlation pearson correlation statistical test. used for statistical analyze. P value amounts < 0.05 was considered significant.

The mean and standard deviation of the gray scale in this study were 563.7 ± 218.8 and 65.3 ± 7.7 implant stability quotient (ISQ) respectively. The correlation between gray scale and ISQ was evaluated by the Pearson correlation test, and the results indicated a strong correlation between the two variables.

The voxel value and primary stability had a normal distribution and strong correlation. In other words, the gray scale determined by CBCT imaging techniques at the proposed implant site could be used to assess the bone density before the surgery.

Intrabony defects are among the most important signs of progression of periodontal disease. Complete tissue regeneration is the ideal goal of periodontal treatment, and regenerative methods aim to achieve this goal. New studies have reported the positive efficacy of chitosan to enhance the recovery of bony defects. This study aimed to clinically and radiographically assess the efficacy of chitosan particles for treatment of intrabony periodontal defects.

In this clinical trial, 18 intrabony three-wall periodontal defects were randomly divided into three groups (n=6). The control group only received conventional flap surgery with a sulcular incision. In the second group, low molecular weight (100,000-300,000g/mol) chitosan was used in the three-wall intrabony defects during surgery while high molecular weight chitosan particles (600,000-800,000 g/mol) were used in the third group. The probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL) and radiographic defect depth (RDD) were measured at baseline and at 6 and 12 months later. Repeated measures ANOVA, and McNemar’s test were used for statistical analysis.

In both the control (P<0.001) and coarse chitosan (P=0.035) groups, a significant difference was noted in PPD before and after surgery. CAL was not significantly different among the three groups (P>0.05). No significant difference was noted on radiographs between the groups regarding the regenerated bone density.

Chitosan showed no positive efficacy for treatment of three-wall periodontal bone defects.

Different materials cause artifacts in cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images, which, in turn, reduce the quality of images. The aim of this study was to investigate the abundance of artifacts induced by different root canal therapy sealers with two different CBCT resolutions.

Roots of four maxillary central phantom teeth were prepared using rotary files in three steps. In the first step, the first tooth was scanned first without gutta-percha and then with gutta-percha No. 25. Gutta-percha No. 25 with resin, the zinc oxide-eugenol (ZOE)-based sealer and the ceramic-based sealer were placed in the teeth No. 2, 3 and 4, respectively. The second step was performed similar to the first step, except that gutta-percha No. 35 was used in the tooth No. 1 with resin- and ZOE-based sealers in the teeth No. 2 and 3. due to the lack of access to the ceramic-based sealer that was not used to continue the study . In the third step, canal obturation was performed in the teeth No. 2 and 3 with resin and ZOE-based sealers. At each step, three CBCT scans were obtained in high and standard resolution conditions. Contrast-to-noise ratio was obtained in three root plans, and the data were analyzed.

Gutta-percha alone produced more artifacts than gutta-percha with sealers. Moreover, ZOE-based sealers induced more artifacts than other sealers. There was no significant difference between the three steps. Similarly, at different resolutions, there was no significant difference between gutta-percha and sealer artifacts. The ZOE-based sealers had more artifacts at 1/3 apical whereas resin sealers had more artifacts at 1/3 coronal.

The higher artifact of gutta-percha in comparison with gutta-percha and sealer and the artifact decrease in the combination of gutta-percha and resin-based sealer than ZOE-based sealer has led us to recommend the use of resin-based sealer while root canal therapy in order to better evaluation of the CBCT Images of root canal.

The frontal sinus is the most variable part of the paranasal sinuses in terms of symmetry, anatomical features and degree of development. The aim of this study was to assess the morphometric changes of the frontal sinus in cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images.

In this cross-sectional study, 200 CBCT images were examined for anatomical variations such as the presence of frontal sinus, sinus symmetry, lateral frontal sinus extension (LFSE) to orbital roof, scalloping, septum and type of septum. Moreover, Crista Galli (CG) was divided into three equal segments of anterior, middle and posterior in order to have a precise criterion for determining the location of the frontal recess in coronal plane. The data were analyzed using ANOVA with T-test and Chi-square at significant level of P<0.05.

Of 200 cases, 113 and 87 ones were male and female with the mean age of 18‒88 years. The results showed that frontal sinus was bilateral in all cases and symmetric in 113(57%) cases. The LFSE to orbital roof had a significant relationship with gender, so that at the external one-third, the LFSE was less frequent in women than men (P <0.001). The most frequent location of the frontal recess was in the posterior one-third of CG (85 (43%)) with significant difference (P=0.012).

In this study, frontal sinuses were rather symmetric, and the use of the anatomical CG marker in multiplanar (MPR) images was not feasible method for rapid detection of the frontal recess location in coronal plane.

Evaluation of the position of anterior teeth in the alveolar bone for planning implant treatments is so important. The aim of this study was to evaluate the thickness of buccolingual/palatal bone at anterior teeth roots and the angle between the tooth root axis and alveolar bone axis.

In this cross-sectional study, the position of root apex, angle between the tooth root axis and alveolar bone axis as well as thickness of buccolingual/palatal bone in 2,4,6 mm from alveolar crest and root apex areas were evaluated in the cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans of 360 maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth. The data were then analyzed by ANOVA and t-test.

Twenty eight females and 27 males with the mean age of 43.13 ± 10.91 participated (181 female teeth and 179 male teeth) in the current study. In maxillary anterior teeth, the buccal bone thickness was thinner than the palatal bone and was significantly smaller in females than males (p≤0.0001). The thinnest area in buccal bone was in 4mm from alveolar crest in female’s lateral incisor of maxilla (0.09±0.02). The thickness of the palatal bone in the maxillary lateral incisors was significantly thicker in females than males. The thickness of lingual bone was thicker in mandibular lateral incisors and canines than in buccal bone and the lingual bone thickness was significantly thicker in males than females. The apex position of anterior teeth was predominantly buccally in the maxilla (%94), while it was middle in the mandible (%44).

Due to the small thickness of buccal bone, evaluation of the position of implant fixtures in maxillary anterior teeth is of great importance.

The purpose of mechanical cleaning of the root canal is to clean the canal walls, create a conical shape to facilitate access, effective washing, and filling all areas of the root canal. Errors such as root canal transportation are cuased by excessive dentin removal from the canal. The objective of this study was to investigate root canal transportation by a BT Race rotary and manual file with Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT).

An Ex-vivo study was conducted in 54 extracted first molars. Root curvature was measured by Schneider's method. Preparation was performed in two groups (n= 27 per group) with manual and rotary files. CBCT images were prepared pre and post instrumentation of the canals. SPSS 18 Software was used to measure the amount of canal transportation.

The mean differences of canal transportation between the two groups were 0.24 ± 0.16, 0.19 ± 0.13mm, and 0.17± 0.12mm at T1 (1 mm from apical foramen), T2 (2 mm from apical foramen), and T3 (3 mm from the apical foramen), respectively. The total deviation was 0.022mm in this study. The rotary and manual files at T1 (P=0.51) and T3 (P=0.57) were not significantly different in causing transportation but T2 was found to cause significant canal transportation (P=0.027).

The average canal transportation in 2mm canal from the apical foramen by manual files was lesser than the rotary files. BT race and K-flexo file instruments can preserve the curvature of the root canals. Therefore, both systems can be used in clinical settings with minimal apical transportation.

Given that the world's population is aging, the problems associated with osteoporosis and related fractures are increasing. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of flaxseed extract on bone mineral density (BMD) in Wistar rats using digital radiography.

In this experimental study, 25 male and 25 female Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: 1. Control, 2. Calcium and vitamin D (Ca/VitD), 3. 100 mg/kg flaxseed, 4. 200 mg/kg flaxseed, and 5. 400 mg/kg flaxseed. Then, the animals were kept for thirty days. Maxillary and mandibular BMD as well as serum levels of calcium, vitamin D and phosphorus were measured at baseline and after 30 days of keeping the rats.

The results showed that serum levels of calcium and phosphorus were not significantly different in all five groups before and after 30 days. Serum levels of vitamin D were significantly higher in the group receiving Ca/vit D (with a mean of 61.6±15.8 in the male group and 85±12.9 in the female group) as compared with other groups (P<0.001). The highest level of change in maxillary and mandibular bone density was in 200 mg/kg flaxseed group with a mean difference of 24.5±6.1 and 26.5±3.1, respectively, which was significant in comparison with the control and Ca/vit D groups (p<0.001) .

Flaxseed extract is more effective in increasing bone density than the group receiving Ca/vit D. The mandibular and maxillary BMD was higher in the group receiving 200 mg/kg flaxseed compared to the group receiving Ca/vit D (p<0.001).

Background and

In order to achieve a successful root canal treatment, knowledge on root canal morphology and anatomy is essential. This study investigated the prevalence and morphology of the C- shaped canal in the mandibular second molar.

In this cross sectional study, we used cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of 260 patients obtained from a radiology center in Sari, north of Iran (2018). The patients attended the center for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Root canal images of mandibular second molar were examined in cross sections of each 1 mm of root canal. Teeth with C-shaped canal were classified according to Fan et al. Statistical analysis was performed applying Chi-square test and t-test.

Among the images of 260 mandibular second molars studied, 30 teeth (11.5%) were found with C-shaped canals and C1 was the most common form. In this study, gender had a significant impact on the prevalence of C-shaped canals and women were identified with much higher prevalence of the condition.

The prevalence of C-shaped canals among molar teeth was relatively high in north of Iran, therefore, dentists should have enough knowledge on this root canal anatomy and consider an endodontic referral.

Mandibular premolars are considered the most difficult of all teeth for endodontic treatment due to variation in the shape and the number of canals. For this reason, endodontic treatments showed the most failure rates. In this study, the number and morphology of canals of the mandibular premolar are investigated in northern cities in Iran. This cross-sectional study investigated the archived cone beam computed tomography images of patients who referred for diagnostic purposes to private centers of maxillofacial radiology. In total, 280 mandibular first premolars from 111 males and 169 females and 248 mandibular second premolars from 95 males and 154 females were investigated in this study. Data were analyzed in SPSS software (Version 2016) through descriptive statistics using frequency distribution and Chi-square test. Level of significant considered 0.05. Mandibular first premolars in males and females had one or two roots. One root premolars were the most prevalent of mandibular premolars (95.7%). Similarly, mandibular second premolars had one or two or three roots and one root premolars were the more prevalent of mandibular second premolars (97.6%). In terms of the number of canals, the majority of premolars had a single canal and were of type I. Among mandibular first premolars, types III, IV, and VII were not seen and Vertucci type VIII was the rarest.  Out of mandibular second premolars types IV, VI, and VII were not observed, and Vertucci types II and IIIV were the rarest. According to the results, mandibular first and second premolars in females and males are more single rooted and have a single canal. Regarding the Vertucci classification, the most prevalent type was type I.

Many studies have explored the prevalence of dental anomalies, with conflicting results, possibly attributed to differences in the ethnicities of the populations evaluated.  The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of dental anomalies, using panoramic images, in an Iranian population.  In this cross-sectional study, panoramic radiographs of patients aged 18 years or more, between 2015 and 2017 from three private clinics in Babol and Sari, were evaluated for presence or absence of anomalies (tooth shape, number, structure, and position). Data were analyzed using the chi square test, Student’s t-test, and analyses of variance. In this study, p ≤ 0.05 was considered significant.  Of 8018 cases examined, anomalies were found in 2250 cases (28.06%), with 95% confidence intervals of 27.08 - 29.0; one, two, and more than two types of anomalies were observed in 1968 (24.5%), 267 (3.3%), and 15 (0.2%) cases, respectively. Root dilaceration was the most prevalent anomaly (7.7%), followed by dens invaginatus (3.8%). Impaction was observed with a prevalence of 15.2%. Impaction, dens invaginatus, and missing teeth were significantly more prevalent in women than in men, whilst supernumerary teeth and hypercementosis were more common in men than in women (p< 0.05).  Regarding the relatively high prevalence of dental anomalies such as root dilacerations and dens invaginatus, it is essential to consider these anomalies carefully in treatment decision-making.

The ultimate aim of periodontal treatment is to regenerate periodontium and regenerative treatment after that. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of PRGF with 1% metformin biofilm in the treatment of two-wall intrabony periodontal defects. In this clinical trial, 8 patients with moderate chronic periodontitis and two-wall intrabony defect were selected. The defects were assigned to 4 groups: debridement, 1% metformin, PRGF, PRGF and metformin. The parameters of vertical probing depth, vertical clinical attachment level and gingival index were measured at baseline, immediately before surgery, and 3 and 6 months after surgery. In addition, the radiographic changes were evaluated with digital subtraction radiography before and 6 months after surgery. Analysis of the results was performed with repeated measurements, Friedman test and chi-squared test. All the groups exhibited improvements in all the clinical parameters after 6 months. Inter-group comparison of GI, CAL and PPD parameters revealed no statistically significant differences. Radiographic changes in the group of 1% metfor-min with PRGF revealed statistically significant differences compared with other groups; however, there were no statistically significant differences in other groups. Application of PRGF with 1% metformin in intrabony two-wall periodontal defects was effective in improving the clinical parameters but this effect revealed no difference compared with other groups; however, in terms of radiographic changes significant improvements were noted.

The aim of the current study was to evaluate the frequency of accessory foramina in human mandible. In this cross-sectional study, 400 cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scan images of mandibles of 273 patients (120 males and 153 females), divided into four groups ≤30, 30–39, 40–49, and ≥50 years) with the mean age of 38.05±13.71 years (40.71±12.83 for males and 35.39±12.05 for females) were evaluated. The number and diameter of accessory foramina from midline to anterior border of ramus with 0.1 mm intervals were investigated.Data were analyzed with SPSS 17 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, I1, USA) using T-Test, Pearson's correlation coefficient and Fisher exact test. Totally, 568 accessory foramina with mean diameter of 0.35 ± 0.15 mm were seen. The frequency  of accessory foramina in the studied patients  was 83%  with mean frequency of 88% in males and 80% in females. These results showed a significant difference between the genders in frequency of accessory foramen (P<0.001) although no difference was observed among different age groups. The highest frequency belonged to anterior lingual of mandible. The frequency  of accessory foramina in posterior mandible was higher in females, while males indicated higher frequency in anterior mandible. No significant difference was found in the frequency of accessory foramina between the right and left sides of the mandible. The results suggested,the survey of accessory foramina is recommended in CBCT images of mandible for therapeutic reasons due to higher frequency of accessory foramina in mandible.

Osteoporosis is a common disease of old age. The present study used digital radiography to determine the effects of equisetum arvense extract on the bone mineral density (BMD) of experimental rats. In this experimental study, 25 male and 25 female Wistar rats, aged three weeks old and weighing 100 grams, were randomly divided into five groups: (1) control group, (2) calcium/vitamin D group, (3) 60 mg/kg equisetum arvense extract group, (4) 90 mg/kg equisetum arvense extract group and (5) 120 mg/kg equisetum arvense extract group. Rats received these diets for 30 days. The spongy bone density was measured in the maxilla and mandible using digital radiography and the serum levels of calcium, vitamin D and phosphorus were measured at baseline and after 30 days. The data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey test. There was no significant difference between serum calcium and phosphorus levels in the five groups before and after 30 days. The serum vitamin D in the group receiving calcium and vitamin D was significantly higher than in the other groups (with average values of 24.7, 61.7, 23.47, 23.95 and 39.16 in the male groups 1 to 5 and 29.0, 85.07, 31.58, 42.34 and 18.83 in the female groups 1 to 5, respectively (p<0.001). Moreover, the increased mandibular BMD in the 120 mg/kg equisetum arvense group was significantly higher than in the control group (p<0.01). A diet containing 120 mg/kg equisetum arvense extract resulted in increased mandibular bone mineral density.

Diagnosis of lesions and bone defects is very important and there is a lack of substantial studies on the most appropriate method for bone defect measurement. Hence, the aim of this study is to evaluate the accuracy of multi-slice computed tomography (MSCT) and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in the diagnosis of mandibular bone defects present in sheep.
Material & This in vitro study was performed on 15 sheep's mandibular bones. Some defects were created in cortical and spongy bone using high-speed hand piece at the buccal and lingual cortical bone of the lower jaw. Totally, 75 mandibular bone defects with a depth of 1-3 mm were created. The mandibular bone samples were scanned using MSCT and CBCT scanners, and these scans were evaluated by two oral and maxillofacial radiologists. The positive and negative predictive values, sensitivity and specificity were calculated for both methods. The sensitivity of MSCT and CBCT were 78% and 96.5% and Specificitiey of MSCT and CBCT were 90% and 92% respectively. The positive and negative predictive values were 97.5% and 89.5 % for CBCT, and 90% and 92% for MSC respectively. The negative and positive likelihood ratios (LR-) and (LR+) were 0.035 and 13.04 for CBCT as well as 0.245 and 7.82 for MSC respectively. The study results demonstrated a higher accuracy of CBCT, compared to MSCT, in the diagnosis of bone defects

The aim of periodontal treatment is to regenerate periodontium. Regenerative treatments include the use of plasma that is rich in growth factors (PRGF).
In a randomized clinical trial, 20 three-walled intrabony defects from five patients with moderate periodontitis were randomly assigned to three groups. Patients in the control group underwent debridement of lesions. In the first treatment group, the defects were debrided and cenomembrane was applied. The third group was treated with debridement, PRGF and cenomembrane. Measures of vertical probing depth (VPD), vertical clinical attachment level (VCAL), gingival index (GI; Sinless and Loe) and radiographic index (by digital subtraction) were made preoperatively and 6 months post-surgery. Wilcoxon signed-ranks and Chi-square tests were used for analyzing quantitative and qualitative variables, respectively.
All three groups showed improvements in all measures except GI. Intra-group comparison for clinical attachment level (CAL) indicated significant difference in all groups before and after surgery (P The use of PRGF was associated with improvements in all parameters but not for GI.

Apical transportation (AT) of the root canal moves the physiologic canal terminus to a new location on the external root surface and results in the accumulation of debris and residual microorganisms due to inadequate cleaning and shaping of the canal end. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of AT following canal preparation with Mtwo and Reciproc R25 using cone‑beam computed tomographic (CBCT). In this in vitro study, 40 mesiobuccal root canals of the maxillary molars with 19–22 mm length and (>40°) taper were prepared in two groups using Mtwo and Reciproc R25 rotary systems along with irrigation with 2.5% NaOCl. CBCT scans were obtained of the canals before and after preparation under similar conditions, and the values were measured using the device software. The amount of AT was measured according to Gambill et al. Data were analyzed using SPSS 17 and Chi‑square and t‑tests. P Both systems caused some degrees of AT. No significant difference was found between the two systems in terms of the amount and direction of AT (P > 0.05); overall, the frequency of AT toward the mesial wall was greater than that toward the distal direction. However, this difference was not statistically significant. The mean amount of AT and the ability to keep the instruments in severely curved canals were not significantly different in canals prepared by Mtwo and Reciproc rotary systems. Thus, these systems can be used in the clinical setting with the lowest risk of AT.

The treatment of furcation area defects remained as a challenging issue in periodontal treatments. Regeneration treatment of furcation defects is the most discussed periodontal treatment. Although not completely hopeless in prognosis, the presence of the furcation involvement significantly increases the chance of tooth loss. The current research was conductedeto compare theeadditive effect of combined guided tissue regeneration (GTR) and platelet‑rich growth factor (PRGF) on the treatment of furcation bony defects.
A randomized, triple‑blinded, split‑mouth study was designed. It included patients with a moderate to severe chronic periodontitis with bilateral Grade II furcation involvement of first or second mandibular molars. Each side of mouth was randomly allocated for the treatment with either Bio‑Gide American Society of Anesthesiologists GTR or a PRGF or PRGF by itself. Plaque index, gingival index, vertical clinical attachment level, vertical probing depth, recession depth (REC), horizontal probing depth, fornix to alveolar crest (FAC), fornix to base of defect (FBD), furcation vertical component and furcation horizontal component (FHC) were recorded. The current research was conducted to compare the additive effect of combined GTR and PRGF on treatment of furcation bony defects. Altman’s nomogram, Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, Friedman test, general linear model, repeated measures, and paired t‑test were used as statistical analysis in this research. P Eight patients were finally enrolled for this study. Overly, general and specific clinical and furcation parameters were improved except REC that was deteriorated insignificantly and FAC improved not significantly. Intergroup comparison revealed better improvement of FHC in GTR/ PRGF group (P = 0.02).
A significant improvement in the Grade II furcation defects treated with either GTR or PRGF/GTR was noticed. Further large‑scale trials are needed to reveal differences of mentioned treatment in more details.

Incisive foramen in the maxilla is the oral terminus of the nasopalatine canal. This region is important in implantology, Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the neurovascular anatomical variations in the maxillary anterior region, observed on cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images.
In this cross-sectional study, maxillary CBCT images from 200 patients (100 men, 100 women, average age 45.61±11.01) were evaluated in sagittal, axial and coronal sections and the following parameters were investigated: incisive canal diameter, shapes of canal, presence of accessory canal in the anterior palate and their location, thickness of buccal bone in the sections containing canal, patient's dental and periodontal status in terms of bone loss. Data were collected and analyzed using SPSS, V20. P≤0.05 was considered significant.
In sagittal view, the mean diameter of the canal was 2.36±0.69mm.Age and gender did not significantly influence the diameter. Morphological analysis of canal showed that 25% of them were hourglass-like,23.5% conical,22%funnel,27.5% cylindrical, 2% tree branch. Accessory canals were observed in 58 patients (29%) specially near to the canine region. The thickness of buccal bone plate was less in complete edentulous patients than others and also there was a significant relationship between bone loss and canal size in the hourglass and cylindrical shapes.
In this study, the prevalence of accessory canals was relatively significant, so it seems essential to carry out cone beam computed tomography in this area for determining the canal morphology and dimensions before implant placement.

The current study aimed at determining the prevalence of complete isthmii in permanent teeth, using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in a selected Iranian community.
Methods and Materials: In this cross sectional study, 100 CBCT images (from 58 female and 42 male patients) including 1654 teeth (809 maxillary and 845 mandibular teeth) were evaluated. Each tooth root was evaluated in axial plane (interval, 0.1 mm; thickness, 0.1 mm) from the orifice to the apex and from the apex to the orifice to detect the presence of complete isthmus. Scans of teeth with complete isthmii were reevaluated in axial, sagittal, and coronal planes with the thickness, 0.1 mm. Presence and absence of complete isthmii in each tooth was reported. The root canal was divided into 3 equal parts (cervical, middle and apical thirds), and isthmii were classified with respect to the start and end points. Findings were classified into 6 categories with respect to the start and end points of the isthmii: 1) the beginning and end in the cervical third; 2) the beginning in the cervical third and end in the middle third ; 3) the beginning in the cervical third and end in the apical third ; 4) the beginning and end in the middle third ; 5) the beginning in the middle third and end in the apical third and 5) the beginning and end in the apical third.
The prevalence of complete isthmus in permanent teeth was 8.6%, and the highest prevalence was reported in mesial roots of the mandibular first molars. In maxilla, the highest prevalence of complete isthmus was found in mesiobuccal roots of the maxillary first molars, whereas in canines and central incisors, no isthmii were detected. In the mandible, the lowest prevalence of isthmus was found in second premolars. In maxillary molars, isthmii starting and ending in the middle third of the root had the highest prevalence. On the other hand, isthmii in mandibular molars, from apical or middle third of the root beginning to the end of the apical third, had the highest prevalence.
As the prevalence of complete isthmii was the highest in molars, endodontists should pay particular attention to accomplish a successful surgical or nonsurgical root canal therapy.

Maxillary molar distalization with intraoral or extraoral appliances is a common treatment modality in non-extraction treatment plan. In this study, an appliance with hyrax screw was used for maxillary molar distalization. Our purpose was to evaluate the amount of molar distalization, type of molar movement, effects on anterior teeth, and amount of changes in lower anterior facial height. Patients and 24 class II patients (13 females, 11 males) with bilateral half cusp class II molar relationship were participated. The appliance was made by hyrax screw for producing distalization force. Pre and post distalization lateral cephalometric radiographs and dental casts were evaluated. Lateral cephalograms and study models were obtained before treatment and after 12 weeks activation of the appliance (one turn per week). Cephalometric measurement demonstrated that, first molars tipped 2.9 degrees and displaced 1.76 mm. First premolar and upper incisor tipped 3.4 and 4.2 degrees, displaced 2.9 and 2.4 mm respectively. All of these results were statistically significant. The mean of maxillary first molars distaliztion was 2.6 mm per side in approximately four month. The mean of first maxillary molars tip was 3.93˚ and the mean of anchorage loss at the first premolars was 1.95 mm, but the crowns tipped 3.45˚ mesially. Lower anterior facial height (ANS-GN) and mandibular plan angle (GO-GN) increased, 0.7 ± 0.21 mm and 0.76 ± 0.32 degree, respectively, but were statistically insignificant. It can be concluded that proposed appliance can correct class II molar relationship. Molars displaced distally by bodily movement and tipping.

One of the anatomic structures in the mental interforaminal area is the mandibular incisive canal (MIC). Using various manipulation tools in the digital system may affect the visibility of MIC.

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of inversion filter (IF) on the visibility of mandibular incisive canal in panoramic radiographs.

In this cross-sectional study, 2580 digital panoramic images of 18 to 70-year-old patients were inspected for presence of MIC. Visibility of MIC and extension of the canal were registered separately on each side using IF and conventional mode. Data were analyzed by Kappa test using SPSS version 20 software. A probability value of P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

There was no significant differences between IF and conventional mode regarding visibility of MIC (P > 0.05).

Although using IF caused improved visibility of MIC, the difference with conventional mode was not statistically different.