فهرست مطالب sirvan mohammadi ghasrian

The early phase of late chalcolithic period is corresponding with principal cultural changes in vast regions of west of Iran. After long time of using painted potteries, at least at the end of fifth and early fourth millennium BC overlapping with Godin VII (VII/VI3) in west of Iran, the painted ceramics style went out entirely and replaced by plain/coarse chaff tempered pottery style. The replacement of plain ceramic instead of painted one in west of Iran, is considered with great cultural changes in west Iran which an event has occurred in the Zagros region to be seen by a severe decline in the number of residential areas and functioned to bring a shift by which the sedentary societies were changed to the more mobile pastoralists using open-air or cave areas instead of large occupational sites. but noted that mentioned hypothesis regarding the archaeological studies of early phase of late chalcolithic period in west of Iran was based on early studies occurred at 1964-1975 in east of central Zagros Highlands at west of Iran. noted during recent decades the situation was changed and more investigations conducted mainly based on scientific approaches by using radiocarbon dating which resulted in challenging early mentioned hypothesis about this period. Most of thesis regarding the chronology, settlement pattern, distribution, socio-economic complexity and cultural interaction of Godin VII studies at the end of fifth and early fourth millennium BC was failed. The present paper is trying to evaluate this period based on review of archaeological studies carried out about Godin VII period during recent decades. Our studies in this article showing that Godin VII period at the end of fifth and early fourth millennium BC was one of the main period at the prehistory of west Iran that has a key role of socio-economic complexity that need more attentions.

During Early Late Chalcolithic period at the end of the fifth millennium BC, It has been claimed that an event has occurred in the West Iran to be seen by a severe decline in the number of residential areas and functioned to bring a shift by which the sedentary societies were changed to the more mobile pastoralists using open-air or cave areas instead of large occupational sites. But review of archaeological investigation carried out recently in west of Iran challenge this hypothesis.  Recently there have been a number of field activities on the LC sites in western Iran are showing that at the end of fifth millennium BC, in the Zagros region there has been not only an indication of drastic decline in settlement areas but instead this area would be experienced a dense population growth. In addition there are some hypothesis regarding the formation, settlement pattern, pottery, chronology and… that did not fix with recent studies. This uncertainty raised many questions regarding this study. So in order to response to this question and give a new view to the archaeology of early late chalcolithic period of western Iran, the data of this period(particularly the well-known Godin VII period) has been investigated. The result showing that not only there is not a severe decline in the number of residential areas, but early late chalcolithic period cultures of western Iran had developed. Also, the Godin VII culture is not limited just the east of Central Zagros and extended beyond this region. Many areas at the north of central Zagros in Kurdistan province had Godin VII culture. At the east also this culture extended to the eastern edge of central plateau of Iran like Qazvin region. Regarding the importance of Godin VII period as it corresponding the early urbanization in Mesopotamian world, it should pay more attentions by archaeologists.

In recent years, an increasing number of archaeological investigations have produced new evidence for the prehistoric development (both in chronology and settlement patterns) in the westernmost provinces of Iran. Prior to the commencement of the MPAP an earlier survey in the Marivan region had been carried out by the Department of Archaeology at Bu Ali Sina University in Hamadan (Iran). Research focused on the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods and, unfortunately, evidence from the Chalcolithic periods is yet to be published. The Marivan Plain Survey Project, by Morteza Zamani Dadaneh from the University of Kurdistan, Kurdish Studies Institute, conducted a first season of systematic survey for four weeks in the summer of 2018. The goal of MPAP is to reassess previous survey work in the region. Archaeological project of Marivan plain in 2018 resulted in identifying 60 sites from Neolithic to more recent time. Among identified sites: 1 site dating back to PPN Neolithic, 14 site to chalcolithic period (early, middle and late), 2 site to Bronze Age probably, 11 site to Iron Age, 28 site to historic (Parthian) period and 12 site to Islamic era. Regarding the settlement pattern of prehistoric sites (Neolithic and chalcolithic period), it become clear that all prehistoric sites distributed in the northern and southern shore of Zeribar lake. Most probably such pattern influenced from Zeribar sea level and access to the fertilized agricultural lands in this area in Neolithic and chalcolithic times. But the distribution pattern of historic and Islamic sites is somewhat different from prehistoric pattern and is similar to pattern of nowadays residential areas. Current and historic/Islamic residential area placed close to permanent water sources in the narrow valleys surrounded the Zeribar lake. Of course, part of the Marivan Plain is located in the east of the current Marivan City, which is far from Zarivar Lake, and dispersed settlements in this section formed on the edge of the main river, one of the branches of the Garan River

Central western Iran located just beside tow of the most important regions regarding social structure studies. These area are northern/southern Mesopotamia and southwestern Iran(Khuzistan). from the Neolithic period onwards, mentioned areas experienced continues complexity which reached the maximum level in Late Chalcolithic period and lead to Urbanization (fourth millennium B.C) finally. Although there are some rare evidences related to primary social complexity of Neolithic period societies of western Iran, but it is in late chalcolithic (Godin VII) period that exact and considerable documents of social complexity became clear. During this time, for the first time we see apparent issue concerning complex and hierarchical communities. This process was started by building those special structure of Godin VII period seems to have an industrial role in this period. it was continues and even more developed in succeeding period in Godin VI/1-V period. the complexity of central western Iran communities raised to its maximum level at the end of fourth millennium B.C. during Godin V period, those well-known circular compound structure of Godin Tepe was built. Although the central western Iran reached to extreme level of social complexity at the end of fourth millennium B.C, but they did not reach urbanization process at least. The main goal of current paper is investigation the social structure of central western Iran societies in Neolithic and chalcolithic period. comparing with neighboring areas and particularly northern and southern Mesopotamia and southwestern Iran, this paper want to know that central western communities of western Iran was at what level of complexity in Neolithic and chalcolithic period? to reach this goal, we study and analyzed archaeological documents like architecture, clay token and figurines, seals, burial custom and….at the end we concluded that beside geographical issues which has key role urbanization process, role of religion, believe, communal structure and … should not be neglect.

Archeology of prehistory, particularly that of the Chalcolithic period in Iran, was divided into two important cultural domains called the Northwest and Central Zagros for a very long time. Moreover, there was not much information about the cultures of the regions between them mainly in the present day Kurdistan in the west of Iran. However, as a result of recent archeological explorations and excavations, more data is now available in this field. Presently, several sites and artifacts from the chalcolithic period have been identified and explored in Kurdistan. The findings of such studies have created some challenges to the cultural borderlines in the archeology of western Iran. The cultural remains and artifacts of the chalcolithic period in Kurdistan bear some similarities to those of its neighboring regions in the north and south of Iran, indicating that they belong to a single cultural domain. Through employing a descriptive-analytic method, the present paper aims to determine the place of Kurdistan Province in the studies of the chalcolithic period in the west of Iran based on an ancient, middle, and modern classification of historical periods.

The Marivan Plain is a small elongated alluvial plain which lies at the westernmost extent of the Zagros Mountains in the Iranian province of Kurdistan and c. 80 km west of the provincial capital Sanandaj. The plain is c. 60 km from the Iraqi city of Sulaymaniyah and less than 20 km from the Sharizor Plain in Iraq to the west. The plain is located between two archaeologically important regions of western Iran: the central Zagros to the southeast and the Lake Urmia region to the northeast. Early studies of prehistoric periods were mainly conducted in these two regions, while little attention was paid to the region of Marivan. Prior to the commencement of the 2018 project, an earlier survey in the Marivan region had been carried out by Department of Archaeology at Bu-Ali Sina University in Hamadan (Iran). Research focused on the Palaeolithic and Neolithic periods and, unfortunately, evidence from the Chalcolithic periods is yet to be published. In 2018, we began to re-examine ancient settlement in the Marivan region with a 4 week survey. The survey identified and documented more than 60 sites. Preliminary studies of the material collected during the survey resulted in the identification of about 13 sites dating to the Chalcolithic period; it was possible to differentiate the material sufficiently to allocate occupation at the sites to the Early, Middle and Late Chalcolithic periods. This paper presents the important and new evidence of the development of Late Chalcolithic period settlement and is starting to provide an insight into the impact of the Uruk Expansion in this part of the Zagros Mountains. Even the Late Chalcolithic (LC) period in Marivan area is somewhat overlap to Uruk (early, middle and late) period in Mesopotamia, until LC5 phase (Tepe Rasha), not any Mesopotamian influences is evident in Marivan sites.

The first season of archaeological survey in Marivan by a team from University of Bu-Ali sina Hamedan was lead to identify some prehistoric sites from Middle Paleolithic to Chalcolithic period. As a result of in mentioned investigation prehistoric cultural sequence of the area from Middle Paleolithic to Middle Chalcolithic period (except Late Neolithic and Early Chalcolithic) have been identified. So, there was a main question about the absence of Late Neolithic and Early Chalcolithic period sites of Marivan area. Fortunately, during our recent archaeological survey in Marivan, we succeeded in discovering an interesting site (Qala Ziwa) which has traces Late Neolithic and Early Chalcolithic (J ware). In addition to Late Neolithic and Early Chalcolithic (J ware), some typical Dalma related pottery was also sampled from the site. Among mentioned potteries, we believe that most important period can be considered as Early Chalcolithic period. Against other regions of Western Iran particularly Central Zagros that many Early Chalcolithic period sites were identified, this area is really less known and obviously Qala Ziwa is one of the first Early Chalcolithic period site ever reported from Marivan area. This site has typical J ware and compared with similar Early Chalcolithic period sites in Central Zagros. This pottery has been related to the Western parts of Central Zagros like Mahidasht zone and discovering J ware in Marivan can added this area to the distribution zone of this culture also. As mentioned, surface survey of the site showing that Qala Ziwa has a complete sequence from Late Neolithic to Middle Chalcolithic period. So, excavation of the site in order to clarifying stratigraphy of the site would yield valuable information regarding too late six millennium B.C archaeological studies of Western Iran.

Qalakamandbeg is one of the most important sites accrued to the Neolithic period and without pottery at the Hersin - in the west of Iran – this site has formed in the proximity a silex outcrop (mine) and at the bank of GamasiAov River. Identification of a site accrued to the middle Paleolithic in the recent surveys in the proximity of Qalakamandbeg clearly shows that forming these ancient sites and presence of the humans after Paleolithic period at this part has two reasons: firstly, availability to these silex outcrops to produce the applicable tools, and secondly a permanent water source in the name of GamasiAov River. The large number of dispersed stony manufactures and also numerous collected samples indicate that this site could be called as a camp site accrued to the middle Paleolithic, a site that has been formed to produce the various tools by the silex outcrop at the bank of GamasiAov River.

Khurbas on Qeshm Island, with an area of about 10 hectares, is an ancient site housing a valuable collection of remains from the prehistoric period until the recent Islamic centuries. Based on surface explorations, it has been discovered that a noteworthy number of the remains of this ancient site belong to the recent Islamic era. They mainly include stone architectural structures, Islamic graves, a residential area, a shrine, an underground cistern, water ducts, and an embankment dam. The purpose of this paper is to explore and record the chronology of those historical remains in this site which have not been previously studied. Therefore, it mainly aims to provide an answer to the following questions: Based on the previously conducted studies, what was the significance of this site in the past? How can we create the timeline of such remains? This study rests on the presupposition that, due to its strategic location, this region played a significant role in sea commerce, which is the reason why it has been the focus of particular attention during the recent centuries. The research findings indicate that as a commercial port, Khurbas played a very important role in the export and import of the goods of the northern and easterns coasts of the Persian Gulf.