soheila mohamadirizi

Midwifery emergencies can be managed by providing effective and quality care through a skilled workforce. Improving the quality of midwifery care requires the professional development of midwives, especially those who are novice, to maintain their capabilities and enhance their performance. This study was designed to develop a professional development program in the management of midwifery emergencies for midwifery graduates.

This mixed‑method study was conducted in two phases. In the first phase, a qualitative study was conducted to investigate the program needs, facilitators, and barriers to the management of midwifery emergencies in midwifery graduates. Further, the initial version of the program was developed based on the results of the qualitative study and literature review. The Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation (ADDIE) model was used to develop a professional development program for the management of midwifery emergencies. The developed program was then evaluated and approved by a panel of experts. In the second phase, the developed professional development program is implemented, and its impacts are evaluated. Finally, the final professional development program in the management of midwifery emergencies for midwifery graduates is provided.

In total, 2,360 primary codes were extracted and merged into 210 codes. After extracting the sub‑categories and categories, a review of the texts was conducted, and the final program was developed.

Using a professional development program for newly graduated midwives is an effort to improve the health of mothers and infants who receive these services.

Considering the importance of midwifery care in promoting the health of society, it seems necessary to try to improve the quality of education in this field, especially midwifery clinical education. In order to make this progress, it can be very useful to examine students' experiences and their opinions about the clinical skills performed in the early years of their studies. Therefore, the current research was conducted with the aim of explaining the pleasant and unpleasant experiences of childbirth management skills among midwifery students in 2022.

This research was conducted with a qualitative approach and with conventional content analysis method. The participants included 17 midwifery students with purpose-based sampling at Isfahan University of Medical Sciences in the year

The analysis identified three categories: The presence of the effective instructor (sub- categories: Teacher's personality and behavioral characteristics, sufficient scientific and practical ability), environment (Crowded physical space, improper communication of personnel, birth process), individual characteristics (Having courage, having motivation, having practical preparation before entering the internship).

Based on the findings of this study, the presence of an effective instructor, the environment and the individual characteristics of students have led to the creation of students' experiences of the first childbirth skill.

One of the most important clinical teaching keys is the use of new evaluation that plays an essential role in strengthening the quality level of clinical skills students. Hence, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of smartphone clinical skills recording in the labor ward on satisfaction of midwifery students.

This is a quasi‑experimental study that was conducted on 60 midwifery students in the 8th semester was selected through the convenience sampling method. Clinical skills of labor ward recorded by two methods groups (smartphone and traditional). The satisfaction questionnaire was completed before and after by the two groups. Data were analyzed using the descriptive and inferential statistics through the SPSS version 22 software.

Independent t‑test showed that the satisfaction scores before intervention in both smartphone and traditional groups were not statistically significant (P = 0.126), whereas there was a significant difference between two groups after intervention (P = 0.002).

The use of smartphone techniques in the labor ward can be effect in clinical skills recording among midwifery students.

Role of clinical skill training in the formation of skills and professional competencies of midwifery students is important. Hence, the use of “training new methods are essential in clinical settings.” This study aimed at determining the effectiveness of simulation training in obstetric emergencies. In this meta‑analysis study, international databases of Web of Science, Scopous, Proquest, and PubMed and Iranian databases such as Irandoc, Magiran, and SID were searched for studies published between 2000 and 2020 using related keywords. Based on the consortium checklist, the full text of the selected articles was reviewed and in case of a specific score, the article was analyzed. The results show that, out of 420 studies after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, only nine clinical trial articles were reviewed. Studies were conducted in Iran, the United States, France, China, and Chicago. The results of meta‑analysis showed that the simulation training method can be effective in managing midwifery emergencies. Hence, the use of simulation training method can be effective in various areas of learning related to obstetric emergencies.

Varicocele is one of the most important causes of male infertility that is affected by various factors including anthropometric indices. Body mass index can change the prevalence of varicocele in men and although there are many studies on the relationship between BMI and the prevalence of varicocele, but no study has reviewed these results, so this review study was performed with aim to evaluate the relationship between body mass index and varicocele in various studies.

In this review study, international databases of Web of Science, Scopous, Proquest and Pubmed and Iranian databases such as Irondoc, Magiran, and SID were searched for findings the studies published between 2000 and 2020 using the related keywords. The full text of selected articles was reviewed by two browsers.

A total of 10 studies were reviewed. These studies examined the body mass index of men and examined the prevalence of varicocele in these individuals. Most studies have shown that obese men and people who reported a higher body mass index had a lower prevalence of varicocele and a high body mass index could be a protective and preventive factor in men.

According to the results of this study, body mass index is associated with the incidence of varicocele and people with low body mass index have higher incidence of varicocele than people with normal body mass index.

Clinical education is one of the most important parts of medical students’ education, and it is a major part of the education of qualified and professional people. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the effect of applying Direct Observation of Procedural Skills (DOPS) on midwifery students’ clinical skills.

This is a quasi‑experimental, two‑group study conducted as a pre‑ and post‑study on midwifery students in 2017–2018. Cluster and randomized sampling method was used. The processors involved in this study were three main skills of vaginal examination, pelvic examination, and vaginal delivery. The DOPS method was used to assess the practical skills in the interventional group during three times the process at day, 1 day, and at least 1 week later; the usual logbook method was used in the control group. Two groups were evaluated at the end of the midwifery course by Comprehensive Final Midwifery checklist. The tools were checked for validity and reliability, and data were analyzed using descriptive and analytical statistics.

There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of important demographic variables such as age, grade, marital status, and initial assessment score (P > 0.05). The mean of final scores in the normal delivery, vaginal examination, and pelvimetry was statistically significantly higher in the interventional group (P < 0.001). On the other hand, the functional field of the students in the interventional group was statistically significantly improved in normal delivery and pelvimetry (P < 0.05), and this difference was not significant in the vaginal examination. In addition, the mean scores of students before and after the DOPS method were statistically significantly different in every skill in Comprehensive Final Midwifery checklist (P < 0/05).

The DOPS assessment methodology is not only a useful tool of clinical evaluation, but also an effective tool for clinical learning of students. For this purpose, it is suggested that educational members of midwifery take enough time to design DOPS method in the same process.

Factors affecting labor pain include physiological, psychological, and social factors, among which psychological factors refer to attitudes and beliefs about labor pain. Hence, the present study was conducted to determine the relationship between attitude toward labor pain and length of the first, second, and third stages in primigravida women.

This cross‑sectional study was performed on 230 pregnant women who were referred to hospitals affiliated to Isfahan University of Medical Sciences in a two‑stage sampling in 2018. In the beginning, the participants completed the questionnaire of demographic/fertility characteristics and attitude to labor pain (25Q), and at the next stage, the researcher completed the form of labor information including length of the labor stages. Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 22 and Pearson correlation coefficient, Student’s t‑test, one‑way ANOVA, and general linear regression.

The mean (standard deviation) of the attitude to labor pain was 53.96 (1.9), and the length of the first stage was 10.01 (0.3) (h), the second stage was 1.6 (0.4) (h), and the third stage was 15.9 (1.7) (min). One hundred and eighty‑three (79.6%) had negative attitude and 47 (20.4%) had positive attitude toward labor pain. There was a significant positive correlation between attitude toward labor pain and length of the first (P = 0.001, r = 0.37) and second stages of labor (P = 0.001, r = 0.24). There was no significant between length of third stage of labor and attitude toward labor pain (P = 714).

The results showed that the majority of primiparous women had a higher (negative) attitude toward labor pain, which was associated with longe the first and second stages of labor.

Cooperative teaching methods have been used widely in medical education. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of theater in the clinical stage on postpartum hemorrhage management among midwifery student.

This was an experimental study, performed in 2016 among midwifery students in Isfahan University of Medical Sciences and selected through the random sampling method. Satisfaction questionnaire and clinical practice checklist were completed by both groups before and after the education. The collected data were analyzed using independent t‑test and paired test. The significant level was considered statistically <0.05.

The findings of independent t‑test did not show any significant difference between satisfaction and clinical practice scores of theater and control group before intervention while a statistically significant difference was observed in after intervention between the scores of two groups (P = 0.001). Paired t‑test showed a statistically significant difference in satisfaction and clinical practice score in two groups after intervention theater and control group, respectively (P = 0.002, P = 0.002).

Theater method in postpartum hemorrhage can be increased satisfaction and clinical practice levels in midwifery students. Hence, the conduction of this educational model is recommended as an effective learning.

Childbirth fear is one of the major problems during pregnancy and postpartum, and it assesses the sense of management coherence in stress. Therefore, the present study was conducted to compare the association between the sense of coherence and childbirth fear in high-risk and low-risk pregnant women.

This was a cross-sectional correlation study performed on 440 low-risk and high-risk pregnant women referred to health centers in Isfahan in 2016. Sampling was carried out in several stages and clustered and accessible. The data gathering tool was Sense of Coherence and Fear of Childbirth Questionnaires.

The results showed that in high-risk pregnant women, the mean score of the sense of coherence was 108.23 and the fear of delivery was 41.7, and in low-risk pregnant women, the sense of integrity and fear of delivery were 19.109 and 42.25, respectively. In addition, the results of t-test showed that there is no significant relationship between the fear of delivery in high-risk and low-risk pregnant women (P = 0.056), while there is a significant relationship between sense of coherence score in high-risk and low-risk pregnant women (P = 0.02).

Having the desired level of success, happiness, well-being, ability to cope with stress and overcoming psychological crisis, and pleasant social relationships can increase the sense of coherence in pregnant mothers.

Numerous empirical evidences have shown that social and environmental circumstances and social relations have an important impact on pregnancy outcomes, women’s ability to cope with stressful situations, and childbirth pain management. The present study was conducted to determine the relationship between perceived social support and fear of childbirth.
The present descriptive correlational study was conducted on 270 nulliparous pregnant women who referred for pregnancy care in 2016. The subjects were selected through convenience sampling method. The data collection tools were a demographic characteristics form, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), and the Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire (W‑DEQ). The collected data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics tests.
The mean perceived social support score of the participants was 77.90 and a significant correlation was observed between the perceived social support score and fear of childbirth score (β = −0.18, p = 0.004). The participants’ mean score of fear of childbirth was 36.8. The results of study after the evaluation of the effect of predictive variables on the fear of childbirth are as follows: pregnancy preparation classes: (β = 3.50, p = 0.220); observation of natural childbirth videos: (β = 5.26, p = 0.040); and use of educational software: (β =5.82, p = 0.080).
In order to reduce the fear of childbirth, women’s social support structure during pregnancy should be assessed. Moreover, demographic characteristics form the structure and determine the extent of individuals’ social network and, through the evaluation of these characteristics during pregnancy, the rate of effective support can be predicted in individuals.

Hardiness and optimism are two general health promoting factors, which enable the individuals to remain both psychologically and physically healthy despite encountering negative life events. But there is lack of knowledge about the current state of these constructs and their relationship in breast cancer patients in an Iranian context.
This was a descriptive study which was completed in Sayyed‑AL‑Shohda Hospital affiliated to Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran, in 2015. Two hundred and ten women with breast cancer were conveniently selected to complete the personal/demographic/illness questionnaire, Hardiness Scale, and Life Orientation Test. Data were analyzed by t‑test, analysis of variance, and Pearson correlation with a significance level of p The mean (SD) age and duration of illness were 46.73 (10.12) years and 29.48 (19.70) months, respectively. Most patients were married (86.23%), without university education (92.61%) and unemployed (85.69%). Most patients received chemotherapy as their main treatment (39.43%). Also, 61.42 and 58.10% of patients had high hardiness and optimism, respectively. There was a significant positive correlation between the score of hardiness and optimism (r = 0.22, p ≤ 0.01).
The results showed that most of the breast cancer patients had moderate to high hardiness and optimism, so healthcare providers can use these personality properties in their care planning to improve coping strategies. Also, the findings of this study can assist healthcare team in order to pay more attention to coping strategies in cancer patients during their treatment and also considering the relationship of these issues in their evaluations.

Childbirth self‑efficacy is one of the most important factors causing a shift in mothers do vaginal delivery. If the mother feels that she can cope well with stress, will be protected from the harmful effects of stress on your health. Self‑efficacy contained individual’s assessment of her ability to deal with stressful situations. Strengthen the spiritual beliefs of the patient causes her to be a good result every situation even incurable condition. This study aimed to determine the effect of religious‑spiritual support on childbirth self‑efficacy in primiparous women.

This is a quasi‑experimental study carried on seventy primiparous women; participants were randomly divided into two intervention and control groups. The intervention group received the e‑learning package based on religious‑spiritual content. Self‑efficacy questionnaire by both groups before and 4 weeks after it was completed. Collected data were entered into SPSS version 11 descriptive statistics, independent t‑test, and paired t‑test which were used for analysis of data. The significant level was considered <0.05.

The results showed that the mean self‑efficacy score before and after intervention in case group was 105.2 (27.01) and 110.12 (21.2), respectively, and in control group; 111.2 (23.12) and 116.9 (24.43). Paired t‑test in two groups was significant (P = 0.042, P = 0.045) but independent t‑test showed no significant difference in scores of childbirth self‑efficacy before and after intervention in two groups (P = 0.061).

In prenatal periods, religious‑spiritual support through electronic package method can increase childbirth self‑efficacy, so the planning and establishment of this training are recommended as an effective training.

The concept of sexual dysfunction is dysfunction in desire and emotional – social that it is Impact on the sexual response cycle and can cause stress and interpersonal difficulties. Quality of marital relationship is one of the important factors predicting sexual function disorders, which varies among different cancers. The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between sexual dysfunction and quality of marital relationship in genital and breast cancers in women.

This correlational study was conducted on 150 breast and genital cancers in women referred to Sayedoshohada and Milad hospitals in Isfahan city through a two‑stage sampling method. Participants completed questionnaires about demographic/disease and sexual function questionnaire (44 questions) and quality of marital relationship (11 questions). Collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 14 software, statistical test such as, Pearson correlation coefficient tests independent t‑ student, one way ANOVA.

The results showed that 70.7% of women had breast cancer and 29.3% had gynaecological cancer. 60% of patient had good quality of marital relationship and 19.3% sexual dysfunction. There was a significant correlation between sexual function and quality of marital relationship (P = <0.001).

There was a significant correlation between sexual function disorder and quality of marital relationship. The inclusion of patients educational programs and couple therapy in cancer disease rehabilitation program is important in order to improve the quality of marital relationship and subsequent sexual dysfunction in cancer patients.

A modern teaching method has been used for educating the midwifery students. Regarding the importance of accuracy and speed among the midwifery students, especially in the stressful condition of childbirth, this study aimed to investigate the effect of time management and precaution techniques on the midwifery student's clinical performance in the labour ward.
This study was conducted on 40 midwifery students during November 2015-March 2016. The participants were randomly assigned into the control and experimental groups that were trained using the traditional method and time management techniques, respectively. The subjects’ clinical performance regarding the fetal heart rate monitoring, contraction check, and physical examination was assessed using a checklist during the intervention and four months after the intervention. The data analysis was performed using the independent and paired t-tests through the SPSS version 14. P-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
According to the results of the present study, there was no significant difference between the two groups regarding the speed of performing the examined clinical care before the intervention. However, following the intervention, there was a significant difference between the two groups in this regard (P=0.010). Additionally, the paired t-test revealed a statistically significant difference in the speed of performing the clinical care between the two groups after the intervention (P=0.018).
As the findings of the present study indicated, the time management technique could improve the speed in the midwifery students. Therefore, this technique as a modern method is recommended to be employed in the emergency wards such as the labour and delivery wards.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) could be considered as one of the most common chronic disorders of the central nervous system. However, patient education tasks in this group are a challenge for health care provider team but due to increase in the incidence of MS, a new category of contact, care, and education seems to be useful. Hence, the aim of this study was to compare the effect of electronic education and illustrated booklet on knowledge of patients with MS.

This was a quasi‑experimental research was carried out on 120 patients with MS from January 2013 to July 2013. All patients attended MS clinic located at the Ayatollah Kashani Hospital conducted to Isfahan Neurosciences Research Center (INRC). Patients were divided randomly into two equal groups: (1) Electronic education (n = 60) and (2) illustrated booklet (n = 60). Participants’ knowledge score was collected according to the researcher‑made questionnaire with 40 questions. Data were analyzed using Student’s t‑test and paired t‑test through SPSS (version 11.5) with a significance level of P < 0.05.

Although there was not any significant difference between the knowledge score of electronic education and illustrated booklet group before intervention (18 ± 2.2 vs. 17.01 ± 3.4(, (P = 0.434, t = −5.64), but there was a significant difference after 2 weeks intervention (35.74 ± 1.4 vs. 33.74 ± 3.4), (P = 0.021, t = −6.64). Paired t‑test showed a statistically significant difference in the knowledge level in both groups after intervention as follow: (1) Electronic education (18 ± 2.2 vs. 35.74 ± 1.4), (P = 0.024, t = −7.55) and illustrated booklet (17.01 ± 3.4 vs. 33.74 ± 3.4), (P = 0.003, t = −8.55).

The electronic educational program applied in this study appears increased knowledge of patients with MS. Therefore, the conveyance of this program to earn time for patient and healthcare provider team is suggested as a valuable and appropriate teaching method.

Mindfulness may be conceptualized as a dispositional trait which differs across individuals, so this study was, therefore, designed to determine the survey of mindfulness in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and its association with attachment style.

This was a cross‑sectional study which was conducted in Kashani Hospital affiliated to Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran, in 2013. Samples were 210 adult patients who suffered from MS completed demographic and disease characteristics questionnaire, Five Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire and adult attachment style. The SPSS version 16 software was used to conduct statistical tests including t‑test, NOVA, and Pearson correlation.

The means of age and duration of illness were (33/96 ± 9/5) years and (24/3 ± 6/3) month, respectively. Most patients were married (66/1%), without university education (62/8%) and with incomes suffice (63%). The majority of the patients had received beta‑interferon (55/4%) as their main treatment. The mean ± standard deviation attachment style and mindfulness were 25/6 ± 11/6 and 79/8 ± 25/6, respectively. Furthermore, there was a significant negative correlation between the attachment style score and mindfulness score (P = 0.001, r = −0.32).

The result shows that stronger association between mindfulness and attachment can reflect the beneficial effects of mindfulness interventions on both mindfulness and attachment and it can provide some evidence that mindfulness interventions may enhance secure attachment.

Job stress is one of the most common health problems with clinical and psychological consequences, which can affect work ability among emergency nurses. Nevertheless, more studies are needed to shed light on the status of this disorder and its relevance to work ability in nurses in the emergency departments (EDs)..
The current study aimed to determine job stress among emergency nurses and its association with work ability..
This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2013 in hospitals affiliated to Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. Two hundred nurses who worked in the EDs were asked to complete a demographic questionnaire and special scales to assess their job stress and work ability. T-tests, analysis of variance, Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression were used to analyze the data..
The mean job stress and work ability scores were 151.09 ± 0.01 and 26.9 ± 8.2, respectively. Fifty-five percent of the subjects had high job stress and fifty-seven percent showed low work ability. A significant indirect correlation was found between job stress and work ability scores in the subjects (P = 0.015)..
Nurses working in the EDs experience a high level of job stress and low work ability. This may decrease the quality of care and patients’ safety. Fulfilling the staff shortage in ED and improving management behaviors are important in this regard..

Traditional teaching methods used in medical education cannot wholly respond to the rapid changes and growth of information as well as continuous changes in the educational needs of society, especially patients with chronic diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Therefore, this study was designed with the aim of examining the effect of electronic package on satisfaction in MS patients.

The research was a quasi‑experimental study. It was carried out at the MS Kashani Center affiliated to the Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, in 2013. One hundred twenty‑eight patients with MS were allocated randomly into two equal groups of 64 each for education by booklet (control) and education by multimedia software (experimental) for 2 weeks. Data were collected by processing questionnaires, which consisted of questions about satisfaction (17 items) and questions about demographic and disease characteristics (9 items), answered by both groups before and 2 weeks after education. SPSS version 14 (DARYA software, Iran) was used to conduct statistical tests such as the independent t‑test and the paired t‑test for analyzing the data. The statistical significance level was less than 0.05.

The results show that there was not any significant difference between the satisfaction scores of the electronic package and control groups before intervention, but that there was a significant difference after 2 weeks’ intervention (P = 0.010).

The electronic programs comprised an attractive education method. So this technology can increase motivation in MS patients to study more about the disease process.

Mindfulness is one of the important factors that predicts the attachment between mother and her fetus or neonate. It varies among different cultures and countries. Thereby, the aim of this study was to determine the relationship between Mindfulness and Maternal attachment to the fetus and neonate in prenatal and postpartum periods.
This longitudinal study was carried out with 347 primigravida women referred to Mashhad health care centres. The study performed with two stage sampling method (cluster-convenience) in 2014. Demographic/prenatal characteristics questioners including, mindfulness (39Q), fatal-maternal attachment (21Q) and maternal-neonatal attachment (22Q) were completed by the participants.
In the prenatal period, the mean (±SD) value for total Mindfulness and Maternal-fetal attachment were 112.8 (±12.8) and 59.89 (±8.6) and in the postpartum were 116.8(±13.4) and 71(±0.01), respectfully. Also there was a positive correlation between Maternal-fatal-Attachment in prenatal and postnatal period (P=0.40,r=0.102; P=0.16, r=0.129 respectively).
There was a correlation between Mindfulness and Maternal-fatal and neonate Attachment in the prenatal and postpartumperiods. Therefore, it is advisable that community health caregivers and midwives receive trainings regarding psychological problems during perinatal, which could be beneficial for early diagnosing and identifying such disorders

Multi‑dimensional self‑compassion is one of the important factors predicting fetal‑maternal attachment which vary among different cultures and countries. So the aim of this study was to determine the relationship between multi‑dimensional, self‑compassion, and fetal‑maternal attachment in the prenatal period.

This cross‑sectional study was carried on 394 primigravida women to Mashhad Health Care Centers in with two stage sampling method (cluster‑convenience) in the year 2014. Demographic/prenatal characteristics, multi‑dimensional self‑compassion (26Q) with five dimension (including self‑kindness, self‑judgment, common humanity, isolation items, mindfulness, over‑identified), and fatal‑maternal attachment (21Q) were completed by the participants. The statistical analysis was performed with various statistical tests such as Pearson correlation coefficient, t‑test, one‑way ANOVA, and linear regression using SPSS statistical software (version 14).

Based on the findings, the mean (standard deviation) value for multi‑dimensional self‑compassion was 59.81 (6.4) and for fatal‑maternal attachment was 81.63 (9.5). There was a positive correlation between fatal‑maternal attachment and total self‑compassion (P = 0.005, r = 0.30) and its dimension including self‑kindness (P = 0.003, r = 0.24), self‑judgment (P = 0.001, r = 0.18), common humanity (P = 0.004, r = 0.28), isolation items (P = 0.006, r = 0.17), mindfulness (P = 0.002, r = 0.15), over‑identified (P = 0.001, r = 0.15).

There was a correlation between the multi‑dimensional self‑compassion and fetal‑maternal attachment in pregnant women. Hence, educating people like caregivers by community health midwives regarding psychological problems in during pregnancy can be effective in early diagnosing and identifying such disorders.

Physical activity generally declines during pregnancy, but activity barriers during this period are not well understood. The objective was to determine physical activity and some relative factors in referred pregnant women.

This cross-sectional study was carried on 384 in referred pregnant women to Isfahan Health Care Centers and Shahid Beheshti Hospital in second stage sampling method in 2013. Demographic/prenatal characteristics, physical activity (36Q) and prenatal life quality questionnaire (26Q) were completed by participants. The statistical analysis was performed with various statistical tests such as the t-test, one-way ANOVA, individual correlation coefficient, and linear regression using SPSS statistical software (version 16).

Based on the findings, 98.7% (n = 378) of pregnant women had low physical activity. Also, there were a correlation among physical activity and parity, age, gestational age (P ≤ 0.005).

Since physical activity is recommended for the most of pregnant women, it is imperative to promote physical activity between pregnant women and some intervention suggestions.

Nutrition pattern is one of the important factors predicting menstrual distress, which varies among different cultures and countries. The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between food frequency and menstrual distress in high school girls from Mashhad. This cross‑sectional study was conducted in 2012 using a two‑stage sampling method on 407 high school female students from Mashhad who met the inclusion criteria. Subjects completed questionnaires of demographic characteristics, food frequency, and Menstrual Distress Questionnaire (MDQ) during three phases of the menstrual cycle (a week before bleeding, during menstrual bleeding period, and a week after menstruation). The collected data were analyzed by statistical tests such as Pearson correlation coefficient test, independent Student’s t‑test, and one‑way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results showed that 87.7% of the students were at moderate economic status, 82.2% were exposed to cigarette smoke, 94.8% had mothers without university education, and 9.4% had working mothers. About 71% of the students reported minor pre‑menstruation distress, 81% reported minor distress during bleeding, and 39% reported minor post‑menstruation distress. In addition, the mean (SD) values for sweet–fatty foods, salty–fatty foods, fast foods, and caffeine were 3.6, 3.3, 1.3, and 10.2 per week, respectively. In addition, Pearson correlation coefficient test showed no significant correlation between total menstruation distress and food frequency (P > 0.05). With regard to the inappropriate food frequency and high intensity of menstrual distress among high school students and as health care and educational efforts for prevention and health promotion in society are among the duties of health workers, the results of this study can help the officials involved in education to emphasize on nutrition and the menstrual health of students.

Self-efficacy in clinical performance had an important role in applying competencies; also competencies and self-efficacy in clinical performance influenced to quality care of nursing and midwifery students. So the present study aimed to define the relationship between clinical competencies and clinical self-efficacy among nursing and midwifery students. This is a cross-sectional study conducted on 150 of nursing and midwifery students in Isfahan University of Medical Science, selected through two stage sampling in 2014. The participant completed questionnaires about personal/ educational characteristics and nursing competencies questionnaire (18 items) and clinical self-efficacy scale (37 items). The data were analyzed by, Pearson statistical test, t-test, variance analysis through SPSS version16. The results showed that 50% (n=75) and 37.4% (n=56) of nursing and midwifery students had good clinical competence and clinical Self-Efficacy, respectively. Also the mean competencies and self-efficacy in clinical performance scores were 35.05± 1.2 and 76.03± 0.4 respectively. Pearson correlation coefficient showed that there was a positive linear correlation between the score of clinical competence and clinical self-efficacy (P<0.05, r=0.73). The results reveal that self-efficacy is a significant predictor of a student's clinical performance therefore increasing clinical competence related to high clinical Self-efficacy.

Since, employing new education approach is necessary for enhancing medical students` skills, so the aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of role –play approach compared the traditional method about neonatal admission skills in delivery room among midwifery students. This was an experimental study in 2013-2014 in Isfahan-Iran. After baseline testing, 30 midwifery students were trained using role-playing method for neonatal admission skills (n=15, case group) and using a traditional method (n=15, control group). Participants were tested after intervention in final term. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS version 13 and descriptive and analysis such as independent t-test and paired test. The significant level was considered less than 0.05. Before intervention, the findings did not show any significant difference between skill scores of two groups (role-play and traditional method); while a statistically significant difference was observed in after intervention between the scores of two groups (P=0.003). After intervention, Paired t- test showed a statistically significant difference in skills scores in two groups respectively (P=0.024, P=0.010). Role-play teaching technique can be increased neonatal admission management skills levels in midwifery students. So, the conduction of this educational model is recommended as an effective learning in neonatal admission management. The role playing approach leads to comparable practical neonatal admission management-performance compared to traditional method. Therefore, this approach could be useful in special educational settings especial midwifery and neonatal wards.

An active teaching method has been used widely in medical education. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the four‑phase teaching method on midwifery students’ emotional intelligence (EQ) in managing the childbirth.

This was an experimental study that performed in 2013 in Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. Thirty midwifery students were involved in this study and selected through a random sampling method. The EQ questionnaire (43Q) was completed by both the groups, before and after the education. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 14, the independent t‑test, and the paired t‑test. The statistically significant level was considered to be <0.05.

The findings of the independent t‑test did not show any significant difference between EQ scores of the experimental and the control group before the intervention, whereas a statistically significant difference was observed after the intervention between the scores of two groups (P = 0.009). The paired t‑test showed a statistically significant difference in EQ scores in the two groups after the intervention in the four‑phase and the control group, respectively, as P = 0.005 and P = 0.018. Furthermore, the rate of self‑efficiency has increased in the experimental group and control group as 66% and 13% (P = 0.024), respectively.

The four‑phase teaching method can increase the EQ levels of midwifery students. Therefore, the conduction of this educational model is recommended as an effective learning method.