somaieh dehdari

To the same extent that today investment contracts have developed and increased their complexity, the differences in different contractual levels have increased to the same extent. Therefore, in providing an effective and efficient solution to resolve disputes in the investment field, approaches and methods should be considered that are based on the subject of the contract and the field of dispute on the one hand and the position of jurisdiction that has created and explains the procedure. Considered tools.This study shows that institutions and arbitration centers dealing with the settlement of investment disputes have been able to create a conventional approach and procedure in the international arena by solving numerous cases with arbitration procedures in the global arena.In other words, the methods of proceedings in different authorities in international arbitration are different and each of them has its own special methods and initiatives, which in case of domestic laws are not coordinated with them, one of the factors of encouraging and persuading investment is weakened.

Cultural ecology is a knowledge that examines the cultural aspects of the relationship between human being and its surrounding. In this regard, this study with a qualitative method and a naturalistic approach using a technique that focused on groups and also a profound interview has investigated indigenous ecological knowledge to manage the herds in Olad village, Andika town, Khuzestan province, Iran, 2016. The findings of the study showed that the people living in this village for many years use their local knowledge in order to interact with the surrounding environment, breeding and keeping livestock in various pasture. They also divide the pastures based on recognizing the need in any physiological stage of livestock. In this regard, they acquired ecological memory in the field of livestock identification. They also have acquired indigenous knowledge in all fields, including mating and calving, time management, taking care of lambs, young goats, breastfeeding or milking, and forming the structure and composition of the herds according to the cultural and environmental conditions. They have a pity on the treatment of livestock and culture of collaboration and co-operation in using pastures. Ultimately, the present study confirmed the protective aspects, and economic, social, cultural and indigenous knowledge of villagers in order to express their potential natural resources and also upgrade their development physically and spiritually. It has been stated that indigenous ecological knowledge of herders plays an important role in the stability of land and livestock management and also all natural fields.

Identification and introduction of flora in a region has a particular importance in various aspects. In this regard, plant species were identified and named in Darreh Anar watershed basin in Baghmalek. Plant species were identified and their chorology, life form, endemic and rare plants determined through laboratory examinations and by using reference books. Floristic surveys resulted in identification of 132 plant species, belonged to 103 genera and 43 families. The families of Poaceae (23 species), Papilionaceae (20 species), Asteraceae (16 species) and Apiaceae (6 species), were the most important families which include? percent of total species. The dominance of Therophytes and Hemichryptophytes (92%) Life forms indicates the specific flora of mountainous regions and the cold climates in this region. From the 132 species of flora, 74 species (55.6%) are soil conservation plants, 71 species (53.4%) have forage value, 55species (41.35%) are medicinal plants and 11 species (8.3%) are edible plants. Irano-Turanian (63 species) and multi-regional (54 species) were the most dominant (87.97%) Chorotypes. The dominance of Irano-Turanian and multi-regional, can be referred to the dry and warm climate in Khuzestan and simultaneous effects of water and disturbance on the flora of this region. The threat status also indicated that none of the plant species exists in the range of threatened species. Only one species (Tribulus terrestris L.) was recognized in the domain of vulnerable plants, 14 species (10.5%) in the domain with less threat (slightly vulnerable), and 17 species (12.8%) was endemic species.

Water harvesting and surface runoff control systems are the important components of urban planning and development and ignoring these issues is likely to raise crisis. In order to decrease the urban flood damages, the urban runoff is needed to be evaluated correctly. Today some of models are developed for urban runoff simulation. One of the most important models in evaluating and management of urban runoff is SWMM. The aim of this study is to evaluate SWMM efficiency on urban runoff simulation in Izeh urban basin. To define design rain, concentration time was computed while considering the duration of the cloudburst as equal to this time. Also three performance indexes of Nash-Sutklif, errors sum of squares and Bias were used in order to model calibration and validation. Moreover, areas of high susceptibility were determined for two, five, 10, 20 and 50 years of return periods. Later, it was found that the principle reason of inundation is the lack of sufficient capacity of water ways. In some points, even with sufficient capacity, inundation occurs, confirmed by model. In these cases the causes stem from the improper design and construction of bridges which has lessen the size of water ways and caused junk clogging. Three rainfall events were recorded on March 13, 2017, March 28, 2017 and April 6, 2017 which were considered in order to calibrate and evaluate the model performance. Along with that, the discharge, depth and velocity of water at the outlet were considered as well. The results of the SWMM application gave indication of a good matchup between discharge, depth and the velocity of runoff for observed and estimated data. In this case, this model could be utilized to well predict the inundation hazard, design and the estimation of the cost and volume of drainage systems, management of watershed and prioritization of region to address flooding issues.

The study aimed to evaluate the effects of Karon 3 and 4 dams on land use and cover changes, for this aim 4 images over 28 years (taken in 1985, 2003, 2009 and 2013) were obtained and geometric, atmospheric and topographic corrections were applied. Maximum likelihood and post-classification techniques were used to detect land use/cover changes and their accuracy then was assessed using topographic maps and field works. The overall classification accuracy and Kappa statistics for all the maps were more than 0.79 and 86.24% respectively. The classification map of year 2009 indicated that about due to Karron3 dam and 6734.88 hectares because of rangeland and forest were destroyed. Classificated map of 2013 indicated about 5127.39 hectares increased because of Karon 4 too. The overall findings of this study indicate that forest and range land degradation in the region, is due to the construction of Karun 3 and 4.

Allelopathy is one of the main factors limiting the plants growth. The present study investigated the effect of aqueous extract of leaves and fruit of Artemisia sieberi that is an important species for rangeland rehabilitation on seed germination and seedling growth of three alfalfa species (Medicago sativa cv. Nikshahri, Medicago polymorpha and Medicago scutellata cv. Robinson) in laboratory and glasshouse. Treatments were five concentrations of 0, 25, 50, 75 100% Artemisia extract. Treatments were evaluated using a completely randomized factorial experiment in four replications in germinator and pots separately (2014). Data were collected and analyzed for the germination percent, germination rate, seedling length, seedling weight and seed vigor index. Means comparisons were made using Duncan test. The results showed significant differences between extract concentrations of Artemisia on all of traits in both growth conditions (P