somaye akbari

The application of hydrophilic nanoparticles to modify the surface of the membrane is one of the suitable approaches to improve the properties of thin-film composite membranes, particularly for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous environments. In this research, a thin-film polyamide nanofiltration membrane with porous polysulfone substrate was prepared by TMC and PIP interfacial polymerization technique. To modify the surface of TFC membranes and produce new TFN membranes by a nanoparticle coating method, graphene oxide nanoparticles modified with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane were dispersed in EDC solution as an activator of functional groups, and then were layered by coating the surface of the polyamide membrane. Physicochemical features using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared, water contact angle, and hydrophilicity to assess structure, morphology as well as tests of water flux and rejection rate were evaluated to estimate the performance and efficiency of the synthesized membranes in the filtration system. The findings indicated that increasing the concentration of nanoparticles improves the hydrophilicity nanocomposite membranes compared to neat TFC membranes. Functional results and membrane filtration indicated that the amount of neat water permeability of the fabricated membranes increases with increasing concentration of graphene oxide nanoparticles from about 42 L/m2.h for TFC membrane to 95 L/m2.h for the membrane containing 0.1 weight percent of graphene oxide. This trend shows the positive effect of nanoparticles on membrane water permeability. Furthermore, the rejection of cobalt heavy metal with increasing pH from 3 to 8 for all membrane samples has an upward trend, so that TFN3 membrane has the highest rate of rejection (98%) of heavy metal compared to other membranes while the amount of flux with changing pH and increasing the concentration of nanoparticles, has a decreasing trend. So, this technique can be applied as a new and effective method for the removal of heavy metals.

In this research, the fabrication of nanocomposite films consisting of cellulose acetate (CA), pristine and modified halloysite nanotubes (mHNTs), and curcumin was investigated by solution casting method for wound dressing applications. The chemical structure, morphology, and surface properties of the samples were studied by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and contact angle measurement. Furthermore, the effects of modified halloysite nanotube were examined on mechanical properties, water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), and curcumin release. The results revealed that mHNTs enhanced mechanical strength and hydrophilicity, as well as it increased curcumin release, and controlled its release rate, which this could be attributed to the high activity of terminal groups (amine) comparing to pristine halloysite nanotubes (HNTs). Moreover, better adhesion and integrity between the nanoparticles and polymeric matrix were confirmed by enhancement in mechanical strength. The cell proliferation assay also indicated the biocompatibility and nontoxicity of the samples and their potential of being an appropriate substrate for cell adhesion.

Imidacloprid, a neonicotinide plant toxin, is used as an insecticide in agriculture. Due to its high degradation resistance and water solubility it is of highly concerns. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the degradation of imidacloprid by modified magnesium oxide catalyst under irradiation of light and peroxymonosulfate.

In this study, modification of magnesium oxide with nitrogen was made by sol-gel method and then iron oxide nanoparticles was used as a magnetic source. Operational parameters were catalyst loading, peroxymonosulfate concentration, reaction time and common anions (nitrate, bicarbonate and chloride). Residual concentration of contaminant was measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mineralization rate was evaluated by measuring TOC.

The results of the study showed that the photocatalytic degradation of the pollutant in the optimal condition was as following: catalyst concentration= 150 mg/L, peroxymonosulfate = 75 mg/L and reaction time= 60 min was 88%. Moreover, at optimum condition, the rate of mineralization was obtained 52%. Results comparison for prepared catalyst under light and dark condition indicated that the as-made catalyst is photocatalytic.

The as-prepared catalyst can be activated as a photocatalyst under LED light and proxymonosulfate for removal of organic pollutants.

In this research, a reversed phase high performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the simultaneous determination of two tyrosine kinase inhibitors, nilotinib and sorafenib. Separation was performed on an Agilent C18 column (4.6×250 mm, 5µm) with mobile phase composition of potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer (25 mM, pH 4.2) and acetonitrile (35:65 v/v) at 1.2 mL/min with UV detection at 265 nm. Specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy, and robustness of the proposed method were all assessed. Nilotinib and sorafenib had estimated retention times of 5.1 and 5.9 minutes, respectively. Linear concentration ranges for nilotinib and sorafenib, were determined as 0.05-1 µg/mL and 10-45 µg/mL with comparable coefficient correlations (0.999). For nilotinib and sorafenib, the limits of detection (LOD) were determined as 0.030 and 0.020 µg/mL, while the limits of quantification (LOQ) were 0.101 and 0.069 µg/mL respectively.

Methylene blue (MB) dye is an environmental contaminant that has been mostly used in textile industry. Taguchi orthogonal array design was employed as an optimization method to reduce the number of experiments. In this research, bone char ash modified by MgO-Fe catalyst was applied for degradation of MB in catalytic ozonation process (COP) system and operational parameters including initial MB dosages, initial pH, catalyst dose, and contact time were optimized with Taguchi method. Accordingly, the best condition for the removal of MB obtained at initial MB concentration of 20 mg/L, reaction time of 15 minutes, initial pH value of 10, and catalyst concentration of 0.1 g/L. Additionally, optimization of experimental set-up showed that the MB concentration had a notable effect on MB degradation in COP process (55.6%), and reaction time had a negligible effect (1.98%). At this condition, total organic carbon (TOC) removal was determined to be 31% but in longer time, its removal increased to 65%.

Separation of airborne pollutants such as dust, bacteria, and viruses play an important role in humanitarian health. In this field, acrylic polymer with many properties such as electrospinning capability, thermal resistance, and high chemical resistance is attracting scientific and commercial interests as an active layer for fibrous filter media. The aim of this paper is to utilize low cost, natural resource, biocompatible, and high mechanical strength Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) for improving filtration efficiency. In this regard, acrylic polymer nanofibers were fabricated by solution electrospinning method on nonwoven support with and without HNTs to fabricate nanocomposite and acrylic membrane. The structure and morphology of membranes were examined by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), electron scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Furthermore, the mechanical properties of the samples were analyzed using a single-axis tensile test. Finally, in order to evaluate the filtration efficiency measurement, DOP (dispersed oil particle) were utilized. The results reveal that the nanocomposite membrane has a better performance comparing to the acrylic membrane due to the separation of 95.5% of DOP particles. This layer could be applied as an active layer in N95 face mask.

Noise pollution is known as one of the main problems in terms of environmental engineering in hospitals.
Noise pollution in the hospital can adversely affect the patient's health and the performance of staff in providing medical services. Therefore, the evaluation of noise pollution and its subsequent control can be effective in improving the performance of hospitals.

To conduct this study, different articles from eight scientific databases were considered using related keywords
in the period 1996 to 2020. Accordingly, 24 articles were reviewed using a 15-point questionnaire.

The results of the evaluation of the studied hospitals showed that the noise level inside and outside these hospitals was higher than the allowable limit. According to reports, factors including patients arguing with nurses, crowds of patients relatives, children, watching TV and talking on cell phones cause noise pollution in hospitals.

In order to reduce the noise in hospitals, in the first place, it is necessary to pay attention to the correct location
of the hospital building and the proper arrangement of the wards. In addition, sound-absorbing materials can be used on the walls, ceiling and floor of the rooms as an efficient option. Finally, educating staff about noise pollution and ways to control it is very effective.

In this study, the adsorption performance of a modified halloysite for the removal of anionic dye (C.I. Acid Blue 92) was demonstrated. Halloysite was modified in a multistep process by the synthesis of amine terminated dendritic structures on its surface. The transmission electron microscopy images were used to characterize the nanotubes forms of pristine halloysite. The adsorption processes were performed using classical and statistical response surface methodology (RSM) techniques. The effect of important parameters such as pH, adsorbent concentration, and dye dosage was investigated. The results showed that all the independent factors except time were significant to the dye removal efficiency. The dye removal at equilibrium time was well fitted to the Langmuir isotherm model and followed the monolayer adsorption style. The adsorption rate was also described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The adsorption process revealed an exothermic behavior according to the thermodynamic investigations. The removal efficiency of AB92 improved significantly from 8% to 97% after modification.

Backgrond: Pharmaceutical products, particularly antibiotics such pollutants are evolving due to the cumulative effects, adverse effects and drug resistance is a major concern in the control environment. The purpose of this work is to investigate the feasibility and potential of iron nanoparticles in the aqueous solution being removed antibiotics.
In this study, the performance activated persulfate with zero-valent Zinc nanoparticles in the presence of ultrasound in the analysis of antibiotics was investigated. The effect of process parameters such as pH of the solution (2.97-10.53), concentration Potassium persulfate (194.33-1200mg/l) and the zero-valent zinc (12.73-147.27mg/l) in reaction time 0-180 min using a batch chamber ultrasonic were studied. A statistical procedure was used to optimize the parameters of the RSM model. Antibiotics are measured based on COD vials and DR-5000 spectrophotometer was used.
The results showed that the initial pH of the solution is the most important influential parameters. The addition of potassium persulfate and zero valent zinc in the samples was enhanced performance. Optimum efficiency achieved in 50 mg/l concentration antibiotics, potassium persulfate 1200 mg/l, the zero- zinc 120 mg /l, pH 4.5.
The results of this study demonstrate acceptable performance persulfate activated process with zero-valent iron and zinc nanoparticles on ultrasound in the presence of antibiotic.

The presence of pharmaceutical wastewater containing antibiotic compound is one of the new problems relating to the environmental pollution. Antibiotic ciprofloxacin (CIP), widely used in medical treatments, can induce antibiotic resistance in low concentrations in the ecosystem and aqueous solutions. In this study, CIP was removed using moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) from real hospital-derived wastewater. This study was carried out at Beasat hospital in Hamadan, Iran. CIP (100 mL) was applied in 2 sets of plexiglass tubular columns as MBBR. Microorganisms were grown on the suspended carriers. To achieve this purpose, polyethylene kaldnes (K1) was chosen as reactor bed in 500 m2 /m3 specific area. The effect of operating parameters such as mixed liquor suspended solid (MLSS) (100, 1000, 3000 mg/L), hydraulic retention time (HRT) (8, 12, 24 hours), and support media with carrier K1 (30%, 50%, 70%) were evaluated. According to the results, the yield of CIP removal at 30%, 50%, and 70% of K1, reaction of 24 hours at MLSS 3000 mg/L was obtained 50.5%, 68.9%, and 97.6% respectively. In the same conditions, chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal was achieved 26.78%, 30.49%, and 80.07%, respectively. Results indicated that the MBBR process can be used as an effective approach for removing CIP and COD from hospital effluent. Moreover, these data suggested that the K1 carrier could be useful in terms of mineralization and efficiency. Furthermore, development of biofilm in MBBR was mostly affected by K1.

The present study investigates the hydrophilic properties of acrylonitrile/acrylic acid P(AN/AA) copolymer films with various acrylic acid (AA) contents dendrigrafted with citric acid from zero to fourth generation numbers. It was found that the hydrophilicity of the dendrigrafted films was a complicated phenomenon. Various parameters such as intermolecular hydrogen bonding, roughness and active functional groups affected the wettability of the film samples measured via static contact angle. The results revealed that the hydrophilicity decreased with increasing the generation number owing to the steric hindrance of terminal groups. However, active functional group increased by rising generation numbers which was confirmed using zeta potential measurement. Furthermore, the percentage conversion of the reactions showed a reduction with increasing generation number and AA content which was in agreement with the reduction in wettability corresponding to the higher contact angle. On the other hand, zeta potential as well as roughness of the films increased with successive generations.

COX-2 inhibitory activities of some 1,4-dihydropyridine and 5-oxo-1,4,5,6,7,8-hexahydroquinoline derivatives were modeled by quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) using stepwise-multiple linear regression (SW-MLR) method. The built model was robust and predictive with correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.972 and 0.531 for training and test groups, respectively. The quality of the model was evaluated by leave-one out (LOO) cross validation (LOO correlation coefficient (Q2) of 0.943) and Y-randomization. We also employed a leverage approach for the defining of applicability domain of model. Based on QSAR models results, COX-2 inhibitory activity of selected data set had correlation with BEHm6 (highest eigenvalue n. 6 of Burden matrix/weighted by atomic masses), Mor03u (signal 03/unweighted) and IVDE (Mean information content on the vertex degree equality) descriptors which derived from their structures.

Industrialization has led not only to an increase in water demand, but also to an increase in water pollution due to the discharge of polluted industrial wastewaters with high salt content, and the organic compounds such as phenol into the water bodies.
This study aimed to investigate the efficiency of electrocuagulation and electro-Fenton processes in phenol removal from saline wastewater using Taguchi exprimental design method.
Material and This experimental study was performed in a reactor (1 liter) with synthetic phenolic saline wastewater. In this study for electrocoagulation process, the effects of five operation parameters on phenol removal efficiency including reaction time (20-80 min), electrolyte (1-4%), pH (3-5-7-9), initial phenol concentration (500-1000-1500-250 mg/L) and current density (4-16 mA/cm2) were investigated in four levels by Taguchi L16 orthogonal array. Also for electro-Fenton process, the effects of six operation parameters on removal efficiency in five levels including reaction time (20-80 min), electrolyte (0-4%), pH (2-3-4-6-8), initial phenol concentration (250-500-1000-1500-2000), current density ( 0-16mA/cm2) and hydrogen peroxide (50-300mg/L) were evaluated by Taguchi L25 orthogonal array. The concentration of phenol was determined according to the estandard method in spectrophotometric wavelength of 500 nm.
Experimental data showed that the optimum phenol elimination condition in electrocuagulation process was initial phenol concentration of 250 mg/L, pH = 5, electrolyt = 3%, curent density of 8 mA/cm2 and reaction time of 60 min. The most influential factor in removal efficiency was the initial concentration (63.2%), and the lowest effect belonged to the electrolyt (4.2%).
The optimum phenol removal condition for electro-Fenton process was initial concentration of 250 mg/L, pH:3, electrolyt:2%, hydrogen peroxide:150 mg/L, current density of 8 mA/cm2 and 20 mine contact time. The most influential factor in elimination efficiency was the curent density (29.12%), and the lowest influence on response variable belonged to the reaction time (3.08%).
This study showed the electro-Fenton process was effective in the removal of phenolthat can be used as an appropriate process in wastewater treatment.

Among safe recreation, use of pools are becoming more popular. Due to health issues and ways to ensure the health and welfare of people, swimming pools are very important. The major health issues in this field is attention to water quality. Also Immersion in water may cause water to inter the mouth, nose, ear and eye. Thus, in the case of water pollution related deaseses will be acure. Sanitary control of swimming pools is necessary to maintain siwimmer health and prevent swimmer from deasese.Thus The need for research in this area seems necessary.
This study, based on applied research and analytical - descriptive, correlational, cross-sectional survey was conducted. In this project, we studied 35 swimming pools in the city of Karaj. For this purpose, samples were collected every month for 9 months, turbidity, pH, free residual chlorine measuring was cundacted at the sampling time and testing for total coliform, E.coli coliform and counting of hetrotrophic organisms in the laboratory of water and wastewater was performed. data analyzed by using Excel and SPSS software.
The results showed a total of 315 analysed the measuring parameters chlorine, pH, turbidity , respectively were 88.9 percent, 90.8 and 100 percent in standard range and 9.2 %, 11.1 non-standard were reported, and the negative total coliform and heterotrophic were reported 95% and 99% respectively. Based on statistical analysis, no significant correlation was obtained between microbial contaminations by residual chlorine.
The results showed swimming pools were in appropriate health status. The control of risk factors and pay attention to hygiene standards by swimmers and pool staff are good strategy for pollution control.

Nowadays, synthetic azo compounds as environmental pollutants are widely used in different application. In this research the treatability of effluent polluted with reactive black 5 azo dye using electrocoagulation (EC) and electrocoagulation/ flotation (ECF) processes with aluminum electrodes investigated in a lab scale batch experimental reactor.
In present study an electrocoagulation flotation reactor in a lab scale to an approximate volume of 1 liter which is equipped with four Al0Al electrodes with dimensions of 200*20*2 mm was proposed. The effects of operational parameters such as initial pH, current density, contact time, initial dye concentrations and flotation were evaluated.
Findings: The results indicated that the highest dye removal rates in the EC process were observed in natural pH of solutions, 12.71 mA/Cm2 current density and 100 mg/l initial dye concentration at 30 min contact time. In these conditions up to 81% of dye was removed in the EC process. Based on the result obtained in this study, it was found that much higher dyes removal could be achieved by ECF (86%) process than that by EC process in the same conditions.
EC and ECF processes using aluminum electrodes for dye removal could be a promising process.

Thermal analysis of acrylonitrile/acrylic acid P(AN/AA) copolymer films containing 5%, 10% and 20% acrylic acid dendrigrafted with citric acid (CA) is examined using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) with various heating rates, thermogravimetry (TGA) and derivative thermogravimetric analysis (DTG). Also, the effect of carboxylic acid on thermal stabilization of the P(AN/AA) copolymers, when the carboxylic acid groups are in the bulk and when they are on the surface of the films dendrigrafted with CA, were studied using FTIR analyses. It is demonstrated that inclusion of carboxylic acid considerably enhances the rate of thermal degradation. The apparent activation energy (Ea) for overall cyclization and oxidation reactions is calculated using Kissinger’s method. The results reveal that carboxylic acid, when used as a dendrigraft, influences the cyclization and oxidation process in a different way in comparison with when they are in the bulk. The activation energy of the first generation dendrigrafted P(AN/AA) copolymer was lower than that of the copolymer and the forth dendrigraft generation.

Synthetic dyes especially azo dyes are، nowadays، used by the majority of industries for dyeing various materials. In addition to producing color in receiving streams، these dyes may have adverse health effects on human. This study was carried out to investigate the catalytic ozonation with marble powder in the removal of reactive black 5. Marble powder was supplied from Hamadan workshops stonemason. The powder was grinded and sieved to the desired particle size using standard mesh 40. Batch degradation and mineralization studies were performed as a function of pH، adsorbent dose and the influence of catalytic potential of marble powder. Residual dye concentrations were spectrophotometrically measured at 597 nm. In order to comply with ethical principles، in this study، all entries with the references noted. Reduction of 98% of reactive black 5 was observed when 0. 3g catalyst was employed per liter of solution during 20 minutes at pH 10 and in the presence of 50 mg dye. The catalytic potential of marble was 54%. Results from this study demonstrated the potential utility of marble powder as an effective catalyst in catalytic ozonation process.

Protection of handmade carpets against biological and natural factor is very essential. Consequently، conservation of natural fibers such as wool fiber utilizing as weft and warp in handmade carpets requires special attention. Fibers dyeing with natural dyes also show different behavior on the physical and biological damage. As a result، the behavior of fiber and dye should be examined separately. At this study، the wool fibers were rinsed with water thoroughly and then dyed with madder natural dye at 80° C. The rinsed wool fibers were utilized as plain sample. The blank and dyed sample have been treated with silver colloidal nanoparticles in various concentration of nano silver such as 100،200، 300 and 600 ppm using exhausted method at boiling temperature. Finally، the antibacterial properties were assessed according to ATCC 25922، PTCC 1399 using counting bacteria. The results reveal that the best concentration is 600 ppm. The antibacterial properties for blank and dye sample were 59 and 32 percent، respectively. Besides، the madder dye have been reduced the antibacterial properties of wool fiber due to the saturationofthe dyed fiberinhibitingabsorption ofnanoparticles.

Host/guest properties of acrylonitrile/acrylic acid copolymer (P(AN/AA)) film withvarious contents of acrylic acid (AA) were examined on dendrigraft/dyecomplexes in a divergent synthetic route. The reactions were performed onP(AN/AA) films containing 5, 10 and 20 mol% acrylic acid in feed. The products wereanalyzed using 1H NMR, FTIR, UV-visible spectroscopy, density determination,acidimetric titration, staining and transfer printing. The results showed that for the filmsbased on three different amounts of acrylic acid, the relatively higher acid contentshowed a lower rate of conversion due to the reduced steric hindrance. Furthermore,the dyes were used to probe the structure of dendrigraft on the P(AN/AA) film. Stainingwith methylene blue showed the interaction with the exterior end groups; while printingwith disperse dyes as guest molecules may illustrate the effectiveness of the hollowinterior spaces. In the trend of dye uptake and density versus generation numbers, theemerging maximum dye uptake and minimum density in the first generation confirmedthat a ''dense shell'' dendritic structure is being formed. Also, the effects of acrylic acidcontent and the steps number in dendrigraft structure are explained on the basis offilms characteristics with reference to the dendrigraft architecture.