somayeh hamidi

to find traces of Qajar-era Iranians in the French Oriental Scientific Society, which is known as the "Asian Society" (La Société Asiatique) in Paris.

Method and Research Design: 

This research is based on the historical research method based on the collection of findings and verification and comparative and analytical comparison of the information of the Asian journal (Le Journal Asiatique) and finding the documents of the relationship between the Asian Society and its Iranian members in the aforementioned journal.

Regardless of the political relations of the Qajar period rulers with European countries and especially France, which were subject to change at different times, the relations of Iranian political rulers and Iranians of culture and literature with the Asian Society of Paris were continuously maintained. This was a sign of the importance of the process of forming institutionalized relationships in the field of new science and knowledge inside and outside of Iran.

The structure of pre-constitutional political power reflects metaphysical governmentality. With the arrival of modernity in Iran, some components of physical governmentality under the name of constitutional government were considered in the minds of intellectuals. The intellectuals of this period knew the reasons for the backwardness of the country and the progress of the West in the differences between the foundations of the governmentality. Among these intellectuals is Mirza Malekom Khan. He sought to lay the groundwork for government reform in Iran. Thus, he tried to correct the shortcomings and make the political system more efficient by criticizing power, and this led to the comparison of the pre-modern, pre-modern society and authoritarian government with the democratic and legitimate West. This descriptive-analytical method and using the main text of Malkom Khan's works seeks to analyze the principles of modern governmentality in his mind and explain the transition to mechanical rule based on law and order in the mind of this intellectual. The result of the present article is that Malkom Khan was a pioneer and propagandist of modernism and considered the solution to get out of Iran's backwardness in adhering to the monarchy, following the idea of freedom and the rule of law and accepting the modern system of government.

Diversification of economic models is an Inevitable Necessity for Countries with one-sided political economy. Essentially, economic diversity allows governments to turn threats into opportunities and to use economic variables in the Power manufacturing. For this purpose, one of the countries that has used diversification in the economy in the framework of the knowledge-based economy model is Qatar. Emphasizing the convergence between government, industry and academia in a systemic cycle, the country seeks to increase its political power while changing approach to the hydrocarbon political economy, and as an adaptive actor has multiple options for empowerment and lays the groundwork. Become a modern developmental government. The Purpose of this article is to answer the question to what extent does the knowledge-based economy, as a new and empowering approach to economics and politics, play a role in creating a compatible development-oriented government in Qatar? The research hypothesis is that Qatar government, Will emphasizing the knowledge-based economy, Economic diversification approach and the model of Niche Diplomacy in Foreign Policy to build a Developmental State has followed. To test this hypothesis, the subject is placed in the conceptual context of knowledge-based economics theory. The method of data collection is library and the method of research descriptive-analytical. Based on the hypothesis test, the research findings show that Qatar has adopted a new developmental ecosystem to produce power and wealth simultaneously with the knowledge-based economy approach.The Persian Gulf region has always had many valuable natural reserves such as oil and gas due to its geo-economic position, and the countries of the region have a hydrocarbon political economy due to these geo-economic drivers. In recent years, some countries in the region, such as Qatar, in order to diversify their economic models, transition from a single-product economy and reduce the vulnerability factor, have developed new strategies and perspectives for the development and change of economic approaches, and are trying to apply the knowledge-based economy model as a model and the new alternative has been a development with international perspectives. The focus of Qatar's leaders and internal institutions to change the approach of a single-product and oil political economy to a knowledge-based economy that includes cooperation between industry, academic institutions and the government has been established in the country's upstream documents and visions, such as the Qatar National Vision 2030 document. The path of development in a region with chaos and tension and emerging as an effective regional and international order-making power has been taken into consideration from this point of view.MethodologyThe present Article through an analytical process method, and Data collected based on the library one.Result and DiscussionConsidering the problem of improving the potential of their political economy, Qatari statesmen have offered programs based on good governance model and participation at regional levels as a peace-making mediator, in order to generate wealth in the economy, produce power in foreign policy and apply an adaptive model. Qatar, as a small state with great international ambitions to diversify its economy and become a regional power and an emerging global power, has followed such an approach, and this approach has paved the path of Qatar's development, which is drawn according to the 2030 vision.ConclusionThe findings show that the patterns of political economy are evolving and based on those countries have achieved new models of development. Today, Qatar in the Persian Gulf and the Middle East region has created a new level of development for the transformation of the State institution by emphasizing the knowledge-based political economy. Qatar, as a small state with great international ambitions to diversify its economy and become a regional power and an emerging global power, has followed such an approach, and this approach has paved the path of Qatar's development, which is drawn according to the 2030 vision. The approach of Qatar's knowledge-based economy, along with generating wealth in the field of economy, includes political activism in regional and international foreign policy.

The present study is based on the history of Iranian studies of the Asian Society (La Société asiatique) of Paris based on its official organ, the Asian Journal (Journal asiatique). Since from the beginning, there are several articles related to the history and culture of Iran in this journal, and according to the data extracted from the journal in the first hundred years of the Society with quantitative and qualitative analysis and review of Iranian studies articles, it is possible to determine the position of Iran in the Oriental studies of Society from the very beginning, and the position of different scientific schools especially philology and ancient languages can be seen. Also, the scientific and cultural relations between Iranians and prominent French Iranologists can be observed. Following these studies, other insights such as the motivations, concerns, and goals of the sponsors and the research priorities and missions defined by the Society have been obtained. Finally, by examining all these cases, it can be seen that during the period under review, the view of French Iranologists towards Iran and Iranians has always been friendly and respectful. The present result is independent of the perceptions and opinions of European orientalists, especially French, and is only relevant to the Iranologists of Asian Society.

The spam of the study is from history of old Persia,Iran after Islam to Pahlavi Synasty. The present research,Which is based on a descriptive and analytic method,examines the verbal and written symbols and signs and tries to investigate effective factors in transformation of the body of kings in Iran. The spam of the study is from history of old Persia,Iran after Islam to Pahlavi Synasty. The present research,Which is based on a descriptive and analytic method,examines the verbal and written symbols and signs and tries to investigate effective factors in transformation of the body of kings in Iran. The results indicates that Farrreh in ancient Iran gives aholy significance to the body of kings.the continuity of this thought in Islamic period in combination with the thought to Shadow of God of limity to plays an important role some of the changes up such as foreign attacks,social changes, the rise to safavids,modernity and the thoughts of constitutionalists have got a great influence on transformation of the body of the King

Discourse is a set of commends and statements which gives meaning to the conditions for social agents. In discourse approaches, some of the concepts and subjects are excluded; because the discourse system highlights some concepts and subjects and ignores some others due to its notion. In the discourse system, some subjects are highlighted based on the favorites of the power system. Because those subjects give legitimacy to the political system. In Safavid era which is regarded as a landmark in the history of Shias, the subject of religious jurisprudence provides legitimacy for the power institution, because in this era, many of kings’ behaviors are shaped based on teachings of Shia. In this era, many scientists have come to Iran from other Islamic countries and promoted Shia teachings influenced by the favorable atmosphere created by Safavid kings. The notion of the relations between scientists and Safavid kings is important because many of Shia scientists had important roles in legitimizing and consolidating the situation of Safavid kings. However, some of these scientists refused to approach Safavid kings in the frame of that scientific structure which gave legitimacy to the kings and rejected many of their behaviors with the critical approach. This research intends to analyze the opposing and proposing approaches of the scholars in producing religious jurisprudence to the power structure of Safavid using Michel Foucault’s theory of subject and power.

The present century is the age of dominant post-modernist thinking in the realm of philosophy and west theology. In modernism, the reality source was established in the self-contained wisdom of human-being by separation from metaphysical world; in a similar vein, the basis of the Christian postmodern thought and theology was established on negating any reality in the world and separation of socio-political life from the realm of theology and metaphysical world. The concept of “political theology” proposed by Schmitt, indicated the reconsideration of the role of religion in socio-political arena by western thinkers. Offering a new reading of the concept of reality, Erik Voegelin has investigated this realm. Voegelin can be considered as believing in a connection among theology, mysticism and politics. He established the concept of reality as the basis of his own philosophy. The question of this study concerns the new reading that Voegelin offers about the relationship between theology and political act? It seems that by criticizing modern and postmodern narratives, Voegelin establishes the basis of the political order on connection with reality based on revelation and reconnecting with metaphysical and mystical world.

Deconstruction is a strategy for demonstrating the contribution of philosophy to achieving the meaning of democracy in the postmodern world. It seeks to establish philosophical principles consistent with the principle of tolerating others and democracy in the post-democracy world. Meanwhile, Derrida's ideas in the field of socio-political democracy, such as future democracy and its oncoming challenges, are also rooted in his philosophy. Hence, democracy and deconstruction are the two sides of a coin, and one cannot be understood without the other. This connection is unbreakable and necessary and pivotal to Derrida's thinking about philosophy and politics. The breakthrough has come to suggest new horizons with the critique of modern systems including Western democracies that marginalized forces on the frontiers of democracy can actively participate in determining their own destinies. Contrary to positive methods, the underlying breach does not have a relative relation with the ultimate clarity of the Western society, and it is considered to be the fruits of the linear maturity of history. On the contrary, with the critique of metaphysical systems, it is a strategic breakthrough, so that the inertia of the universe becomes the instrument of successive negotiation. As far as the subject of this article is concerned, it attempts to define the Western metaphysical breakdown, then it shows how Derrida has benefited from this strategy in order to open up the political blockade of Western democratization with ongoing openings. The study of the link between deconstructive philosophy and democracy and how they interact with each other will be the cornerstone of this article.

The ritual of mourning in Moharram month has had special position in social life of Iranian people and it is held in special methods in each part of country regarding to its particular culture and geography. Among the rituals of Moharram is Nakhl handling held in a vast domain of our country. Dorokhsh as a village with a historical value is considered one of the centers of holding this ritual. Because of significant distinctions which exist between the form of Dorokhsh’s Nakhl and other country’s regions and also the method and special rites of Nakhl handling which is performed by precise division of social tasks, this issue was studied. The purpose of the present paper is the description and understanding of Ashura ritual in Dorokhsh and anthropological analysis of this symbolic custom as a part of religious and cultural heritage in the east of the country. The present study attempts to investigate Nakhl handling ritual of Moharram in Dorokhsh using qualitative research method of the kind of field study (ethnography) and applying the technique of interviewing and observation and based on interpretive views of Clifford Geertz.
The findings of the research indicate that ritual and rites of Nakhl handling in Dorokhsh, while maintaining the relationship of individual and society, causes strengthening social coherence, group identity, cultural correlation, strengthening group consciousness and generation communications in this village. On the other hand, it is effective on individual’s worldview and formation of norms in his mind. Among the findings of this research is that this ritual is unique in South Khorasan and despite similarities to Nakhl handling in other regions of the country, it is different in terms of form, appearance of Nakhl, time and method of holding custom from other regions of the country.

Takfiri-Salafi groups are the movements that justify their violent actions in setting up their ideal society with a superficial reading of religious propositions. They attempt to react to modernity oriented processes by their dogmatic interpretation that is far from any Intellectual Ijtihad from Sharia influenced by psychic background and their psychological structure. Daesh, as one of the branches of Salafi movements, attempts to justify its violence by radical interpretation of religious propositions. Their radical interpretation of the religion aside from being in the Sharia statements is the result of inflammatory psychological atmosphere and confusion in the face of the modern world. The present study aims, besides radical interpretations of religion, investigate the psychological factors that affect individuals’ tendency to Daesh group and its violence. The results of the study show that pressures of the modern world on dogmatic reading have been effective in terms of Sharia and tendency to behavioral violence for meeting suppressed needs. This study aims to examine thoughts and actions of Daesh in terms of psychological and political viewpoints using basic assumptions focusing reading of Zizek from Lacan applying descriptive and analytical method.

With the formation of the developments in Syria, each of the regional and trans-regional neutral stance towards this country have taken some of the actors involved in the country’s civil war and the rise of ISIS. In this study, we seek to find answers to this question will be central strategy cause regional security crisis in Syria? However, given the extent of the actors only security strategy, Turkey, Israel and Iran are the most influential role in the region, will be discussed. The findings of this study suggest that Turkey’s security strategy toward Syria is variable and complex. Turkey’s policy of mediation and arbitration to provide multiple rotations and management facilities opposition to war and the threat of war is tilted. Israeli security strategy with regard to the support of America unquestioned existence of their interests in the Golan highlands and the expansion of Iranian influence in the region. In this context, Turkey has been associated with Iran’s security strategy can be maintained in the end the Assad government in the context of explaining the balance of threat against Israel.

Early maladaptive schemas and insecure attachment styles are the basis of many psychological disorders. This study was performed with aim to identify the early maladaptive schemas and attachment styles in women with vaginismus and comparing with normal women.

This scientific-comparative study was performed on two 30 cases groups (women with vaginismus and normal women) in 2014. Women with vaginismus were selected by convenience and purposeful sampling method by referring from gynecologist، psychiatrists and psychologists in Tehran، and were compared with normal women who were matched with first group in term of age and education. Data collection was performed by Young Schema Questionnaire- short form (YSQ-SF) and Collins and Read Revised Adult Attachment Scale (RAAS). Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 20) and multiple variance analyses (MANOVA). P<0. 05 was considered statistically significant.

The mean score of all early maladaptive schemas in women with vaginismus was significantly more than normal women (P<0. 01). Attachment styles of two groups were significantly different in terms of closeness and anxiety (P<0. 01). So that، the women vaginismus significantly more used the anxiety style and less used closeness style than normal women. There was no significant difference between two groups in dependent attachment style (P=0. 1).

The women with vaginismus had more early maladaptive schemas and anxiety attachment style comparing to normal women.

Tolerance in the sense of taking things easy is a concept derived from the teachings of Islam، which can be used as a model for the world''s political systems. It can، also، develop a model of ethical behavior in relations between individuals. Nowadays، internal tensions in political systems and the increase of war and unrest among states have had unwelcoming effects on the countries'' social life. So the application of tolerance approach in both domestic and foreign political system can reduce stress domestically and increase cooperation internationally. Using system theory and taking a descriptive and analytical approach، this paper aims to explore the impacts of tolerance policy on domestic and foreign political system of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

The knowledge clan had a special position in the East of Iran from the far past that by reaching to the authority of Qajar rule, their status as a local governorship has been stabilized and strengthened. In spite of the existence of power struggle in this period between two superpowers of that era, that is to say, England and Russia, the flux of the East problem (The Great Game) and the contention of some local rulers with Qajar government, the family of Khazimeh not only continue to its survival, but also exceed their position and status. The inquiry of this research is the investigation of the reason of status retention of the knowledge clan still at the end of Qajar epoch in this region. The hypothesis of this writing is that there is two structures in the course of the Great Game. The first structure is the colonial powers like the Russia and England and the second structure is the central government of Qajar. The role of the knowledge clan is as an official agent, intermediator and balance establishers of the superpowers and the central government profits and this same function guarantees their survival and extension of their domain of power in this period.

The Islamic Revolution of Iran is a fundamental transformation regarded as a historical landmark. Thestarting point for the formation of this Revolution can be seen to bethe polarizationof the society in the final yearsof Pahlavi regime, wherethe peoplefrom different backgrounds and ethnicities and with differing social status stood against themonarchy. The present paper is an attempt to investigate to what extent the structure-broker relationship has affected the polarization of the Iranian society on the threshold of the Islamic Revolution. In this paper it is assumed that the activation of social gaps will lead to the creation of a disjointed civil society which can tolerate merely small-scale, scattered and short-term protests. The main factor contributing to the polarization of the society is deemed to be the agency of the broker. What caused convergence and consensus among all social classes and revolutionary forces to oppose the regime was the leadership of Imam Khomeini and his promoting Shiite ideology.

The first National Consultative Assembly of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution had to perform two functions: legislation and initiation; since there were no experiments in making law and no backgrounds for establishing the new constitution. Foreign policy is based on four main factors: understanding the international environment, preparing a strategy for protecting national interests, devising a tactical plan for the implementation of the strategy, and diplomacy, or organizing diplomats for the implementation of tactics. In the 19th century, Iran gained a significant standing in international system. On one hand, given Iran’s strategic position as a corridor state, powerful countries could not afford to ignore Iran, which at the time, played an important role in the competition among great powers. On the other hand, Iran functioned as a buffer state among two intrusive and powerful governments of Russia and England. Iran was neither a colony nor independent and it just played the role of a buffer in the breathtaking competition between two superpowers. Moreover, Iran and Central Asia were involved in a great game, at the time. Russia regarded Iran as an important country in order to damage England’s interests in India and Afghanistan. For England, on the other hand, Iran was of utmost significance to curb Russia’s interests in the Persian Gulf and prevent other powers’ influence in India. The authors of this article seek to answer the following question: what were the main effects of political, economic, social, and historical contexts on formulating and shaping the discourse(s) of the foreign policy in the debates of the National Consultative Assembly of the Constitutional Revolution era. Based on the method of discourse analysis (Fairclough approach), the authors seek to interpret the concept of foreign policy from the viewpoints of the first National Consultative (constituent) Assembly of the Constitutional Revolution period in Iran as an instrument for the formation of Iran's constitution of 1906.

Revolutions are the international phenomena, because their ideas expand. Islamic Revolution of Iran is similar to the other revolutions in the theme of the Change of International Order. The continuation of the Islamic Revolution exists as an official category in the constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The authors, based on the method of the discourse analysis (Fairclough approach), try to reconstruct and interpret the concept of export of revolution from the viewpoints of the Constituent Assembly Of The Constitution Of The Islamic Republic Of Iran (Khobregan-e-Ghanoon-e-Asasi) as the creators of Iran’s Revolutionary Constitution of 1979.

The Iranian Political thought has been witnessing an ideal government, supported by a powerful meaning system. This article tries to interfere the meaning system of political thought in Ancient, Medieval and Modern Iran. The main question of the article is: What are the main conceptual foundations of the Iranian political thought in the three above-mentioned eras? The hypothesis is that the ideal government in all the three eras has been inherently based on the combination of religion and state. However, the Ancient era’s political order reflects the order of constellations and also the general tension between the good and the evil; The Medieval era’s empire-induced order stems from the cosmic order and also the relationship between the must-be (in this case, the king) and the can-be (in this case, the ruled); and, the Modern era is characterized by a merging of civil- empire - theological order.