فهرست مطالب somayeh rafiqi

Undoubtedly, the problem of human beings and the recognition of his nature are considered to be the main concerns of Kant. This concern, before he began to write his critical philosophy, led him to research subjects related to human nature, and eventually led him to consider humanity as an answer to the main philosophical question. Kant distinguishes between two types of research on the nature of mankind: the pragmatic research that speaks of it in his ‘anthropology from a pragmatic point of view’, and transcendental research that is called ‘transcendental anthropology’, a term that he did not explain in any of his works. But what does Kant mean by this term and what does this concept mean about humans? In this article we are trying to examine two aspects of the term, the anthropological and transcendental, to clarify Kant’s mind and verify his definition of the human being. This study shows that Kant tries to examine the mental faculties of human beings to understand a priori what can be achieved about him. This study shows that, first, man is nothing but the origin of the laws of nature and can understand the fundamental laws of nature. Secondly, what to do is the moral law imposed upon him by his wit. And finally, what would have hoped is nothing more than that he realizes his ends through moral law and changes the natural world into the moral world.

One of the issues that occupied the minds of many thinkers in ancient times was the issue of change, generation and corruption, and the role of principles in these processes. The positions of some early philosophers led to contradictions such as the denial of motion and any stability in existents. Aristotle, however, considers nature to be subject to motion, and although he considers matter and form as the source and main cause of any creation and change, he also considers a third element called "non-existence" necessary for change and generation and corruption in nature. In this way, he solves the old puzzle above. As it is well known, matter and form are among Aristotle's four causes; but in spite of the explicit statements about non-existence, it is not considered as a cause, while the study of its role shows that it can also be considered as a kind of cause, because it provides the basis for the creation and change of objects. In this article, by examining the role of non-existence in nature, we try to show that without it, creation and change in existents is not possible and in fact it is a kind of cause.

Over the past decades, the development of medical technology and economic concerns, as well as the expansion of health specialization, causes the dehumanizing of this field. This has led to the neglect of the effect of psychological and environmental aspects on the patient during treatment, and the health staff only pays attention to the patient's biological body, which led to their misbehavior with the patient. To solve their problems, health care professionals have resorted to various philosophical schools, such as phenomenology. Phenomenology, with its various doctrines, such as in bracketing of presuppositions and prejudices, allows us to describe reality as it appears to us. Undoubtedly, one of the realities we face in our daily lives is health and illness. While in the field of modern medicine, illness is defined as the dysfunctioning of organs and systems of the body and health as the lack of these disorders, Emphasizing the lived experience of individuals, phenomenology makes it possible to reveal psychological and environmental aspects of illness and health. Paying attention to these aspects of illness and health changes the meaning of illness and health. According to these phenomenological meanings, the illness is no longer limited to the patient's biological body, but his body is considered as a lived body, a body with different dimensions of existence, each of which can have a significant impact in his illness. Paying attention to this level of the body and the phenomenological meanings of health and illness will bring the horizons of the patient's vision and the field of treatment closer together and they will communicate better with each other.