فهرست مطالب somayeh taheri

Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease and one of the most common myelin-destroying diseases in the central nervous system. Approximately 2.5 million people are globally affected by this disease, and the number of infected people is increasing daily. Although no known method is available for treating MS, several strategies have been proposed to improve the function of the locomotor system and prevent disease progression. Temporarily, it has been well established that traditional exercise programs, including aerobic and resistance training programs, play an essential role in increasing muscle strength, improving balance, mental health, social relationships, and self-reliance in patients with MS. On the other hand, in recent years, researchers have considered virtual technologies and have achieved beneficial results in other patients. However, few studies have been done until a decade ago to examine the effect of virtual reality-based physical exercise on the physical health of patients with MS. Therefore, the current aimed to investigate the effect of a virtual reality-based physical training course on kinematic parameters of gait, muscle strength, and balance in patients with MS.

The present study is applied in terms of purpose and quasi-experimental in terms of method. The statistical population consisted of all women with MS referred to the MS Association, Tehran, Iran, in 1400. The sampling method was purposeful and available, and eventually, 20 participants were selected based on the inclusion criteria with an age range of 20 to 40 years and divided into two groups of ten equal by simple random sampling. Then, the researcher measured the subjects of the two groups of pre-test measurements, including muscle strength, kinematic gait indices, dynamic, and static balance. Forty-eight hours after the pre-test measurements, the subjects in the training group performed sports activities according to the designed protocol for eight weeks, 3-weekly sessions, and each session for 45 minutes. Forty-eight hours after the last training session, post-test measurements were performed under the same pre-test conditions. A motion analysis device made by the American company Motion Analysis and the software of the German Cortex device with six cameras were used to measure the kinematic indices of patients' gait. A standard isokinetic dynamometer was used to assess the strength of the lower body muscles. This study measured isokinetic power in two ways, eccentric and concentric, at two angular speeds of 60 and 180 degrees per second in the superior leg. Static and dynamic equilibrium was measured using a Biodex balance meter (Model 590-32). An independent t-test was used to analyze and compare the data between groups. The significance level was considered for statistical comparisons (P<0.05).

The present study's results revealed that the mean maximum strength of knee extensor muscles at angles of 60 degrees (P=0.014) and 180 degrees (P=0.007) was significantly higher than in the control group. In the training group, the strength of the knee flexor muscles at angles of 60 degrees (P=0.003) and 180 degrees (P=0.034) was significantly higher than in the control group. Furthermore, the training group’s kinematic indices of stride length (P=0.006) and stride speed (P=0.001) were significantly higher than in the control group. In the training group, Kinematic indices of step time (P=0.031) and dual support (P=0.013) at the end of the study period were significantly lower than in the control group. Static balance in three general levels (P=0.001), anterior-posterior (P=0.032), and middle-lateral (P=0.001) in the training group were significantly better than in the control group. Correspondingly, dynamic balance at three levels (P=0.002), anterior-posterior (P=0.001), and middle-lateral (P=0.004) at the end of the study in the training group were significantly better than in the control group.
Table 3. Mean and standard deviation of muscle strength of training and control groups in the pre-test and post-test



P-Value
Training Group
Control Group
Variables


Post-test
Pre-test
Post-test
Pre-test


0.006
8.2± 64.2
6.3± 66.4
3.6± 74.1
7.2± 65.2
Step length (cm)


0.031
0.4± 0.55
0.3± 0.58
0.5± 0.52
0.8± 0.56
Step time (seconds)


0.013
8.3± 36.1
5.6± 37.6
7.2± 32.8
4.3± 36.7
Dual support (percentage)


0.001
9.7± 46.4
8.2± 47.3
7.3± 51.1
4.6± 48.6
Walking rhythm (steps per minute)

The present study concluded that eight weeks of virtual reality physical training significantly increased strength, balance, and kinematic gait indices in patients with MS. One of the main reasons for the positive effect of virtual reality-based physical exercises is the new and exciting nature of this type of exercise. Auditory and visual stimuli in virtual exercises are attractive to the patient. In addition, when the patient wins or loses, they can receive appropriate feedback information from the device, which encourages the patient to repeat the movement. In these exercises, the patient, knowing that the activity environment is a virtual environment, tries to adapt to and interact constructively with it and overcome the limitations of the real world. Thus, virtual reality has various positive features that can increase motivation, performance, satisfaction, and engagement and encourage the person to continue as much exercise as possible, including the following: 1- Frequent and intense exercises in a simple, colorful, attractive and motivating environment in the game text. 2- Introducing new games in each treatment session and increasing the game’s complexity following the development of the patient's ability level because new motor skills can lead to better learning and functional plasticity of the nervous system. 4- The activity causes sensory-motor and visual and rapid auditory feedback during or after the game.
Ethical Considerations
Compliance with ethical guidelines
The present study included ethical principles such as obtaining informed consent, the confidentiality of participants keeping their information confidential, and the coding of participants' names. The study also provided sufficient information on how to conduct the research. In addition, participants were free to leave the study at any phase of this study.
Authors contributions
Article writing: Somayeh Taheri; Analysis of statistical findings and scientific and literary editing of the article: Shahab Parvinpour and Marzieh Balali.
Funding
The amount of ten million Rials from the financial resources of Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, was considered for this research.
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank all the participants in this study for their cooperation and sincere cooperation, as well as all the managers and staff of MS centers, Tehran, Iran who cooperated with us in collecting the findings of the present study. It is worth mentioning that this article is taken from the PhD dissertation of the first author with the code 14350402972008 at Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch.
Conflicts of interests
The authors of the present article state that there is no conflict of interest in writing this research.

The present research aims to carry out a comparative study of the adventures of Mermaid by Liz Kessler and the return of Hordad by Fariba Kalhor based on an intertextuality approach. Accordingly, we directed a comparative study of the two works after introducing the intertextuality approach and different levels of explicit and clandestine intertextuality. The method of the present research is descriptive-analytical regarding library study. In the comparative analysis, the collection of mermaid adventures has been elucidated according to the characteristics of obvious inter-textual and hidden intertextuality and the effectiveness of the new work, The novel Return of Hordad, from the preface. At the level of explicit intertextuality, the elements of subject, theme, characterization, and setting in both works are very similar and in line to each other in parallel, and at the level of hidden intertextuality, the two characters of the story are implicitly similar. In the setting, the time constraints of the heroes in battle with the devil are correspondingly hidden. There is also a similarity between the plots of the two works. The findings of this research indicate that Fariba Kalhor directly influences Liz Kessler’s series of mermaid adventures and it is compatible with the novel of Hordad’s Return, at the level of overt intertextuality . Nonetheless, this effect is minor and indirect at the level of hidden intertextuality.

One of the new topics that have been addressed in recent decades is the right to a healthy environmen.The environment refers to the whole environment that surrounds man and life,his activities are related to it.Compensation for this right,unlike many other rights,is not personal and can have harmful collective and global effects.As the European Commission has different tendencies in this regard in its documents and in its 2000 bill,two types of of damages can be claimed in advance.Proposed:1.Environmental damage that includes damage to biodiversity,water and polluted areas; 2.Traditional damage that is the same damage to persons and property.Now,what is the characteristic of the concept of damage to the environment that is different from the concept of dmage to other cases in society and individuals?The main topic of the present study was that this issue was addressed in a descriptive –analytical method and the purpose of the damage in environmental damage to any damage to the environment,whether it is present or future,personal or some kind,is direct.Either indirectly,collectively claimable,or individual,compensable or not; Based on the nature and evolution of the concept of damage in environmental damage,it seems that the application of general and traditional rules of environmental compensation methods in the field of environmental law is not very effective, and therefore the development of special environmental compensation system with modern methods approach.It is necessary.

The root of “daraba” which has been used 58 times in the Holy Quran is one of the most complex words in the Arabic language and according to the oldest Arabic lexicons is used for all deeds. One of the issues that can help to understand this word correctly, comprehensively and systematically is etymological study. For this purpose, using the method of etymology, the meanings of ‘daraba’ is found and classified from the earliest meanings, in Afro-Asian and Sami languages. Next, according to this semantic classification, the meanings of “daraba” are examined and categorized in different verses of Quran. It is shown that the Quranic applications of “daraba” are all formulated under the first category of semantics derived from etymology namely tie/mix/wrap. Another root; burning, is not practically used in Quran. Commentators' opinions on the meaning of “daraba” are also reviewed based on etymological results. It is shown that some meanings of “daraba” considered in a range of interpretations are not supported by theological evidences. Foe example, the meaning of beating was not found in the etimological studies and for “idribuhunna” in verse34 of Al-Nasa, based on the etymological results, the meaning of turning over / going is suggested.

Urban wastewater contains various detergents, pesticides, pharmaceutical medications, cosmetics, hygiene products, and heavy metals. Discharge of municipal sewage into surface water affects the health of aquatic organisms through altering biochemical markers and accumulating heavy metals in various tissues. The present study aimed to evaluate the toxic effects of municipal sewage on the biochemical markers and bioaccumulation of cadmium and lead in freshwater snail (Galba truncatula) during 14 days. Concentrations of toxic metals in the snails were determined using ICP-OES-PerkinElmer, and biochemical parameters were measured via UV-Vis spectroscopy. The results indicated significantly lower levels of glycogen and total antioxidant in the cells, as well as the significantly lower activities of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, acetylcholine esterase, catalase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in the Galba truncatula exposed to sewage compared to the control. However, the activities of lactate dehydrogenase ,glutathione peroxidase, and malondialdehyde were significantly higher in the snails exposed to sewage compared to the control. Moreover, bioaccumulation of cadmium and lead was observed to increase in the experimental groups exposed to sewage. Alterations in biochemical parameters in the G. truncatula exposed to sewage could be due to the toxic effects of various environmental pollutants in municipal wastewater. According to the findings, oxidative damage to the vital tissues of G. truncatula was associated with the bioaccumulation of cadmium and lead, depletion of total antioxidant levels, changes in biochemical parameters, and lipid peroxidation in soft tissues.

If the dose and duration of zinc oxide nanoparticle (ZnO-NPs) supplementation optimize, low concentrations of Zn nanoparticles can replace conventional Zn sources in diets of different species of fish. Since evaluating the cytotoxicity of any nutritional supplement is one of the requirements for optimizing the dose for a specified time, we conducted this study to investigate the effects of oral administration of ZnO-NPs on oxidative stress and certain biochemical biomarkers in common carp, Cyprinus carpio, as an experimental model. For this purpose, ZnO-NPs were orally administered to fish for 21 days at 0 (control), 5, 10 and 15 mg kg-1 feed. Administration of ZnO-NPs (15 mg kg-1) significantly enhanced aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and lactate dehydro-genase (LDH) activities in liver, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and LDH activities in kidney. Dietary ZnO-NPs increased glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) activity in liver of fish. The results indicated that administration of 10 mg kg-1 and 15 mg kg-1 ZnO-NPs caused a significant increase in ALT and catalase (CAT) activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in liver, AST and CAT activities and MDA levels in kidney. ZnO-NPs decreased the liver ALP activity. Administration of 5 mg kg-1 ZnO-NPs significantly increased the cellular total antioxidant (TA) levels in various tissues. Therefore, we suggest that oral administration of 10 and 15 mg kg-1 ZnO NPs caused cytotoxicity and alterations in oxidative biomarkers, but 5 mg ZnO-NPs per kg feed had no side effects on oxidative stress and biochemical biomarkers in fish.

Etymology, by creating historical look at the changes of words and their meanings in ancient languages as well as trying to understand its logic, is one of the most important branches of diachronic linguistics. This is also the most important method for correcting the viewpoints of philologists in homonymy or polysemy and has a key role to realize the real and figurative meaning of Koranic words.The science of etymology doesn’t let the researchers of other fields of humanities such as Koranic ones to study in this area as the field needs to find the root of the words in the mostancient languages as well as the formation of words structure which itself requires learning the ancient languages and familiarity with phonetics, borrowing, morphological changes as well as semantic changes and complicated analyses.Research ahead as a case study analyzed the term 'inheritance' through the etymological methods and investigated that through ancient Semitic languages as the Akkadian, Assyrian, Hebrew, Syrian, and Ethiopic. It also shows that different meanings of the root " æÑË" enjoys a semantic comprehension and the existing dominant discourse in the interpretations introduces the read meaning of the word as “dead stick” with theological semantic load and considers other meanings in the heritance as synecdoche is not accurate.

We investigated the effects of different dose of aflatoxins, secondary toxic metabolites produced by Aspergillus flavus, on some biochemical parameters in kidney of common carp (Cyprinus carpio).
This study was done in Aquaculture and Biology Laboratory of Behbahn Khatam Alanbia University of Technology, Behbahan, Iran in 2015. Fishes were distributed into five groups: Group I-III was fed contaminated diets with 0.5, 0.7 and 1.4 mg kg-1 feed, respectively. Group IV was fed contaminated diets with extraction solution (methanol, acetone, and diluted water) as a positive control. Control group received normal feed (Group V). After 21 d of experiment, activities of cellular enzymes and oxidative stress biomarker were evaluated.
Aflatoxins (0.7 and 1.4 mg kg-1) caused a significant increase in ALT activity. Although, significant increase of LDH activity (P Diets containing certain concentrations of aflatoxins (0.5, 0.7 and 1.4 mg kg-1 feed) made oxidative damage to kidney tissue, including changes in oxidative stress biomarker and biochemical parameters.

Discourse analysis attempts as methodology to discover the interactions of language with intellectual-social structures within written and oral texts, as well as to study the meaning formation in relation to intralingistic and cross-linguistic factors. In other words, the conditions of meaningfulness are called discourse. This method has been achieved as the outcome of studies conducted by scholars from different fields, including the linguistics. Some parts of the Holy Qur’an and the traditions have found meanings and functions in the contemporary era that are different from those at the original time of their applications. Such meanings and functions are only understandable through the consideration of a variety of backgrounds for their formation, ranging from the cultural, to the political and the social. The concepts of oppression (istiz‘āf) and arrogance (istikbār)
are as such. Because of being located in conditions such as the predominance of Marxist and anti-imperialist discourse in the years before and after the Islamic Revolution, these concepts have been understood in ways different from the conditions of meaningfulness in the context of the Holy Qur’an, and the same understandings have been assimilated in the contemporary interpretation. The present research applies the methodology of discourse analysis, examines the conditions for meaningfulness of the two concepts in Qur’anic verses and traditions, and compares them within the meaningfulness conditions of Marxist ideas prevailing in Iran during the 60s and 70s and the anti-authoritarian and anti-colonial thoughts predominant since the late 70s to the present time. We thus attempt to demonstrate the process of semantic changes and the functions of these concepts.