sousan heydarpour

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is one of the most common problems in women of childbearing age that often interferes with their work and social relationships. One of the theories proposed to cause the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome is environmental factors such as stress. The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effect of hypnotherapy and virtual reality technology on the stress of premenstrual syndrome.

This clinical trial study was conducted on 90 students of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences who were suffering from premenstrual syndrome and were selected using  convenient sampling and then randomly assigned to three hypnotherapy groups (30 people), virtual reality technology group (30 people) and control group (30 people).Data collection tools included demographic information questionnaires, premenstrual syndrome screening and DASS21. Relaxation through virtual reality and hypnosis was implemented in 3 sessions in the test groups, and a post-test was taken one month after the completion of the sessions. Data were analyzed using paired t-tests and Tukey’s post hoc test with SPSS-24.

The average stress score in the intervention groups compared to the control group had a significant decrease (P<0.001), but in the comparison between the two intervention groups, no significant difference was observed between these two methods, and the role of each was equally effective in reducing stress(P=0.620).

Both hypnotherapy and virtual reality technology are effective in reducing stress. It is recommended to use hypnotherapy and virtual reality technology to control stress

The use of herbs during pregnancy is on the rise today, but some of these plants can not only cause side effects in the mother and fetus but also have drug interactions. This systematic survey and meta-analysis reading were administered to define the outbreak of herbs used by women during pregnancy. The present work was performed using the meta-analysis method from March 2000 to February 2019. The search process was carried out in Iranian databases such as SID, Regional Information Center for Science and Technology (RICST), Mag-Iran, IranDoc, Barakat Knowledge Network System, Iranian National Library and international databases such as PubMed / Medline, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Sciences, Embase, EBSCO, and Google Scholar. keywords including medicinal herbs, Medicinal plant, Plant, Extract, Women, and pregnancy. The heterogeneity of investigations was scrutinized using the I2 index. Analysis was carried out using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software. A total of 73 articles were contained in the meta-analysis process. Based on the results, the general outbreak of medicinal herbs use during pregnancy was 32.4% (95% CI: 28.2%-36.8%). The results of meta-regression showed that increasing in sample size leads to decreased overall prevalence of herbal medicine consumption during pregnancy and increasing in the year of research leads to increased overall prevalence of herbal drug use during pregnancy, which both were statistically significant (P <0.05).The prevalence of medicinal herbs consumption during pregnancy is relatively high.

One of the most common problems in menopausal women is sleep disturbance that can lead to reduced quality of life. Therefore this study was performed with aim to investigate the effect of Salvia officinalisaroma on sleep quality of postmenopausal women.

This double-blind randomized clinical trial study was performed on 60 postmenopausal women referred to Kermanshah health centers in 2019. The subjects were randomly assigned into two groups of intervention and control (n=30 in each group). The subjects in the intervention group, for 3 consecutive nights in a week, for one month, 2 drops of essential oil of salvia that existed in a dropper poured on a cotton ball in the form of a neck pendant, and inhaled before sleep and removed from the neck after awakening. The control group also used placebo in the same way. Before and after the intervention, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was completed by both groups. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 20) and Chi-square, Kolmogorov Smirnov, independent t, Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney tests. P

The mean score of sleep quality before the intervention was similar in both groups (p = 0.191). But after the intervention, the mean score of sleep quality in aromatherapy group (3 ± 1.57) was significantly decreased compared with control group (7.13± 1.33) (p <0.001) and aromatherapy led to the improvement of sleep quality in the intervention group.

Aromatherapy using salvia officinalishas a significant effect on improving sleep quality in postmenopausal women. Therefore, given that postmenopausal women have sleep disorder, it is suggested that this method be used as a useful method for improving sleep quality and health promotion.

 Anxiety is one of the most common accompanying symptoms in pregnant mothers and is associated with adverse maternal and neonatal consequences. The aim of the present study was to examine the impact of mindfulness-based counseling on the levels of anxiety during the pregnancy period and on newborns’ physiological parameters.

 This study was a semi experimental pretest-posttest with a control group. Sixty primiparous pregnant women who referred to the health clinics of Kermanshah were selected using convenient sampling and were randomly assigned into either experiment or control group. The control group received routine prenatal care, and the experimental group underwent eight groups mindfulness-based counseling sessions (60-90min) twice a week, in addition to routine prenatal care. Before, immediately after and one month after the intervention, both groups completed the Vandenberg Gestational Anxiety Questionnaire. In addition, after delivery, the newborns’ physiological parameters (weight, height, gestational age and Apgar score) checklist was completed. The data was analyzed using Mann-Whitney, Independent t-test, and Friedman's tests using SPSS- 25.

 Pregnancy anxiety was not significant between the control and intervention groups before the intervention (p = 0.694). However, immediately and one month after the intervention the difference was significant (p≤ 0.001). After delivery, the physiological parameters of infants born to women in the intervention and control groups were not significantly different.

 According to the study results, mindfulness-based counseling was effective in reducing pregnancy anxiety, but did not affect the physiological parameters of newborns at birth.

The birth of a child with mental retardation can put a lot of mentally pressure on people around her, especially on mother. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of group counseling based on the reality therapy on the resilience and psychological well-being of mothers with an intellectual disabled child.
The research was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest design and control group. Forty mothers with an intellectual disabled child who their children were studying at the exceptional schools of Kermanshah city in 2017; selected by simple random sampling and assigned into two intervention (n=20), and control groups (n=20). The intervention group received group training in 10 sessions of 60 minutes (one session every week). The research tools include Conner and Davidson Resilience (2003), and Reef Psychological Well-Being (1980). Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 21), and multivariate analysis of covariance.
The mean of mothers’ resilience in the intervention group was 74.41±8.33 in post-test; in the control group, 45.41±16.84 in post-test. The mean of the psychological well-being of mothers in the intervention group was 72.5±83.3 in post-test; in the control group, these values were 34.12±7.47 in post-test, respectively. The results of the independent t-test showed that there is a significant difference between two groups in terms of resilience and psychological well-being (p According to the results, the mothers under the group training based on the reality therapy had a significant improvement in increasing the level of resilience and psychological well-being compared to the control group.

Becoming a mother in the neonatal intensive care unit is very different from becoming a mother of a full term infant in normal conditions. This study was conducted to explore factors affecting maternal role adaptation in mothers of preterm infants hospitalized in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).
This study was a qualitative research. Participants were mothers of preterm infants hospitalized in neonatal intensive care unit of social security hospitals and hospitals affiliated to Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences located in Kermanshah City, Iran. Sampling method was purposive and data collection was through individual and semi-structured interviews. Data saturation was achieved after 17 interviews with mothers of preterm infants (under 36 weeks) who had history of hospitalization for at least one week in the NICU. Data was analyzed through conventional content analysis. In order to verify the trustworthiness of research data, credibility, transferability, conformability, and dependability were assessed.
Two main categories were explored in this study; individual factors which included three subcategories of emotional chaos, self-efficacy, and alienation; and social factors which included three subcategories of interaction, social support, and other’s judgment.
By providing different kinds of supports, prevention of other’s judgment, and promote mother's self-efficacy can empower mothers against problems and negative emotions and promote maternal role adaptation.

Gestational diabetes is the most common metabolic complication of pregnancy. Approximately 1 to 14 percent of pregnancies are complicated by diabetes Early diagnosis and proper management of gestational diabetes (GDM) can decrease prenatal, neonatal and long-time infant problems and complications. This 2012 study investigated whether high maternal Hemoglobin (Hb) level in the first trimester would be associated with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in kermanshah city.
case-control was conducted on 36 pregnant women with gestational diabetes (case group) and 36 pregnant women without the condition (control group) referring to Research Center of Endocrinology and routine prenatal care clinics. Data was collected by information form and convenience sampling was used. Both groups were matched for age, number of abortions and parity.
Demographic characteristics were similar in both groups. Hemoglobin (12.68) of cases than controls (11.83), respectively. Statistically significant difference between the two groups showed hemoglobin (P Based on the results of the study recommended that Women with high hemoglobin levels during the first trimester of pregnancy as women are considered at risk and their selective screening based on risk factors should be performed.

Successful adaptation with maternal role leads to build confidence, and take satisfaction from her ability in care and development of the infant. The present study was performed to develop a valid and reliable instrument for evaluating maternal role adaptation in mothers of preterm infants in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).
In this exploratory study; at first, the questionnaire with 101 items was developed using Semi-structured interviews with 17 mothers of preterm infants and literature review. Then, after several revisions by the research team, similar statements were merged and then the questionnaire was reduced to 45 statements. The developed instrument was validated using face, content, and constructs validity. For reliability of the instrument, we used the internal consistency and test-retest.
During face validity 3 items were deleted and by using content validity index with cut-off point 0.79 and content validity ratio with cut-off point 0.42 were removed 7 other items and questionnaire was reduced to 35 items. Exploratory factor analysis identified six factors that explained 54% of variance. During construct validity 3 items were removed and final questionnaire was developed with 32 items. Chronbach's Alpha and intra class correlation coefficient were 0.77 and 0.81 respectively.
The "maternal role adaptation questionnaire in mothers of preterm infants admitted to the NICU” With six dimensions and 32 items is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing maternal role adaptation in mothers of preterm infants.

Fear, anxiety and pain of delivery have the important role in the passing way of the delivery process. Some clear-sighted people believ that threshold of pain differs among ethnic groups. Therefore, this study was conducted to compare primipara’s women perception of pain, fear and anxiety of vaginal delivery among Persian, Kurdish and Turkish women. In this descriptive-analytical study, 450 primipara’s women selected from general hospitals of Shiraz, Tabriz and Kermanshah city using multistep random-sampling method were assessed. Data collection was done using questionnaire and visual analogue scale of pain (VAS). Data were analyzed using descriptive and analytic statistics (mann-withneyu, Kruskal-wallis) and SPSS.16 software. In this study statistically P<0.05 was significant. The mean of pain severity in primipara’s Persian, Kurdish and Turkish women were (8.24±1.21), (7.01 ±1.98) and (7.82 ±0.79) respectively. Kruskal-wallis test showed that severity of pain was significant amonge three groups. The mean of fear and anxiety in primipara’s Persian, Kurdish and Turkish women were (55.64±14.66), (42.11 ±8.81) and (40.11 ±14.56) respectively and was significantly different amonge three groups. Significant relationship was found between maternal education with childbirth pain perception among Turkish women (P<0.001).Significant relationship was found between maternal jobs with childbirth pain perception among three groups of women. perception of pain severity, fear and anxiety of vaginal delivery was significantly different amonge Persian, Kurdish and Turkish women. It seems that different issues such as cultural, social, mental, environmental and psychological factors affect woman’s perception of labor pain.

Warm water immersion during labor is associated with relaxation and pain reduction for pregnant women. This method is not extensively used in Iran, given the fear of infection and other maternal/neonatal complications. Alternative methods are required to increase the safety of normal vaginal delivery. The purpose of this study was to compare maternal and neonatal outcomes, associated with water birth and normal vaginal delivery. This analytical, cross-sectional study was performed on 43 water birth cases (study group) and 62 subjects with normal vaginal delivery (control group). Random sampling and consensus were applied for normal vaginal delivery and water birth groups, respectively. Data were collected in a data collection form, using hospital records and interviews with mothers. For data analysis, descriptive and analytical tests including t-test and Chi-square were carried out, using SPSS version 15. No significant difference was observed between the two groups in terms of labor and delivery complications; although three cases of complications during the second stage of labor and four cases of hospitalizations at birth were reported in the control group. The two groups were not significantly different in terms of hospitalization for the reason of neonatal period complications. Regarding maternal complications, there was a significant difference in the rate of episiotomy between the two groups (P=0.032). Postpartum hemorrhage was mostly observed in the control group, although the difference was not significant. In this study, no significant difference was observed in terms of maternal or neonatal complications between the two groups. Therefore, it seems that water birth is a safe method, associated with improved pregnancy outcomes.

The time needed to achieve a wanted pregnancy is referred to as time to pregnancy (TTP). Due to differences in lifestyles and geographical locations in different countries, factors affecting TTP may be different in various countries. This study was conducted in 2011 to determine factors affecting time to TTP in Kermanshah, Iran. In this case-control study 174 women with TTP>12 months (cases) and 587 women with TTP<=12 months (controls) were selected. The tool for collecting data was a questionnaire. The SPSS-16 software was used for data analysis, a p-value <0.05 being considered as statistically significant. Multivariate analysis showed that factors decreasing TPP statistically significantly were women's education level (≥high school diploma; OR=0.854, CI 95%=0.741-0.984), frequency of intercourse in a week (OR=0.728, CI95%=0.631-0.839), blood group A compared to O (OR=0.639, CI95%=0.405-1.01), and non-exposure to smoking (OR=0.606, CI95%=0.380-0.965). On the other hand, factors increasing TPP were a woman's irregular menstrual cycle (OR=3.701, CI95%=2.127-6.441), lack of physical activity (OR=1.920, CI95%=1.263-2.918) and a body mass index (BMI) higher than 25 (OR=2.221, CI 95%=1.489-3.312). According to the results of this study, a high BMI and lack of exercise increase, while factors such as frequency of intercourse decrease the length of TTP. Couples seeking medical intervention for pregnancy often disregard factors associated with TTP. It is recommended that care-providers support these couples, promote their awareness, and give them suitable advice.

The present analytical study was designed to determine the factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding in primary health centers of Kermanshah in 2007. 168 mothers with infants aged 6-12 months, with or without exclusive breastfeeding were studied. Data analysis was carried out using descriptive and analytic statistics. In exclusive breastfeeding group the respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases in the first six months after birth were significantly lower than that in non exclusive breast feeding group. Also, in the first group the duration of breast feeding in previous child was higher than that in the latter group (OR=4 and OR=5.1, respectively).No association was found between exclusive breastfeeding and parameters such as child gender, education, job and age of mother and time of starting the breastfeeding.

Preeclampsia is the most prevalent complication of pregnancy and one ihird cause of death in pregnant women. Developing of a screening test may help to early diagnosis. This study performed to compare diagnostic value of the roll over test and hematocrit level in early detection of preeclampsia. 660 pregnant women with gestational age of 24-28 weeks referred toTamin Ejtemaee Hospital was assessed using stratification sampling method. Data collection method was observation and examination. Collection tools were information sheet, stethoscop and manometer. Hematocrit test was done using SYSMEX machine in the Tamin Ejtemaee Hospital laboratory. Precision and accuracy of results were controlled by microhematocrit method. Data was analyzed using SPSS soft ware applying X2 & Mc Nemar tests. Hematocrit level was statistically significant different between preeclamptic and normal pregnant women (p=0.01). Roll over test also showed significant difference between two groups (p=0.01). Sensitivity and specificity of hematocrit test was 58.6%, and 88.9% and positive and negative predictive value was 33.7% and 95.7% respectively. Sensitivity and the specificity of roll over test was 63.8% and 91.7%, with positive and negative predictive value of 42.5% and 96.3% respectively. 80% compatibility was found between two tests. Diagnostic value of the roll over test and hematocrit level in early detection of preeclampsia was equal. Further studies recommended in this field to find out more accurate early detection diagnostic test in preeclampsia.