taavoni

Sexual relations during menopause as well as reproductive period have particular importance. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of herbal supplement of Ginkgo biloba on the attitudes of menopausal women toward sexual relations. In this clinical trial 80 healthy female volunteers aged 60 – 50 years were enrolled. They were attending 3 health-care centers of Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS). The participants received GBE at a dose of 120–240 mg (n = 40) or placebo (n = 40) daily for 30 days. The instrument of the study was Sabbatsberg Sexual Rating Scale (SSRS) which part of it can subjectively evaluate the importance of sex before and after intervention. The results were analyzed by using Fisher exact test، Independent samples- t test، and Mann-Whitney Test. Most of the subjects were in the 50 – 52 years group (45. 2 %). Menopause age was ≥ 50 (41. 9%). After intervention، the importance of sex during the previous month had significant difference between the two groups of Ginkgo biloba and placebo (p = 0. 01). There was also a significant difference in the importance of sex compared to the results obtained in the previous years (p = 0. 01). Ginkgo biloba have the effect on different aspects of sexual functions of postmenopausal women، and it can improve their sexual relations. Therefore menopause women can experience sexual pleasure just like the past، and they can understand the importance of maintaining sexual relations in menopause period.

One of the most common problems in menopausal women is sleep disturbance, that the difficulty with breathing problems during sleep, including coughing and snoring be intensified. Women in this age intended to use Herbal supplements in order to solve these problems. The aim of this study was to investigate effect valerian and starch on Uncomfortable Breathing, Coughing and Snoring during Usual Sleep Habit in 50- 60 years old women in Tehran. In this study a randomized controlled trial design was employed. Participants consisted of 100 women with menopause aged 50-60, who suffered from insomnia. Instrument included demographic data form and Pittsburg sleep quality index. Descriptive and inferential statistics (t-test) were used to analyze the data. Most of the women were in the 50-52 year group (66%), menopause age was 45-49 (50%), and number of children was 3-4 and age difference with their spouse was1-4 year (36%). Most of them were illiterate and at medium economic class. So by means of PSQI determined using valerian and starch uncomfortable Breathing during sleep reduced and improved Quality of sleep The Findings of this study showed that the effect of valerian and Starch on uncomfortable breathing during sleep. Althogh the effect of valerian was more than starch. In addition, the absence of negative side effect, commonly seen with prescribed hypnotics, suggests that traditional herbal supplement may be a suitable alternative for treatment of insomnia.

The importance of pre-feeding behaviors in successful breastfeeding and duration of exclusive breastfeeding necessitates the detection of factors influencing these behaviors. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of mother-infant skin-to-skin contact on pre-feeding behaviors of healthy full-term infants of primiparous women. This study was a randomized-controlled trial conducted in labor and maternity wards of Shahid Akbar-Abadi hospital in Tehran. One hundred healthy primiparous mother-infant dyads were randomly assigned to receive either skin-to-skin contact (n=50) or routine care (n=50). A demographic information form and The Infant Breastfeeding Assessment Tool was used to collect data. Data were analyzed by SPSS. For testing research hypotheses, Mann-Whitney U test was used. There was a statistically significant difference between skin-to-skin contact group and routine care group in infant's pre-feeding behaviors including wakefulness (P ≤ 0.001), rooting reflex (P ≤ 0.001), and sucking reflex (P ≤ 0.001). According to the findings, early skin-to-skin contact after delivery has positive effect on full-term infant's pre-feeding behaviors. These behaviors have been considered to be effective on breast-feeding success and duration of exclusive breast-feeding. It is recommended to implement early skin-to-skin contact after delivery and thereafter.

Striae gravidarum is widely known to occur in pregnancy and aesthetically they can be a cause of great concern for many women. This study was conduted to determin the effects of olive oil on the occurrence of striae gravidarum in the second trimester of pregnancy. This randomized clinical trial with a control group of 70 women reffering to health and treatment centers of Tehran. The experimental group included consumers of olive oil. Questionnaires were completed through interviews and observation of a researcher. Data analysis was done by descriptive statistics and Chi-Square test. Striae had emerged among 40% of the experimental group, and 56% of those in the control group. There was not a significant relation between the experimental and the control group. More studies must be done on the effects of the other herbal oils on possible prevention of striae.

Neonates are more sensitive to pain and more susceptible to long term effects of pain than children and adults. Therefore, pain management has become a crucial part of neonatal care and cure. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of being in mother's hug and routine clinical procedure on neonates’ pain during immunization injections in health centers of west Tehran. This randomized controlled trial study was performed on 76 healthy term infants aged between 2-4 month, referred to the health centers of Iran University of Medical Sciences in west of Tehran for DPT immunization. One group were given in their mother's hug, 2 minutes before, during, and 15 seconds after the injection, and the other group were lied on the examining table according to routine of the clinic. Objective changes in appearance of neonates were assessed by Modified Behavioral Pain Scale (MBPS) from 5 second before immunization to 15 second after it. There was statistical significant difference between behavioral pain scores of the groups (P≤0.0001). Regarding�statistical�significant difference between behavioral pain responses of the groups, simple and safe practice of hugging infants by their mothers is suggested to reduce pain during immunization and muscular injections, too.

Since neonates have higher pain sensitivity, pain management has become a crucial part of neonatal care and cure. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of breast-sucking with being in the mother's hug on pain relieving during immunization injection. This controlled trial study was performed on 76 healthy term infants with 2-4 months years old. They were divided into two groups. By randomized collection one group were breast-fed, 2 minutes before, during, and 15 seconds after the injection, and second were in their mother's hug 2 minutes before, during, and 15 seconds after the injection. Modified Behavioral Pain Scale (MBPS) assessed objective changes in appearance of neonates (facial expression, cry and movements) during 5 second before immunization to 15 second after it. The scores for each behavior were calculated and compared in two groups. There were significant differences in behavioral pain scores of breast-fed group (4.6±1.8) and mother's hug (6.7±1.2) include facial expression (p=0.032), cry (p=0.0001) and movements (p=0.0001) and there is no statistically significant difference found between the 2 groups for age, sex and the time of feeding prior to vaccination. Breast-feeding may have an analgesic effect during immunization injections in healthy neonates.

Although pregnancy is one of the loveliest events in the elopmental processes of a woman’s life, history of previous fetal or neonatal death may have a negative effect on the adaptation of woman for her new pregnancy. It can also have a major influence on development of emotional distress in the attachment between mother and her fetus. This study has been done to assess and compare maternal fetal attachment of primgravidas and ultigravidas women with past history of fetal or neonatal death which haven’t had living child. One hundred and twenty literate Iranian pregnant volunteer women with the ages of 20-40 years were selected by non-randomized sampling method uential) during their 3rd trimester of planned current pregnancy. Forty samples didn’t have living child, had past history of fetal or neonatal death and 80 samples were primigravidas. The tools of this study that filled in by samples had two main parts of “personal demographics” and “maternal fetal attachment scale” (MFAS). A statistically significant difference was found in 5 subscales of the MFAS between the primigravidas and multigravidas women with past history of fetal or neonatal death. The average score of every subscales of maternal fetal attachment in primigravidas women was higher in comparison with multigravidas women. The independent t-test also showed a tatistically significant difference between average of total score of maternal fetal attachment between two groups (P=0.000). Due to lesser maternal fetal attachment in the multigravidas women with past history of fetal or neonatal death it is necessary to plan supportive, educational, and unseling program for this vulnerable group. The researchers suggest replicating the study during the first and second trimester of pregnancy and postpartum period of women with past history of fetal or neonatal death and also, in clients referred to the other clinics.

Today, sexually transmitted diseases are developed as a threatened health problem in the developed and developing countries. According to several studies, approximately one million people are affected by sexually transmitted diseases per day, with 333 millions cases in the world. The objectives of the study were to assess knowledge and attitude of women towards sexually transmitted diseases, and AIDS and the relating factors. The design was descriptive study. The study sample consisted of 500 literate women from 15 to 49 years old in reproductive age. In this study the stratified random sampling was used. The instrument for data collection was a questionnaire. After completing the questionnaires, the scores of knowledge and attitude were categorized and then the association between knowledge and attitude, was determined in women in Andimeshk. The results showed that the mean and standard deviton of age scores in women, was 27.18±9. Most of the women (62.8%) had diploma in education. Only 11.2% of women were well-informed and had high knowledge level. Also 52/4% of the subjects had negative attitude in the transmitting ways of sexually transmitted diseases, and preventive strategies of AIDS. The analysis of variance showed significant correlation between knowledge and the variables of age (P=0.002), education (P=0.000), job (P=0.000), and the spouse's job (P=0.008) and partner's education (P=0.025). Also there were signifcant correlation between attitude and age (P=0.000), education (P=0.000), and job (P=0.003). Pearson correlation coeffiaent showed that there was a direct significant relationship between knowledge and attitude (P=0.000). Based on the study findings, appropriate knowledge about sexually transmitted diseases and AIDS leads to desired attitude and behavior, and reducing unreasonable fear. It seems that most of women need more education in this field with mass media.

Pregnancy is a significant event for pregnant women who need to adapt physiologically and psychologically, though it is a normal phase of a woman’s life. In addition, previous history of fetal or neonatal death can have a negative effect on the adaptation, and this experience can also increase maternal anxiety during pregnancy that may produce adverse effects. The aim of this study was to assess and compare maternal anxiety in primgravid women and pregnant women with the history of previous fetal or neonatal death. A descriptive comparative design with multistage sampling method (sequential) was used. One hundred and twenty Iranian, literate pregnant women, who were in their 3 rd trimester of current pregnancy with (20 – 40 years old age) were selected. Forty subjects had previous history of fetal or neonatal death (without any live child) and 80 of them were primigravid. The data collection tool, had two main parts: personal characteristics, and pregnancy outcomes questionnaire (POQ, Theut et al 1988). In this study, t-test showed, there was a significant difference between the two groups regarding maternal anxiety during pregnancy (P=0.001). The mean score of maternal anxiety in the pregnant women with previous fetal or neonatal death was more than primigravid women (P<0.001). Accordin to the study findings and due to the increase of anxiety level in the pregnant women with previous history of fetal or neonatal death, it seems that it would be necessary to plan supportive, educational and counseling programs for this high risk group of women. It is suggested that further studies should be conducted during trimesters of pregnancy and postpartum period in clients.

Lengthened pregnancy after the 41st week will create problems for mother, fetus and newborn. Assessment of the predisposing factors of prolonged pregnancy is a research priority. So, to determine the maternal and the fetal predisposing factors of this hardship, we conducted a case-control study in which record sheets were assessed and data were collected. 1800 women contributed in this study within which, 600 made the case group through census sampling method, and the rest were known as control group with normal pregnancy and were chosen through simple random sampling method. Findings indicated that as for maternal factors, there were statisticaly significant relationships between prolonged pregnancy, and the use of Aspirin and Salisilates and season of delivery (P<0.05). A significant relationship was also seen between prolonged pregnancy and fetal factors such as the cephalic presentation (P < 0.05). Based on the findings, it was concluded that the history of using Aspirin and Salicilates during pregnancy is a maternal predisposing factor for long lasting pregnancy. Therefore, educational programs for women regarding such drugs and management of those who have to use them during pregnancy are recommended. Key Words: Prolonged pregnancy, Predisposing factors, Maternal factors, Fetal factors