tahereh aminaei

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is one of the common metabolic disorders seen in children and adolescents. This study aims to assess the rate of the MetS and its associated factors in a nationally-representative sample of Iranian pediatric age groups. This nationwide cross- sectional study was designed in 2015 in 30 provinces of Iran. Participants consisted of 4,200 school students, aged 7-18 years, studied in a national school-based surveillance program (CASPIAN-V). Physical examination and laboratory tests were performed using standard protocols. Blood samples were drawn from 3834 students for biochemical tests. The participation rate for blood sampling was 91.5%. MetS was significantly more prevalent among students in urban than in rural areas (5.7% vs. 4.8%, P value < 0.01). MetS was more prevalent in students with obese parents than in those with non-obese parents (6.4% vs. 4.5%, P value < 0.05). Significant association existed between moderate level of healthy nutritional behaviors and MetS after controlling for potential confounders (odds ratio [OR]: 0.62, 95% CI: 0.40-0.98). Students with high unhealthy nutritional behaviors showed an increased risk of MetS in crude (OR: 1.6, 95% CI: 1.05-2.44) and adjusted model (OR: 1.65, 95% CI: 1.05-2.63). High rate of MetS and associated risk factors was observed in Iranian pediatric age groups, with higher rates among boys. These findings provide useful information for effective preventive strategies based on diet, exercise, and lifestyle modification rather than therapeutic modalities.

The prevalence of glomerular hyperfltration and chronic kidney disease is increasing worldwide in parallel with obesity hypertension epidemic. The effect of increases in glomerular fltrations (GFR) in children with metabolic syndrome has not been studied. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the relationship between GFR and cardiometabolic risk factors in a large sample of pediatric population.
In this nationwide survey, 3800 participants were selected by cluster random sampling from 30 provinces in Iran. Anthropometric measures, biochemical, and clinical parameters were measured. We also measured estimated GFR (eGFR) using the recently modifed Schwartz equations and other known cardiometabolic risk factors such as elevated total cholesterol, high low‑density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‑C), and obesity.
The response rate was 91.5% (n = 3843). The mean and standard deviation (SD) (Mean ± SD) of eGFR for girls, boys, and total population were 96.71 ± 19.46, 96.49 ± 21.69, and 96.59 ± 20 ml/min/1.73 m2, respectively. Overall, 38.7% of the participants did not have any cardiometabolic risk factor. In multivariate models, the risk of elevated systolic blood pressure (BP) (odds ratio [OR]: 1.48; 95% confdence interval [CI]: 1.08–2.02), elevated diastolic BP (OR: 1.48; 95% CI: 1.08–2.02), elevated LDL‑C (OR: 1.35; 95% CI: 1.07–1.70), and obesity (OR: 1.70; 95%CI: 1.24–2.33) were signifcantly higher in participants with higher eGFR level than those with the lower level but not with low level of high‑density lipoprotein cholesterol (OR: 0.72; 95% CI: 0.60–0.88).
This study demonstrates an association between glomerular hyperfltration and obesity‑related hypertension in a large sample of the Iranian pediatric population, independently of other classical risk factors.

This paper presents the methodology and early findings of the fifth survey of a school-based surveillance program in Iran.
This nationwide study was conducted in 2015 as the fifth survey of a surveillance program entitled “Childhood and Adolescence Surveillance and PreventIon of Adult Noncommunicable disease” (CASPIAN-V) study. The protocol was mainly based on the World Health Organization-Global School student Health Survey. We studied 14400 students, aged 7-18 years, and their parents living in 30 provinces in Iran. Fasting blood was obtained from a sub-sample of 4200 randomly selected students.
The participation rate for the whole study and for blood sampling were 99% and 91.5%, respectively. The mean (SD) age of participants was 12.3 (3.2) years, consisting of 49.4% girls and 71.4% urban residents. Overall, 16.1% were underweight (17.4% of boys and 14.8% of girls), and 20.8% had excess weight consisting of 9.4% (8.7% of boys and 10.2% of girls) of overweight and 11.4% (12.5% of boys and 10.3% of girls) of obesity. Abdominal obesity was documented in 21.1% of students (21.6% of boys and 20.5% of girls). Low HDL-C was the most prevalent abnormality of the lipid profile (29.5%) followed by high serum triglycerides (27.7%). Of students, 59.9% consumed whole wheat bread; and 57% reported that they never or rarely added salt to table. The reported daily consumption of fresh fruits, vegetables, and milk was about 60%, 32%and 40%, respectively. 13.7% of participants had at least 30-min daily leisure-time physical activity.
The current findings provide an overview of the current health status and lifestyle habits of children and adolescents. This surveillance program would help planning preventive programs at individual and community levels.

Visual impairments affect child development and limit their social activity, education and future life. In this study, the prevalence of visual impairments was determined among school-aged children in a screening program. All first and third grade students in primary schools, first grade students in secondary and high schools related to Iranian universities of medical science were selected. The data were gathered by universities in 2007. The prevalence of visual impairments was 4.7% and 3.8% in first grade and third grade students in primary schools. It was 5.8% and 4.1% in first grade students in secondary and high schools respectively. The highest prevalence (10.59%) was reported from Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences. It is considered more detailed interventions are necessary, especially in high prevalence regions, to determine the different types of visual impairments and their risk factors.

Anemia affects child development and limits their social activity, education and future life. In this study, the prevalence of anemia is determined among school aged children in a screening program.All first and third grade students in primary schools, first grade students in secondary schools related to Iranian universities of medical science were selected. The data were gathered by universities in 1386.The prevalence of anemia was 1.8% and 2.4% in first grade and third grade students in primary schools. It was 1.6% in first grade students in secondary schools. The high prevalence was reported from Tehran, Shahid beheshti and Iran Universities of medical science.ConclusionIt is considered more detailed interventions are necessary especially in high prevalence regions to determine the different types of anemia and their risk factors.