tayebeh mohammadi kia

The present study aimed at exploring the prophethood and administration in Imam Mohammad Ghazali’s political thought. The research method was descriptive-analytical and the results showed that the foundation of Ghazali’s political thought is priority of Sharia. The point worth noting is that the way Sharia is preferred in Ghazali’s thought is a posteriori. Ghazali considers politics from the perspective of the human’s material life. Finally, he turns to the reforming mission of politics and explains the correlation between politics and piety under the inner attitude and the concept of reformation in individual and social life. Ghazali discusses prophethood in various forms, but what manifests itself in his final thought is paying attention to one’s heart, inner side and insight in prophethood. Paying attention to one’s inner side is Ghazali’s solution for reconciling religion and world. He also, like other Muslim thinkers, maintains that true felicity is the felicity in hereafter. He considers the way to achieve that important goal to be not imitating and repeating a practice in its outer form; rather, he searches for it inside one’s heart, the heartfelt belief and inner purity. Ghazali must be considered as an inquirer who was seeking sincerity and divine proximity up to the end of his life. He considered this proximity in resorting to the Prophet as God’s supreme creature. He compensates the Prophet’s absence by resorting to mysticism, inner attitude and moral loyalty to the prophetic teachings. He maintains that the solution to society’s problems is in the hands of the religious scholars and rulers who have made firm decision to reform the situation.

This research, utilizing Bourdieu's perspectives, examines the role of socially responsible poets as political and social reformers in the thoughts of Saadi and Hafez. The study is based on the hypothesis that the poet pursues societal improvement as an intellectual and enlightening duty as a representative of criticism. As a primary figure in the realm of social and political interactions, the poet engages in reformist actions and, from a critical perspective, proposes solutions for societal reform. This research explores Saadi's critical approach, highlighting his prominent reformist characteristics and presenting his solutions for general reform in three dimensions: social, political, and leadership. Saadi's solutions include moderation as a social reform, justice and fairness as political reforms, and prudence as a solution for leadership reform. These solutions are presented in the context of Saadi's significant attention to society and politics during a time of crisis and upheaval. Furthermore, the study delves into the critique of the public in Hafez's thoughts. As a critical poet in Iranian literary and intellectual history, Hafez introduces reformist solutions to shape his contemporary society. Hafez's reformist approach is discussed on three levels: political, social, and leadership. Love and friendship are presented as solutions for political reform, truth as a solution for social reform, and justice as a solution for leadership reform. In summary, Saadi and Hafez's reformist solutions can be characterized by an emancipated individual as an ideal citizen, a reform-seeking society as an ideal city, and a benevolent and just leader as an ideal ruler. The proposed solutions by Saadi and Hafez for constructing a virtuous society involve a critical approach, shaping an ideal political structure based on personal and collective virtues, with truth and justice at their pinnacle. Their reformist approach reflects a vision for building a virtuous society.

Farabi is considered the founder of philosophy in the Islamic world. This Iranian philosopher not only entered of Greek reason into the field of Muslim knowledge, but also entered the Iranian politics to the Islamic political system. In fact, Farabi's political thought has various sources. We should consider him as the inheritor of the presence of Platonic philosophy, Aristotelian reason, Iranian wisdom, Islamic knowledge, and Shiite teachings of his time. The aim of this study is recognizing and analyzing the presence and extension of Iranian wisdom in Farabi's political thought. Farabi describes thinking in the field of Iranian wisdom in ontology, epistemology, society and politics. His ontology is linked to Iranian wisdom by following the example of the series of angels and the connection of heaven and earth, and in the field of social life, it is an ideal format for his utopia. Furthermore, Farabi's epistemology, which ultimately leads to the supremacy of fantasy, has its roots in Iranian light based Imagination; The wisdom bridges the light of knowledge and awareness between the earth and the sky. In his thought, politics should establish a connection between the sky and the seal of God with the royal throne and the people of the society. These three components have Iranian origins.
He considered Farabi's political thought in the style of royal governance and undeniable examples of Iranian wisdom.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the emergence of the concept of the ‘political man’ in Avicenna’s political thought. We seek to understand how Avicenna approached politics and the role of humanity in public life. Avicenna’s ideal city is constructed upon the foundation of key concepts such as tradition, justice, law, and public consensus, all of which are intricately connected to the supreme world. According to Avicenna, the ideal city serves as the manifestation of supreme knowledge, with the political man playing a dynamic and constructive role within it. Avicenna lived during a time of crisis in the Caliphate, which prompted him to engage deeply with political philosophy. At this juncture, Iranians were in revolt, distanced from the Caliphate, and actively seeking a political alternative. This historical context should be viewed as both a theoretical and practical endeavor. This paper delves into Avicenna’s contribution to this significant political event. In Avicenna’s philosophy, concepts like politics, the city, and the political man, like many others, are comprehensible and recognizable within the framework of the Prophet’s Revelation. Thus, this paper explores the formation of the city, the emergence of its structures, the actions of its rulers, and the role and political presence of its citizens from Avicenna’s perspective.

The contemporary international order is understandable from the perspective of the concepts, interpretations and experiences of the modern time. This order, which is also interpreted as a liberal order, reflects the interaction and relations established between its actors, at the center of which is the nation-state. In the 21st century, this order and this main actor were challenged by a new and emerging existence on the world stage, i.e., Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). ISIL has clearly challenged the international order and its central idea, the nation-state. This paper hypothesizes that Takfiri movements consider the hegemonic international order specifically as their main problem. The author tries to explain the attitude of Takfiri radicalism in confronting the international order. This is done by explaining the status of the idea of the nation-state in the contemporary international order, analyzing the perception and understanding of Takfiri movements from it and describing their action approach. The methodology of this paper is Derrida's deconstruction method.

The research deals with why the Zionist regime insists and what its strategy is in the Golan Heights. The purpose of this study is to explain why the Zionist regime is present in the Golan Heights and to describe the approach of the Islamic Awakening towards it, from the perspective of territorial threat and energy security threat. The regime has continued to occupy the Golan Heights, despite the international community's relative consensus that its presence in the region is illegal. The research question is what is the approach of the resistance movement to the Israel strategy in the Golan Heights. (Issue) The method of this research is the use of textual data and its technique is descriptive-analytical. (Method) The current of resistance, as a practical structure arising from the Islamic Awakening, is a major obstacle to events that change the geopolitical, geoeconomic and geostrategic security of the region for the benefit of Israel. Base on it necessity of supporting the Islamic Awakening movements, the presence of the Islamic Republic of Iran's advisor and military support in Syria as the area of action of the resistance movement, staying near the Golan Heights and pursuing a strategy of deterrence and defense of the resistance movement with regard to energy and oil are the strategic Findings of this research. (Findings)

This paper examines the notion of power in the discourse of Neo-jihadism. The meaning of power in discourses is shaped by the new meanings they provide. Meanings raised in the new discourse of jihadism come out of the depths of tradition. Their meanings, concepts, and actions can be found in religious literature. This discourse has a religious ideology and global agents and also it has a far history of gaining power and governance. Based on this experience and mentality the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, with its short history, has been waiting for power to come back to the world arena. The meaning of power in this movement is different from power in the experienced and well-known terrorist movements. The concept of power is contrasted with its modern meaning. On the other hand, modern politics should be considered the main enemy of this movement. Modern politics has embraced the whole world. therefore, Neo-jihadism movement needs comprehensive power to fight it. This power is also displayed with a different faceSuicide bombers represent this power all over the world with their death one can say they bring the power to global politics.

The purpose of this article is to discover, understand and explain the connection between honesty and politics in the political thought of the Enlightenment. For this reason, the question has been addressed: what is the relationship between honesty and politics in Sheikh Ishraq's thought? Using a descriptive-analytical method, the relationship between honesty and politics in Sheikh Ishraq's political thought has been explained. In fact, research should be considered as one of the fundamental researches that explores, understands, describes and analyzes the state of honesty in Enlightenment political thought. Understanding how the phenomenon is studied is the basic goal of the descriptive-analytical method that is followed in this article in Suhrawardi's works and the description of his attitude towards honesty in politics. Suhrawardi should be considered the initiator of the crystallization of moral politics based on honesty arising from political mysticism. In fact, he believes that there is a similarity between honesty and politics. Sheikh Shahid draws morality based on honesty from within the realm of politics and society. Suhrawardi theorizes the presence of honesty in politics as a ruler and builds his utopia in the continuous continuity of honesty and politics, at individual, political and social levels

The purpose of the present research is to study the feasibility of the survival of ISIS and Takfiri groups as well as their continuance in the future world. In this regard, the present study aims to analyze the likelihood of presence and role of recent Jihadi movements in the future world. The research study is conducted by Foucauldian discourse methodology, in a holistic method and with regard to Foucault’s theory of discourse. This article studied Jihadi groups specially their salient representative, that is to say ISIS, an identity-centered discourse from the perspective of postmodernism in the realm of international policy. This significant subject is analyzed as a subcategory of the important concept of postmodernism and international studies as an option to explain the presence and role of new entities in international relations. Therefore, the ideas of the outstanding postmodern scholars as well as the feasibility of their application in international diplomacy were discussed. The research relies on the hypothesis that the Jihadi groups will continue their effective presence in the form of scattered but coherent organizations and will have an impact in the regional order.

The article explains Ghazali's solutions about the crises of his time. He designs a utopia based on happiness that is from an esoteric reading of religion. The city is based on a policy of reform and tolerance morality. Ghazali makes his ideal society based on triples of religion, ethics and politics. He expresses the goal of creating this society is the achievement of the members of society to the happiness in the hereafter. This goal is seen in the works of Muslim scholars. We can say that happiness in the hereafter is a common goal among Muslim scholars and Ghazali also writes his vision within this tradition. He poses the reform as an effective way to solve the emerging crises in religion, society and politics, and with an emphasis on religious reform, propose an ideal society.

Nowadays the Jihadi Salafism is, for the first time in the history of international relations, an influential movement playing a notable role against the dominant order. Therefore one can confirm the presence of contemporary Jihadists within the international sphere as a threatening factor that must necessarily be well understood and studied in its various dimensions. In this research direction, we have to explain, through studying in what way they are playing a role in the international arena, how this radical and fundamentalist movements have become able to create a chain of conflicts and disorders. This question can be answered when we gained an understanding of the effective mechanisms in shaping the identity of this groups in the international arena. In this regard this paper explains that by what means “otherness making process” is the approach by which we can clarify the identity of these groups within the framework of contemporary international order. Specifically the paper describes the concept of otherness making in the later literature of international relations as a theoretical framework and a postmodern methodology by which one can analyze how contemporary jihadism works and gain power and identity. Then, on the basis of this, the paper examines how jihadist groups are seeking legitimacy for its acts against international order. Hopefully it helps the paper to provide us with a fresh insight into the logic of their presence on the international arena. Paper is divided in the following Sections: otherness making, Identity and Otherness, Islamic world as an absent identity in the International politics, Meaning of Otherness in the discourse of Salafism and jihadist, and the Interaction between Jihadist Groups and International Order based on otherness making.

Today Discourse is widely used in the social sciences. Discourse is generally known by Foucault name and as an Genealogy theory. But this theory has the same methodological applicability. This article studies the meaning of discourse, the views of influential thinkers and the Methodology of discourse. It also explains the possibilities of using Discourse as a methodology in the field of international relations. It discusses the methodology of Discourse as a Post-Structural Methodology in the international relations studying. This paper consists of two parts and each part includes different subjects. The first part, titled “Discourse as a theory and methodology”, includes subjects such as Foucault's Discourse and Genealogy and Archaeology. It also includes a methodological approach to discourse from the perspective of Laclau and Mouffe. The second part, titled "Using Discourse Methodology in International Relations Studies", includes the use of Discourse in the international relations Studies and the understanding of international relations from the Perspective of Discourse Methodology.

This paper attempts to analyze Iran›s foreign policy from the perspective of Saudi Arabia. To achieve this aim, spiritual constructivist approach with attention to historical Constructivism has been used in this paper. In terms of this approach, foreign policy can be understood as harmonize and coordinate words with the world and also the world with words. Concepts like identity, history, narrative and perception are very important in studies of this kind. In order to achieve Saudi Arabia›s understanding of Iran›s foreign policy we have to consider the narrations about Iran which are important in Saudi›s texts. These are narrations about history, identity and political actions. This paper studies why these narrations have been created? In this regard, it analyzes the role of language, meaning, interpretation and intersubjectivity. It focuses on history and identity, as determinant factors of relations between Iran and Saudi Arabia. This article Studies Saudi Arabia›s Texts which areabout Iran before and after the 1979 revolution.