vahabi

Roads have an important role in plants dispersal on different scales. Various plant species settle on roadsides, but some of them can enter the natural environments and threaten their biodiversity. Worldwide knowledge of roadside flora is necessary for local and global management of natural areas. Accordingly, the roadside flora of Northern Khorasan rangelands was studied along the 600 km of 12 paved roads. Base on a stratified random sampling design, 38 sites were sampled by 100 m² rectangular quadrats stablished on both roadsides. Totally, 330 plant taxa of 39 spermatophyte families were identified and their life-forms and chorology were determined through botanical resources. The results showed that therophytes and hemicryptothytes were the dominant life-forms of roadside vegetation. The native Irano-Turanian elements were the dominant chorotype of roadside habitats. Number of endemic taxa (3.6%) was notable in comparison with cosmopolitan (1.2%) and alien (0.6%) species. Agropyron desertorum (Fisch. ex Link) Schult. and Agropyron elongatum (Host) P. Beauv. were the only two introduced alien species in the studied roadsides. Some of the cosmopolitan and pluriregional species such as Triticum aestivum L. were cultivated plants, but most of them were common weeds. Native weeds like Hordeum glaucum Steud. and Alhagi persarum Boiss. & Buhse had the highest frequency on the studied roadsides. The present study, therefore, revealed that the roadside flora in natural areas could have a considerable stock of native and endemic species which would be suitable for the revegetation of roadsides and the disturbed natural areas around the roads.

Studying and analyzing the ways of rewriting and recreating in Bahram Beyzai’s literary works is the main goal of this paper. He is a norm-breaker author who destroys the reader’s mental and language structures and defaults. The plays, scripts and narrations which are analyzed in this article are Azhdehaak, Arash, Ahu, Salandar, Talhak va Digaran, Pardeye neiy, Siavash Khani, Shabe hezar-o Yekom and Majlese Ghorbaniye Sennemar. At first, in this research, Beyzai’s descriptive-analytical ways are introduced, and then these ways are analyzed in Beyzai’s works. The ways are generally as follows: 1. recreating an old work on two levels: “changing the plot” and “changing the dutifulness of characters,” and 2. rewriting an old work in some ways by “adding dialogue between characters”, “suggesting cause and effect relation” and “changing the ways of narration.”

IntroductionDrought stress is most important abiotic stress reducing growth and production of wheat worldwide. Protective role of plant growth regulators (PGRs) against drought stress has been accepted in general, however, comparison of PGRs types to determine the optimum one is crucial. Many PGRs are known to alleviate the negative effects of drought stress in plants. However, limited research has been conducted to investigate the potential benefits of exogenous application of different PGRs in wheat plants grown under drought stress. Chlormequat chloride (CCC), salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) could consider as three major PGRs using in cereals.
Materials and MethodsTo examine the effect of three PGRs consisted of CCC, SA and JA on yield components and grain yield of wheat cv. Roshan under different water stress conditions (a range of light to severe drought levels) two separated experiments were conducted at controlled and field conditions at College of Agriculture, Shiraz University during 2012-2013 growing seasons. Concentration of CCC, SA and JA were 19.0, 1.0 and 0.1 mM, respectively. Drought stress levels were 100%, 80%, 60% and 40% of field capacity in greenhouse and were 100%, 2/3 and 1/5 of field capacity in the field experiment. Field capacity was determined as 25% (g g-1) for the experimental field. Greenhouse and field researches were carried out in factorial experiment based on completely randomized design and in split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design, respectively. Four and three replications were used greenhouse and field experiments, respectively. Roshan as a bread wheat cultivar with standard height was used. Foliar application of 3 PGRs was done at double ridges stage in both experiments; however, irrigation treatments were applied at double ridges stage and early anthesis at greenhouse and field experiment, respectively. For plot irrigation a tape system was used and amount of irrigation was measured by a water meter.
Results and DiscussionThe results showed that water stress decreased flag leaf area, ear length, grain number per ear, biological yield and grain yield in the greenhouse and biological yield and grain yield in the field experiment. The maximum of flag leaf area was obtained at anthesis and after that there was no increase in green area. In the other hand, ear length and grain number per ear were fixed at anthesis and so drought stress had less negative impact on flag leaf area, ear length and grain number per ear under field conditions. Increasing the level of drought stress was considerably associated with greater reduction in grain yield and yield components. However, PGRS application improved yield components and consequently enhanced the grain yield. The higher flag leaf area in PGRs-treated plants might be due to lowering developmental rate or delaying plant maturity and senescence. So, by improving leaf area, PGR application resulted in increased photosynthetic rate leading to a higher yield. Although all PGRs had positive effect on growth and yield of wheat nevertheless, the effect of chlormequat chloride followed by salicylic acid was greater than jasmonic acid; so that foliar applications of chlormequat chloride, salicylic acid and jasmonic acid were associated with 20.7%, 13.8% and 7.24% increase in grain yield, respectively, under controlled conditions. These values were 18.3%, 12.2% and 8.1% for the field experiment. Such compensatory effects of PGRs could be due to various reasons. Chlormequat chloride can stimulate root growth, reduce transpiration, increase water use efficiency, and prevent chlorophyll destruction. Similarly, SA application may result in stomatal closure, increased WUE, increased chlorophyll content, increased respiratory-pathways and intercellular CO2 concentration, and stimulatory changes in other physiological and biochemical attributes. Jasmonic acid is also essential components for the signaling pathway triggering the expression of plant defense genes in response to abiotic stresses. This PGR had a significant role in osmotic adjustment under drought stress conditions.
ConclusionsOverall, drought stress depending on time and severity of application had several adverse effects on wheat cultivar including decreased flag leaf area, ear length and grain number which led to reduced biological yield and grain yield. However, exogenous application of SA, CCC or JA reduced at least some of the harmful impacts of drought stress and in some cases compensated losses or damages caused by the drought, resulting in purging of differences between the control and drought stress conditions. Furthermore, chlormequat chloride might have a wide scope for further investigations as an approach to increase grain yield under limited water conditions.

Entrepreneurship and enhancing entrepreneurial activities can be considered as an appropriate stimulus for the growth and development of communities and also for increasing the income and finally for improving people lives. The present study was done to evaluate the entrepreneurship spirit of students in Kurdistan and Kermanshah Universities of Medical Sciences, 2015-2016.
Material and This was a cross-sectional study. The populations of the study were Kurdistan and Kermanshah Universities of Medical Sciences, the students, of which were 500 who selected by classified random sampling using a proportional allocation. A questionnaire including 45 items was used to collect data on entrepreneurial spirit. In order to describe and analyze the collected data the descriptive statistics including frequency, mean, standard deviation and Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis was used.
The mean score of entrepreneurship among studied students was equal to 29.69±5.07. The scores in Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences students and Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences students were 29.89±5.13 and 29.52±5.03 respectively. The Entrepreneurial spirit between the two universities, did not show statistically a significant difference (P=0.98).
The results of the present study showed that students of both universities in most areas of the entrepreneurial spirit had high entrepreneurial spirit (above average). This can be a favorable ground for implementing programs related to the development and entrepreneurship training.

The effect of climatic changes including: temperature, CO2, and moisture content on photosynthetic characteristics and dry matter yield of rangeland species Bromus tomentellus Boiss – an important forage plant in the West of Isfahan province pastures – was explored in a factorial experiment with a completely randomized design. After collecting a mother plant of this species and asexual reproduction to required number, the climatic variables on each time step in the future (based on A2 climate change scenario) were applied as a treatment on pots except for one group which was taken as control. The photosynthetic pigments, including chlorophyll a and b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, and aerial dry matter (as the criterion to determine the amount of plant yield in each pot) were measured in these groups. By recording these parameters and relating them to the climatic variables, the impact of climatic changes on them were explored. The results showed that the physiological response of species to the changes in the climatic parameters of temperature, CO2, and moisture content was different. A change in these three parameters (temperature, CO2, & moisture content) significantly decreased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoids in the species under the study. Dry matter yield of single pot also decreased significantly (p

Gingival overgrowth (GO) is a common side effect of antiepileptic, immunosuppressive and calcium channel blocker drugs. Cyclosporine and phenytoin are amongst the most widely used drugs associated with GO. Gingival fibroblasts seem to have a significant role in the production of certain enzymes after administration of the drugs contributing to GO.Previous studies have shown a higher prevalence of GO in children and adolescents. The aim of this study was to compare normal human gingival fibroblasts with those exposed to Cyclosporine or phenytoin in measuring the production levels of certain enzymes that could have a possible role in GO.
samples were obtained from the gingival biopsies of seven adult and seven pediatric patients and were cultured into plates. With the growth of fibroblast cells, they were treated with or without either Cyclosporine or phenytoin. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)was used to determine the expressed levels of R-EGF, Cathepsin B, L,Lysyl oxidase,COL1,TGF β1, MMP-1,2 and TIMP1.
According to RT-PCR analyses, the expressed levels of R-EGF,Cathepsin B,L, Lysyl oxidase,COL1,TGF β1,MMP-1,2 and TIMP1 were affected by Cyclosporine and phenytoin.TGF-β1, TIMP, Cathepsin B and EGF showed comparable values in the adult and pediatric groups.TGF-β1 was the only mediator produced by both drugs in adults and children. Phenytoin lead to TIMP production and cyclosporine induced cathepsin B gene production at both age groups.
Different expressed levels of enzymes after treatment of the gingival fibroblasts of adults and pediatrics with phenytoin or Cyclosporine could be the reason for the higher severity of GO in children. More studies need to be performed on the pathogenesis of GO at different age groups.

Melamine is a chemical widely used in the industries .It was used in the production of plastic – coated plates, glue, molding compounds and melamine dinnerware. Formaldehyde as an irritant was produced in the melamine dinnerware production and create some health problem. In this study irritant risk assessment of formaldehyde was assessed in Melamine dinnerware industry.
In this study 54 workers were selected from melamine dinnerware workshops as exposed groups. 30 workers from dairy production workshops was evaluated who were not occupationally exposed to irritants. The personal monitoring of workers was performed according to the NIOSH method No. 3500.Irritant effects of formaldehyde were evaluated using HSE/HSL questionnaire .Relative risk was calculated for each response.
Mean occupational exposure of workers to formaldehyde was 0.1±0.044 ppm. The results of Chi-square test showed in the exposed group irritation of respiratory tract and eyes was higher than controls (P Occupational exposure of workers to formaldehyde was higher than the respective NIOSH Threshold Limit Values–Time Weighted Average (TLV-TWA).It seems, irritation of respiratory tract and eyes occur in the lower concentration of formaldehyde TWA of Iran standards. Due to irritation relative risk in the melamine dinnerware workshops, a program of risk management required.

The effects of plant density and water stress on yield of Medicago sativa and Bromus tomentellus was studied. A greenhouse experiment was conducted at Isfahan University of Technology in 2013. The experiment included 18 treatments, three crop compositions (M.sativa, B. tomentellus or mixture of the two), two plant density levels, three watering regimes and four replicates, arranged in a completely randomized block design. Results showed that total yield of M. sativa mono-cropping was higher than mixed cropping and it was higher than B. tomentellus mono-cropping. Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) values were less than 1 for all mixed cropping treatments, indicated the interspecific competition in mixed cropping. The biomass production per plant decreased with increasing density, competition for resource utilization and water stress. Compare of above-ground and below-ground dry matter showed that M. sativa appeared to be more constrained by intraspecific than by interspecific competition, Conversely, B. tomentellus was more suppressed by interspecific competition exerted by M. sativa than by intraspecific competition. Relative competition intensity (RCI) values were positive for B. tomentellus and negative for M.sativa, implying that competitive ability of M.sativa was higher than B. tomentellus in mixed cropping .

Open-channel junctions have a broad application in civil and environmental engineering. Formation of a low-pressure zone with recirculating flow (high sedimentation) accompanied by a high-velocity zone (high erosion) is the most characteristic feature of flow in junctions. A large number of researches have been performed to study the complexity of the flow in junctions in open-channel flows. In this research, four new geometrical modifications, based on streamlinization concept, are investigated to understand their effects on reducing the sedimentation and erosion potential in a 90° open-channel junction. First, the numerical model was validated based on previous experimental studies. Then, effects of the mentioned modifications were evaluated and some efficiency measures were devised to improve their performance. The results show that employing the proposed geometrical modifications improves the flow pattern significantly via eliminating the recirculation zone and reducing the maximum flow velocity after the junction. Thereby a comprehensive reduction in sedimentation and erosion potential is produced as well as contracting the stagnation zone.

A 6 week study was conducted to assess the effects of wood betony (WB), Stachys lavandulifolia extract on growth performance, hematological and biochemical parameters of common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Different levels of the WB extract (0, 2, 4 and 8 % weight per weight, W/W, 0WB, 2WB, 4WB and 8WB) in the diet were used. The results showed that final weight and weight gain were significantly improved by WB (p<0.05), while other growth parameters such as food conversion efficiency and condition factor did not change (p>0.05). There were no significant differences in hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean erythrocytes of hemoglobin, mean erythrocyte volume, mean hemoglobin erythrocyte concentration and white blood cell (WBC) counts (p>0.05), while, red blood cells (RBC) counts showed significant declining trend by increasing the level of the plant extract from control to 8WB (p<0.05). Significant elevation in the levels of total protein, albumin and globulin and albumin/globulin ratio by increasing WB concentration in the diet were observed (p<0.05). Diet enriched by WB could decrease serum level of triglycerides and cholesterol in comparison with the control (p<0.05). Based on the results of this study, it could be concluded that feeding common carp with WB can improve growth and some immunity characteristics as well as lipid metabolism..

Species distribution maps have been widely developed based on ecological niche theory together with statistical and geographical information system in plant ecology. The current study aimed to evaluate Artificial Neural Network (ANN) in mapping potential habitat of Ferula ovina Boiss in Ferydunshar rangelands، Isfahan. This is known as valuable forage and medicinal species. Environmental data (independent variables) and species occurrence data (dependent variable) were required to determine potential habitat of a given species. Some physical and chemical soil properties، climate and physiographic variables were mapped for the entire studied area using krigging and inverse distance weighting methods. F. ovina occurrence data were collected from 278 sites including 137 presence and 141 absence sites. The relationships between the studied environmental variables and F. ovina occurrence data were explored using ANN method. According to the sensitivity analysis، occurrence of F. ovina mostly correlated with silt and sand percentage، elevation slope، and organic matter. Model evaluation based on Kappa coefficient (0. 66) and Receiver operating characteristic (ROC=0. 9) showed good model fitness in relation to reality on local scales. The ANN technique enables managers to identify appropriate areas for rehabilitation practices such as direct seeding and planting.

A field experiment was conducted to compare forage production of Medicago sativa and Bromus tomentellus species using factorial experiment based on the completely randomized design with 5 replications in the Fereydoon-Shahr research station, located in west part of Isfahan province in 2012. Treatments consisted of three crop compositions (M. sativa, B. tomentellus or mixture of the two), three density levels including low (4 rows), medium (8 rows) and high (16 rows)) in similar size plots and two planting date seasons (spring and autumn). Results indicated that autumn and spring planting of B. tomentellus and spring planting of M. sativa were more successful. The forage production of M. sativa and B. tomentellus in intercropping was significantly higher than in mono-cropping. The highest biomass production of both species per row was observed in 8 rows density and yield of intercropping per row was higher than mono-cropping per row, either. In the intercropping treatments, land equivalent ratio (LER) values were more than 1 for 8 and 16 rows density, indicated that land-use efficiency in intercropping was higher than in mono-cropping. According to the results, intercropping of M. sativa and B. tomentellus with 8 rows density (30 cm row spacing) is recommended in Fereydoon-Shahr poor dryland fields and similar areas.

Introduction & Quality of life can be an important index for determining the social status and performance evaluation of presented services. As the quality of life cannot be measured directly، it can be spot as a latent variable. In this article، Rasch model is used as a latent trait model for evaluating the quality of life. This was a cross-sectional study. The population under study included all 71 blind war veterans، that their data was collected in 2011 from SF36 questionnaire with assistance of the Foundation of Martyrs and Veterans Affairs. The quality of life and the difficulty of items were estimated، using Rasch model and Winsteps. The mean (± SD) age and blindness duration range of veterans were 48. 97 (± 10. 655) and 25. 74 (± 3. 692)، respectively. They also averagely suffered from 2 other ulcers which accompanied their blindness. Comparison of estimated QoL، using RM، and those from SF36 showed that as far as physical، mental and total correlation is concerned، there is a direct and positive correlation between these two. But the standard error of Rasch estimation in physical and total dimensions was lower than those from SF36. Rasch model gives more precise estimations than SF36 measurements، and it also gives an estimation of the difficulty parameters with statistical modeling.

With regard to retrogression trend of rangelands in central Zagross، many native plant species are expected to be increasingly on the verge of extinction. Therefore، for proper rangeland management the optimum harvest intensity of important plant species is an essential factor for rehabilitation and recovery of native rangeland species. This research was aimed to study the response of four range species to clipping intensity on yield and regrowth and to determine the appropriate harvesting intensity to increase the stability and survival of four range species. Astragalus caragana، Astragalus cyclophyllon، Astragalus podolobus and Medicago sativa were planted in the college of natural resources greenhouse in Isfahan University of Technology campus، during 2013 growing season. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with 3 levels: control، 60%، and 80% cuttings of plant stems at harvest times. Production of dry matter and stem heights were measured and evaluated. The results showed significant differences at α=1% among species، harvest intensity and interactions between species and harvest intensities. Based on these results، M. sativa and A. caragana are more tolerant to moderate and heavy grazing than two other species. Consequently، a harvesting intensity of 60% was recommended as the best allowable use of M. sativa and A. caragana. On the other hand، A. cyclophyllon and A. podolobus were more sensitive to harvest intensity. However، A. cyclophyllon and A. podolobus could not tolerate intensive grazing during the first growing season.

Astragalus gossypinus Fischer is one of the most important range plants in west region of Isfahan، which is very critical for soil conservation and people''s economic life. Nevertheless، the grazing pressure and overuses cause habitat destruction. This study has been done for determination of its potential habitat in Lenjan and Flavarjan parishes of Isfahan province. To achieve this purpose، spatial data of this specie''s presence used as suitable places for its growth and the environmental condition (Climate، Soil & Physiographic) used for recognition of its habitat''s necessities. Soil data turned to soil maps using antecedent studies and interpolating soil profile points. Climatic and physiographical data have been prepared as well and got ready to be imported to the ultimate model. By importing the information layers in ENFA model and using harmonic mean analysis in Biomapper software; the map of Astragalus gossypinus potential habitat has been created. The results show that gravel percentage، soil potassium، saturated moisture، electrical conductivity and annual precipitation are the most important factors in habitat choosing by Astragalus gossypinus in study area. 25300 hectares of the study site are potential habitat of Astragalus gossypinus which is 16 percent of the study site. To evaluate the verity of this model، Boyce''s index has been used and model rectitude in this test was determined 85. 2 percent.

Nowadays, curing diseases by means of medicinal plants is a challenging and significant issue. The present study aimed at exploring the chemical compounds in shoot essences (i. e. flower, leaf, and stem) of Verbascum cheirantifolium. Shoots were collected separately from the main habitats of the plant in the mountain slopes of Dena in Kohgyluyeh and Buyerahmad province during July 2011. After drying the shoots in shadow, their essences were extracted via digestion method. The chemical compounds of extracts were analyzed and identified by means of a gaseous chromatography instrument which was equipped with mass spectrometer (GC-MS). On the whole, 18, 16, and 18 compounds were respectively identified in the essences obtained from flower, leaf, and stem organs. The main substances identified in flower extracts included butyl ester, botanoic acid (35. 29%), 1-Tert-buthoxy-5-trimethylsilyloxypentane (18. 82), and exo-cyanobicyclo [3. 2. 2] nona-3, 6-dien-2-one (11. 16،%). The highest amount of compounds in leaf essence belonged to butyl ester, butanoic acid (31. 38%), 1, 1-dibutoxy (16. 76%), octal ester, 2, 2-dimethyl-, and Propionic acid (10. 25%). The highest amount of substance in stem essences belonged to butyl ester, butanoic acid (33. 2%), 2, 5-difluoro, Benzamine, (16. 49%), and 8. exo. -cyanobicyclo [3. 2. 2] nona-3, 6-dien-2-one (9. 61%). Generally speaking, the results indicated that the compounds in leaf and stem organs were more diverse in comparison to those in the follower. Butyl ester and butanoic acid were the most significant and the highest amount of compound in all three organs under study.

This study aimed to investigate the spatial pattern of two rangeland species; Astragalus verus and Bromus tomentellus in Fereydunshahr-Isfahan. Four range sites (100 × 50 meters) were selected. In each range site, five 100 meters transects were established and the distance of the species from 15 points along the transects were recorded randomly. The number of plants in each species were counted in 2 meters square plots placed in each of the random points along the transects. Spatial patterns of the studied species were determined using distance indices (Hopkines, Pielou, Johnson and Zimer, Eberhart, Holgate, Hines and T square Index); quadratic indices(Green's index, Morisita, Lyoid patchiness, dispersion and standardized Morisita index) and point pattern analysis (nearest neighbor). Because it was not possible to measure all individual of these two plant species coordinates in each site, an area with size of 225 (15 m ×15m) was selected as reference site and spatial coordinates of all A. verus and B. tomentellus were recorded. Results showed that the distribution of both studied species had a random pattern due to relative ecological homogeneous sites and plants behavior. Point pattern analysis had more accuracy than distance and quadratic indices because it considered all perennial species coordination. Among distance indices, Hapkines and Pielou indices offered more appropriate and accurate results. Out of 12 distribution pattern indices, the T square and green indices had the highest precision; and distance indices (except Green's index) had more precision than quadratic indices for detection of spatial pattern of the species.

Nowadays، cancer diseases are the most important causes of death wor-ldwide and the breast cancer is the most important of them within women. Asses-sing the survival of the patients is one of the most important indices of controlling the cancer. This study aimed to make a compa-rison between the prediction of artificial neural networks (ANN) and Cox regression models for the breast cancer survival. The data of the sur-vival study gathered from 344 breast cancer patients between 2005 and 2012 that regist-ered at the Fayyazbakhsh hospital، Tehran، Iran. The status of survival was considered as a dependent variable. Area under rece-iver operative characteristic curve (AUR-OC) and classification accuracy were used for the comparison of artificial neural netw-orks and Cox regression models. Data anal-ysis was performed by R and Minitab sof-tware. The age of participants expres-sed as Mean ± SD، was 49. 9±10. 93 years and the median of survival was 44. 6 mo-nths. Up to the end study، 45 (13. 1) were died. Results showed that AUROC for AN-N and Cox regression were 87. 6% and 75. 4%، respectively. In addition the clas-sification accuracy of ANN and Cox regres-sion were calculated as 89. 42 and 77. 68، respectively. Discussion & According to the results، the total classification accuracy of the ANN was better than those of the Cox regression; therefore، the ANN model is suggested to predict the survival status of breast cancer disease and also is suggested for diagnostic goals.

It is of prime importance to consider the pattern and geographical changes of a disease، in each community independently، to determine high and low risk areas. Mapping diseases is a set of statistical methods which attempt to provide precise maps by which the geographical distribution of a disease is estimated. In this study، Bayesian methods were applied to estimate the relative death rate of work-related accidents in Iran. For the purpose of this study، the data of work-related accidents of Iran in 2009 were analyzed. To estimate the parameters of the map، empirical Bayes method (Poisson-Gamma method) was applied using Winbugs 1. 4 software. Moreover، the Arc GIs 9. 2 software was used to set relative incidence of death and accident related maps. Regarding the estimates achieved by empirical Bayes method and applying Poisson-Gamma for the incidence of work related accidents in 2009، the maximum and minimum prevalence risk rate among men was 2. 991 in Markazi province and 0. 457 in Khorasan Razavi province، while they were 3. 848 in Semnan province and 0. 243 in Hormozgan province for women. Overall، the incidence of work-related accidents follows no specific geographical distribution pattern and in most provinces the pattern was different for men and women in Iran. By and large، the incidence of these events in the neighboring provinces of Tehran is more than the other parts of the country.

Statement of Problem: Flare up is an acute exacerbation of an asymptomatic pulpal and/or periapical pathosis after commencement or termination of root canal therapy. Its incidence may be different in patients treated by different practitioners regarding their graduation status. The aim of this study was to compare flare up incidence in patients treated by dental students of Shiraz Dental School and those whom were treated by endodontists. Patients'' information including age، gender، and previous history of pain and pulp vitality were taken before treatment of 383patients. 230 of them were treated by senior dental students of Shiraz Dental School and 153of them were treated by endodontists. Students employed conventional step back technique whereas specialists had a chance to select variety of techniques. Data، regarding the quantity of pain experienced by patients were collected 48 hours after treatment. Case was considered a flare up if the patient had experienced severe pain which hadn’t been reduced either by analgesic medication or by consequent swelling. Chi- square statistic tests were used to analyze the receiving data. 41 individuals (10. 7%) out of 383 patients depicted flare up. 13. 5% of these patients were treated by students and 6. 5% were treated by endodontists. The difference was statistically significant. Different rate of flare up in two groups is probably due to the dissimilarity in skills، techniques and materials used by different operators.

Vegetation is the most important factor in sustainable and dynamic equilibrium of natural ecosystems. Considering the relation between environmental factors and vegetation is an essential step in order to identify the effective factors in the habitats. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relations between vegetation and soil characteristics in rangelands of Ferydounshahr (Sardab-Sibak watershed). The flora and vegetation types were studied using Physionomic-floristic method in the field and eight vegetation types were identified. Vegetation was sampled by Systematic–randomized method in 1× 2 m plots. The canopy cover and species composition percentage were estimated in each plot. After digging a soil profile in vegetation types, the physical and chemical factors were measured. The influences of edaphic factors on vegetation were analyzed using RDA ordination technique. Results showed that based on soil characteristics the eight vegetation types can be classified in to three main range habitats including, Ferula ovina, Astragalus adscendens and Astragalus brachycalyx. The most important factors which cause the separation in these three habitat ranges were clay percentage, organic matter, soil depth, CaCO3, pavement and barren soil.

Sardari is one of the most important landraces of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) that is mainly cultivated in drylands and mountainous area of Iran. Moreover, it shows a high level of genetic diversity. In the present research a total of 73 Sardari wheat ecotypes were evaluated for drought tolerance. Genetic diversity was analyzed using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) marker based on three pairs of primer combinations. Of the 2,431 AFLP bands detected, 1,582 (73.92%) were polymorphic. Cluster analysis divided all ecotypes into eight major groups. Ecotypes also showed genetic diversity for drought tolerance and were classified into three groups. The first group consisted of forty-two of the 73 landraces and had a low stress tolerance index (STI), ranging from 0.165 to 0.401, while the second (23 landraces) and the third group (7 landraces) had a medium and high STI ranging from 0.425 to 0.640 and 0.662 to 0.817, respectively. Discriminant analysis (DA) identified twenty-four markers selected from 218 AFLP markers that accounted for the difference between the three phenotypic groups. By using the selected markers, DA validated the phenotypic grouping, with a zero error rate. The results showed a high degree of genetic diversity between the Sardari ecotypes, suggesting that Sardari can be used as a germplasm source for wheat improvement toward releasing more desirable cultivars.

Not all crimes are committed intentionally. Sometimes the agent carries out an act which he had not intended, but due to some other factors, his act is reprehensible. Carelessness is one of the most prominent factors which can bring about criminal responsibility. Now the question is from which perspective should carelessness, negligence, etc. be viewed? Should we consider whether the agent was subjectively careless (Subjective Test)? Or whether the subjective test should not be relied upon and the agent’s act should be compared with those of a reasonable person (Objective Test)? In this paper, we are going to prove that due to multiple reasons, the mere reliance on either subjective or objective test is not an acceptable approach since each of these approaches comprises advantages and disadvantages and the sole use of any one of them will bring about the incompetence of the criminal justice system. What will result from the reasonable co-existence of these two viewpoints is a moderate approach which is free from subjective and objective extremism and we shall name it “The Mixed Test”.

In the same weather, existence of different soil types causes change or loss of plant community. Accordingly the full knowledge about soil condition as an important environmental factor for better understanding of plant habitat is necessary factor. In this study the relationships between two species of Agropyron trichophorum and Astragalus verus Olivier and soil in the rangelands of Karchambuy was investigated and in continue, the most important soil characteristics affecting the separation and determination of habitat was also examined. For this purpose, after visiting of the study area, nine study sites were selected based on vegetation map. Then vegetation and soil factors in these places were separately studied. For investigation of relationship between canopy cover of study species and soil factors, the researchers used multiple analyses of CCA and PCA. Results showed that soil depth, nitrogen, clay, organic matter, sand, pH and amount of lime factors were important factors affecting the establishment and growth of Agropyron trichophorum species. For Astragalus verus Olivier species amount of lime, salinity, gravel and P and saturation percentage factors are also considered as key elements in the distribution of this species. Finally, the study sites were classified into three groups. In this matter, based on Anova analysis, soil texture had a deniable role in classifying.

Gum tragacanth is of the most important herbal gums extracted from Astragalus gossypinus Fischer. Iran is the most important producer of tragacanth and nowadays it is being used in various industries like food, health care services and pharmaceutics. Since economic evaluation of tragacanth is performed based on its quality, studying chemical combinations of gum tragacanth and detection of its habitats are very important. In this study, gum tragacanth from six habitats were collected in west of Isfahan province and most important combination of carbohydrate, Amino acid and inorganic elements were detected and compared. Results showed that Arabinose had the highest amount of sugar in gum tragacanth. Overall, 9 types of Amine acids were identified and among them hydroxy prolin and mationin were recorded as the highest and the lowest amount respectively. Also among the measured elements, calcium and phosphor had the highest percentage and nitrogen had the lowest percentage.