y.mehrabi

Considering the inconsistent data on the relationship between vitamin D (VD) and autoimmune thyroid diseases, we aimed to investigate associations of VD with anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb).

For this study, 695 subjects, including 369 women, were enrolled. TPOAb status was compared between different categories of VD deficiency (VDD), and correlations between TPOAb and VD were estimated. Multiple logistic regression analysis investigated the associations between VD status and TPOAb positivity.

The prevalence of VDD was 82%. There was no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of TPOAb positivity among different VD groups (p-value=0.18), a finding that did not change when TPOAb titer was considered a continuous variable. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed no significant relationships between VD status and TPOAb positivity. Regarding thyroid function, a weak negative correlation between 25(OH) D and TSH in men and a weak positive correlation between 25(OH) D and FT4 in women was demonstrated.

Our study in a population with a high prevalence of VDD revealed no statistically significant associations between serum VD levels and either TPOAb levels or TPOAb positivity.

The optimal food basket is a scientific and powerful tool for developing food and nutrition policies, executive planning and assessment of programs to ensure food security and maintain the nutritional health of the community. This cross-sectional study was carried out with the aim of a) revising the optimal food basket of Iranians-2013 based on the principles of sustainable food and nutrition systems as a guide for policy making in the field of food and nutrition; and b) compiling a thrifty optimal food basket of Iran-2023 as a necessary tool in welfare and social support studies and planning.

After collecting opinions of experts and stakeholders from various fields, data of the reports on the comprehensive study of the food consumption patterns and the nutritional status of the Iranian households and individuals, 2017–2018, and information of the statistics center (quantity of consumption of food groups by people, quantitative share of food items, average and price range of food groups, necessary quantities of energy, macronutrients and micronutrients) as well as the Iranian food composition table were used as inputs of the model. Energy, protein and nutrients were defined for age and sex groups based on the latest WHO/FAO references as 100% of the energy needs in the optimal food basket, at least 95% of the energy requirements and 80% of the key nutrients (vitamin B2, vitamin A, Fe and Ca) for the thrifty food basket were covered. Considerations of national and international dietary guidelines promoting health and preventing diseases included fats, 15–30%; carbohydrates, 55–75%; proteins, 10–15%; saturated fatty acid, less than 10%; simple sugars, less than 10% energy; and total vegetables and fruits, more than 400 g. Solver was used as a Microsoft Excel add-in program to optimize the optimal and thrifty food basket values. To apply sustainability considerations, two environmental indicators of water and carbon footprint were calculated for the baskets.

The recommended per capita quantities of food in grams per day for the optimum food basket of Iran-1402 included bread, 290; rice, 70; pasta, 25; legumes and nuts, 30; potatoes, 70; vegetables and fruits, 200; red meat, 30; white meat (chicken and fish), 60; eggs, 40; dairies, 300; vegetable oils, 35; and sugar, 30. In the key micronutrients, riboflavin and vitamin A were provided more than the necessary quantity and iron and calcium in a range of 80–85% of the requirement. The optimal food basket designed-2023 included 5% less water footprint and 2% less carbon footprint than that the optimal food basket did for 2013. Mild increases in the environmental sustainability of the optimal food basket-2023 was majorly due to decreases in the share of meats, fruits and rice and increases in the share of legumes, compared to the food basket-2013. Increasing the quantity of dairy products is one of the reasons that weaken the environmental sustainability of the novel optimal food basket.

Availability of sufficient appropriate nutrition is a human right and a prerequisite for comprehensive sustainable development. Optimum and thrifty food baskets include a big step towards a healthier and more prosperous future for everyone. It is necessary to design and implement food and nutrition policies at macro-levels and continuously assessment and monitoring of their effects on the households and individuals.

Eating disorders are known as obesity related syndromes، which can affect the nutritional status of individuals dramatically. The present study was conducted to determine major dietary patterns among female students with eating disorders and some of their related factors.

This cross-sectional study was conducted on 515 female high school students in Tehran (231 sample with eating disorder). All participants fulfilled demographic، a modified version of the Body Shape Satisfaction Scale (BSSS) and semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaires. Dietary patterns were defined by using factor analysis. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) with Varimax rotation was used to extract independent dietary patterns، and three interpretable factors were obtained. OR and 95% CI for eating disorders (dependent variable) in relation to each dietary pattern (independent variable) were calculated using logistic regression in the three models by adjusting for the effects of confounding variables.

Three major dietary patterns were obtained: High carbohydrate-high fat pattern، High proteinp-high fat pattern، and High fiber-low fat pattern. The findings showed that the odds ratio of eating disorder reduced in high protein-high fat diet significantly and after adjustment of confounding factors، this reduction still remained significant. The odds ratio of eating disorder increased in high fiber-low fat dietary pattern significantly in all models. None of the demographic characteristics، weight، or body satisfaction showed any significant relationship with eating disorders.

It seems that a high fiber–low fat (vegetarian) dietary pattern is related to eating disorders، and adolescents who follow such pattern are more likely to engage in unhealthy weight control behaviors.

The aim of this research was comparison of multilevel and ordinary logistic regression in determining goiter related factors in children, based on hierarchical structure of the data.

Data of 35747 schoolchildren, aged 8-10 years, was collected in 2007 by the Research Institute of Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. Stratified and cluster random sampling methods were employed in 30 provinces across the country. Goiter status, sex, area of residence, altitude from sea level and status of Iodized salt storage in households were documented. Multilevel logistic regression model was applied and the results compared to those obtained using ordinary logistic regression.

The study showed that 5.74% of the pupils suffered from goiter. The variance of the 2nd level (districts) was estimated as 0.941 (SE=0.092) in the two-level model (p<0.001), in which no significant relation was seen between goiter and altitude from sea level (OR=1.27 95%CI: 0.78, 1.62). In the three-level model, the variance in the third level (provinces) was 1.031 (SE=0.287) (p<0.001). In the final three-level model, only sex and area of residence were found to be significant.

Results showed that, compared to two and three level logistic regression models, the variances of parameter estimates are underestimated in the ordinary logistic regression.

The metabolic syndrome is a constellation of risk factors that increase the incidence of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome in adolescents is escalating worldwide. Understanding the rising prevalence of this syndrome could help decrease the occurrence of fatal cardiovascular and diabetic complications. The present study was carried out to determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in adolescents with varying degrees of obesity, in order to conduct and implement, timely screening and interventions.

In a cross-sectional study conducted within the framework of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS), phase 3, 1523 adolescents, 708 boys and 815 girls 10-19 years of age, were investigated. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome, based on modified definitions for ATP III, AHA, NHASES III and IDF, was determined in varing degrees of body weight (normal, at risk of overweight, moderate and severe overweight) and compared in different sex, age groups, menarche status and familial history of diabetes mellitus. Data was analyzed using the and Mann-Whitney tests and multiple logistic regression.

Overall, 15 percent of adolescents were at risk of overweight, 4. 2 percent had moderate overweight and 4. 6 percent were severely overweight, with no significant difference between the two sex groups (P=0. 381). Overall, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome, based on definitions for ATP III, AHA, NHANES III and IDF, was 9. 5, 5. 1, 17. 8 and 5. 8 percent, respectively, which was significantly higher in boys than in girls. Based on the 4 defintions, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the normal weight group was 2. 2, 0. 9, 8. 6, 0. 8 percent respectively, in the at risk of overweight group it was 21. 5, 11, 36. 4 and 11 percent, in moderate overweight group it was 42. 2, 23. 4, 64. 1 and 32. 8 percent, and in the severe overweight group it was 62. 9, 38. 6, 67. 1 and 47. 1 percent, respectively (P<0. 001). The prevalence of each metabolic risk factor and the number of these factors was higher in overweight adolescents. Only by the IDF definition, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was significantly higher after-menarche than before it (P=0. 04). All definitions showed the higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome in positive familial history of diabetes mellitus (P<0. 001).

This study showed a high prevalence of overweight, obesity and metabolic syndrome in Tehranian adolescents, with significantly higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome in more obese adolescents. Metabolic syndrome was more prevalent, in boys, thosepersons with positive familial history of diabetes mellitus and in after-menarche aged girls,which data can be put to use in lifestyle modification programs.

This study amis at determining which components of the metabolic syndrome are the best predictors of its development.

In this cohort study, from the participants of the cross sectional phase of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study(TLGS), 2279 subjects (aged 20-87) who did not have the metabolic syndrome, based on modified ATP III criteria, and 2310 subjects (aged 20-87) without the metabolic syndrome according to IDF criteria were followed.

After a mean interval of 6.5 years, 462 and 602 new cases of the metabolic syndrome were diagnosed on basis of the modified ATP III and IDF criteria, respectively. The adjusted odds ratio for development of the metabolic syndrome by ATP III criteria was highest for central obesity in men, 2.8 (2.2-3.7) and for triglycerides in women, 2.8 (2.0-4.1). The adjusted odds ratio for development of the metabolic syndrome by IDF criteria was highest for triglycerides in both men and women, OR being: 2.8 (2.2-3.7) and 2.9 (1.9-4.3) respectively. The area under the ROC curves for waist circumference, triglycerides and HDL were the highest. A model that included waist circumference and triglycerides or waist circumference and HDL predicted the metabolic syndrome as well as a model that included all five metabolic syndrome components.

High risk subjects should undergo periodic screening, including measurement of waist circumference, triglycerides and plasma HDL, for timely prediction of development of metabolic syndrome.

Microarray DNA technology has paved the way for investigators to expressed thousands of genes in a short time. Analysis of this big amount of raw data includes normalization, clustering and classification. The present study surveys the application of clustering technique in microarray DNA analysis.

We analyzed data of Van’t Veer et al study dealing with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in breast cancer. It was consisted of 18 patients with BRCA1 and 2 patients with BRCA2 mutation. Gene expression data were clustered using hierarchical and non-hierarchical approach. Then different clustering approaches were compared according to the actual classification with R software.

Hierarchical clustering showed a sensitivity of 94% and specificity of 100% in detecting BRCA1 gene. These figures were 89% and 100% for non-hierarchical clustering, respectively, indicating a satisfactory performance for both approaches. All clustering approaches classified sample No. 95 in BRCA2 group, however, clinical manifestations put her in BRCA1 group.

With respect to satisfactory coincidence between clustering and actual classification results, clustering approach could be applied for cases when actual classification is missing.

Graves’ disease is a very common thyroid disease with ophthalmopathy being the most obvious extrathyroid manifestation of this disease. The ocular changes include proptosis, eyelid edema, conjunctivitis, chemosis, extraocular muscle involvement, corneal ulcer, optic neuritis and blindness. This study was conducted to determine the factors that aggravate the severity and activity of the disease.

This is a descriptive study performed on 117 patients (aged 14 to 74 years) with Graves’ ophthalmopathy, referring to a private endocrine clinic in Tehran, between January and November 2002. Following completion of a questionnaire for each patient, thyroid and ophthalmologic examination were done. The second ophthalmologic examinations was conducted after an interval of one to three months, for evaluation of activity. Correlations between severity and activity with factors such as sex, age, duration of disease, smoking, thyroid function and treatment with Iodine were evaluated.

Evaluation of subjects revealed the following prevalences: lid retraction 91.4% only signs, no symptoms 91.4%, soft tissue swelling 17.9%, proptosis 56.4%, extraocular muscle(EOM) involvement 13.7%, optic neuritis 5.1%, and none had corneal ulcer. EOM involvement was higher in men than in women. (27.8% vs. 7.4%) (P<0.05). The prevalence of active ophthalmopathy was higher in men than in women (69.4% compared to 35.8%) (P<0.001) and lower in patient that had iodine ablation 33.3% vs. 62% (P<0.003). Statistics of subjects seen to have autoimmune disease and family histories of thyroid disease were 8.6% and 47.9% respectively. In both sexes smoking was higher than in the general population (P<0.01).

This study revealed that, as compared to other countries, Graves’ ophthalmopathy is seen to occur almost a decade earlier in the Iranian subjects studied. Individuals aged over 40 and males seen to be more at risk as compared to others.

Background and purpouse: Thalasemia major is one the most prevalent congenital anemia. These patients recieved much rate of iron, due to frequent blood transfusion. Indocrine disorders are prevalent due to replacement of iron in indocrinal gland system, example can be of hypogonadism. In this study the delay of puberty in thalasemic patients of Gorgan city and its relevance to the rate of ferritin was evaluated.

This was a case control study conducted on 110 thalasemia major patients in the age group of 8-18 referred to Taleghani pediatric Hospital to receive blood. In 62 control group patients (31 females and 31 males) electeropheresis was done on their blood. The talassemic patients were divided into two groups on the basis of ferritin level. Those with ferritin level less than 1500 mg/dl (31 females, 18 males) In all the groups the stages of sexual puberty was calculated on the basis of Marshal-Tanner table with the 1-5 scale. For better studying of the groups of one and two, they were divided in subgroups of 8- 11, 12- 14, 14- 18 years of age.

There was no significant difference of puberty in the control and case group of age 8- 11 years old. But there was a significant difference (P<0.01) in the case and control group of 12- 14 years old. And in the age group of 14- 18 result was different, that means, none of female case group had complete puberty while in the female control group all had complete puberty. In case of males, onset of puberty was less as compaire to control group and none had complete puberty. Coclusion: This study showed that if the ferritin level in talassemic patient is not under control, it would lead to delayed sexual puberty in both sexes