zahra amoozad khalili

The right of state immunity in customary international law has been established as the definitive and consolidated right, which derives from the principle of the equality of sovereign governments and is one of the most fundamental principles of universal legal order. Despite the recognition of the principle of state immunity in the international and regional conventions and domestic law of countries, the United States, with the approval of the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (FSIA) and subsequent amendments, prepared the ground for a lawsuit against a so-called terrorism sponsors. The seizure of $ 2 billion in Iranian assets by the US Supreme Court in its April 20, 2016 has violated the Iranian government's immunity and posed many legal challenges. This article tries to study the legal principles of defending the immunity of the Iranian government by referring to the rules of international law and the procedure of the International Court of Justice. The results show that the identification of the exception to terrorism as a basis for violating the immunity of the Iranian government by the United States contradicts the principle of equality and independence of states as the fundamental principles of international law. The United States' conduct is also a clear violation of Article 2 of the United Nations Charter and is in conflict with Article 38 of the statute of the International Court of Justice, ICJ Judgment of 3 February 2012, the international procedure, the European Court of Human Rights and United Nations Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and Their Property (2004).

The most frequent cause of TMJ dysfunction is internal derangement which that largely involves  the function of the articular disc. Anterior disc displacement (ADD) is one of the major findings in TMJ internal derangement.
Since the importance of knowledge of its etiology and also The role of all structural indicators association with TMD was not evaluated, in this research was investigated Correlation between  TMJ structure and disc displacement. This study was done based on case-control method. 31 Joints  with TMJ internal derangements and 57 normal joint Were examined. The two groups of clients were matched in age, sex , Economic and social situation. MRI finding was Disk position in Open and closed mouth and  condyle morphology coronal and axial view.MRI findings were Disk position in Open and closed mouth and  condyle morphology coronal and axial view. The data were analyzed using  x2 and Fisher's test. Patients with  TMJ internal derangement (ID), In all three groups  inchiding disk displacement with reduction(DDWR), disk displacement without reduction(DDWOR), anterior disc displacement(ADD), was encountered more frequently in Anterior, Anterior-inferior disk position in closed mouth,A statistically significant correlation was found( P 0.001> ). Also no significant difference was found in measurements between the three groups, for condyle morphology  in coronal and axial view. ( P > 0.4) It seems there is relationship between Anterior disc displacement (ADD) and Anterior, Anterior-inferior disk position in closed. But There is no obvious relationship between Anterior disc displacement (ADD)  And  condyle morphology coronal and axial view.