فهرست مطالب zahra mohebbi dehnavi

Many illegal and underground centers lacking minimal medical standards are operating in addition to the women who personally decide to terminate their pregnancy with unsafe means, which can lead to maternal mortality and morbidity. The socio-economic effects of abortion can bring enormous costs to the healthcare system. Therefore, this study was conducted to review the effects of unsafe abortion on the health system from a socio-economic perspective.

In this narrative review, English databases including Pubmed, Scopus, SID, Web of Sciences, and Google Scholar, as well as Persian databases of Magiran and SID, were examined. To obtain all the desired Persian and English articles, the English keywords, Including pregnancy, unintended pregnancy, abortion, illegal abortion, intentional abortion, economic consequences, social consequences, costs, social and economic consequences, reproductive health indicators, and their Persian equivalents, were used in the period between 1990  and 2022. Thirteen related articles were reviewed

The findings extracted from the reviewed studies were in three areas unsafe abortion and population; unsafe abortion and health; and unsafe abortion and reproductive health from a socio-economic point of view.

From a socio-economic perspective, unsafe abortion can affect fertility indicators in the health system and cause a decrease in women’s quality of life and labor force productivity.

Nausea, vomiting, and anxiety are common complications during and after spinal anesthesia. Auriculotherapy as a complementary medicine can be useful for reducing nausea, vomiting, or anxiety. This study was performed to evaluate the effects of auriculotherapy on nausea, vomiting, and anxiety in patients undergoing elective Cesarean Section (CS) with spinal anesthesia.

The present study was a clinical trial study that was performed on 56 pregnant women selected as CS candidates in Ommolbanin Hospital in Mashhad during the years 2016–2017. In the intervention group, 1 h before spinal anesthesia, auricular acupoint stimulation was performed at four points bilaterally, for 20–30 seconds at each point. Evaluations were done by the following questionnaires: State‑Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Visual Analog Scale (VAS), and Vomiting Assessment Form.

The mean anxiety (SD) before the intervention in the intervention group and the control group was 47.88 (8.67) and 47.84 (10.49), respectively, and 4 h after the intervention, it was 40.23 (10.19) and 42.88 (12.18) in the intervention and control groups, respectively. These results were significant in the intervention group (p </em>= 0.008). 30–40 min before and 4 h after the surgery, the severity of nausea and vomiting was low in both groups and no significant difference was observed between the two groups during the surgery and in the recovery room (p </em>> 0.05).

According to the results, auriculotherapy could reduce anxiety in CS patients with spinal analgesia. The results also showed that auriculotherapy reduced the severity of nausea and vomiting, but these changes were not significant.

Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer and the second leading cause of death among women. Religion and spiritual behaviors are effective strategies for maintaining human health. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between religious orientation and spiritual intelligence with general health dimensions in women with breast cancer.

The present study is a correlational study that was performed on 50 women with breast cancer referred to medical centers affiliated to Isfahan University of Medical Sciences in 2020. Data were collected through questionnaires of religious orientation, spiritual intelligence, and general health. Data were analyzed by Spearman and regression tests.

The results showed that religious orientation had a significant positive relationship with the overall score of general health, but the components of religious orientation had a significant negative relationship with the number of components of public health (p < 0.05). Spiritual intelligence also had a significant positive relationship with general health. However, the number of components of spiritual intelligence has a significant negative relationship with the number of components of general health (p < 0.05).

Considering the relationship between religious orientation and spiritual intelligence with public health and considering educational programs based on spiritual intelligence and religious orientation in this group of people can be an important step in promoting their general health.

The family is one of the important social institutions and the function of childbearing is one of the important functions of the family. The decision to have children depends on the individual’s attitude about the consequences of having another child and their perceived norms. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the relationship between attitudes toward fertility and childbearing and the value of children with attitudes toward fertility control in married women aged 15 to 45 years in Isfahan.

This study was a cross‑sectional correlational study that was performed on 500 married women with at least one child in health centers affiliated to Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. Data collection tools in this study were standard questionnaires. The data were analyzed by SPSS software version 22.

The mean score of attitude toward fertility control was 40.43 ± 9.03. The area of security in old age and the area of procrastination had the highest mean values of children and attitudes toward fertility and childbearing, respectively. Analysis of data by Spearman test showed that there is a significant relationship between all dimensions of child value and attitudes toward fertility and childbearing with attitudes toward fertility control (P < 0.05).

A positive attitude toward the child increases the likelihood of having children and believing in the negative impact of the child on freedom reduces the likelihood of having a desire for fertility. Changing attitudes of societies toward childbearing and less desire to have children should not be sought only in material, economic, or social reasons but also cultural factors should be considered in this area.

Midwifery services help maintain and improve the health of the community. However, a comprehensive examination reduces students’ psychological well‑being by creating anxiety. For this purpose, the present study was conducted to determine and compare the effect of two educational methods based on mindfulness and cognitive emotion strategies on psychological well‑being and anxiety of eighth‑semester midwifery students before the final clinical trial.

This study was a quasi‑experimental three‑group study with available sampling method that was performed on 30 eighth‑semester midwifery students of the School of Nursing and Midwifery of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences in 2020–2021. Data collection tools were psychological well‑being and Test Anxiety Questionnaire. Two intervention groups were trained for eight sessions. The control group did not receive any training program. The data collected by SPSS version 22 software were analyzed by analytical statistical tests of ANOVA and least significant difference post hoc test.

The results showed that there was a statistically significant difference between the three groups in terms of components of test anxiety and psychological well‑being. Furthermore, emotion regulation training and mindfulness‑based training reduced test anxiety and increased students’ psychological well‑being before the comprehensive test (P = 0.001).

It is recommended that educational programs be considered before the comprehensive examination to promote the mental health and success of these students.

For improving the quality of reproductive health services and providing appropriate health care to mothers to reduce their mortality and morbidity, it requires to apply the effective cost models used in the world. In this regard, the aim of the current study is to critically review the related literature on cost management of healthy reproductive services with the continuous midwifery care model.

This is narrative review study. A search was conducted in national and international online databases including using the keywords: Midwifery, reproductive health, continuous care, model, healthy reproductive services, cost, economic, cost effectiveness in Persian and English on studies published from 2010 to 2020 in English and had available full texts.

The continuous midwifery care model plays an important role in reducing the costs of medical care and a healthy reproductive program by reducing unnecessary interventions and prevented complications such as cesarean delivery and episiotomy rates. On the other hand, by improving the quality of mothers' services through improving health indicators, motivation, self-efficacy, and empowerment of mothers, this model encourages them to receive regular and more reproductive services.

The continuous midwifery care is an effective model. Considering the economic limitations of the country, it seems that the use of this model in the healthy reproductive program can lead to a reduction in the treatment costs and improve the quality of midwifery care by providing continuity care and reducing unnecessary interventions.

Vaginal candidiasis infection leads to sexual dysfunction in couples. Sexual performance is an important part of health and an integral part of every person's life. Many psychological factors affect sexual performance, one of which is self-concept. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of "determining the relationship between sexual self-concept and candidal vaginitis".

This descriptive-cross-sectional study was conducted on 300 married women, aged 18 to 45 years, who referred to health centers in Neishabur city in 2018. The sampling method was available. The research tools were multifaceted sexual self-concept questionnaire (MSSCQ) and candidal vulvaginitis symptoms.
The results were analyzed with spss software version 16 and Spearman and regression statistical tests.

In the review of the data,the mean age of women participating in the study was 35.55 ± 5.47 years, the mean score of positive sexual self-concept was 115.22 ± 28.33, the mean score of negative sexual self-concept was 58.25 ± 6.18 and the symptom score of candidal vulvovaginitis was 9.83 ± 1.62. Examination of the data by Spearman test showed that there was a significant inverse relationship between positive sexual self-concept and candidiasis score (p=0.003) and between negative sexual self-concept and candidiasis score (p = 0.005) Also, no significant correlation was observed between candidiasis score and demographic variables (P > 0.05).

Sexual self-concept is related to candidal vaginitis; which, with correct and timely treatment of candidal vaginitis, increases positive sexual self-concept. which will ultimately lead to marital satisfaction and strengthening the foundation of families

Hormonal changes during pregnancy affect the sleep-wake cycle and sleep structure and lead to sleep disorders. Ruminants and anxiety are two negative thoughts that can affect the quantity and quality of sleep and cause sleep disorders. Therefore, this study was conducted with aim to determine the relationship between disturbing thoughts (rumination, worry) and sleep quality of pregnant mothers.

This cross-sectional descriptive study was performed in 2019 on 190 pregnant mothers referring to the health centers in Isfahan. Data collection tools were the questionnaires of ruminant, anxiety and sleep quality. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 22) and Spearman and regression tests. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

In pregnant mothers participating in the study, the mean overall score of sleep quality was 2.57±5.60, mental rumination was 9.62±1.43 and anxiety was 33.52±3.37. Based on the results of Spearman test, there is a significant inverse relationship between all dimensions of sleep quality and overall sleep quality score with the overall score of mental rumination and anxiety (p=0.001).

There was a significant relationship between rumination disturbing thoughts and anxiety with the quality of sleep in pregnant mothers. For this purpose, by examining the components of disturbing thoughts and their relationship with the quality of sleep in pregnant mothers, an effective step can be taken to improve the quality of sleep of pregnant women.

Candidiasis vaginitis is an opportunistic and common mucosal infection. Although Candida albicans is the most common isolated species, other species of Candida such as Candida glabrata, Candida krusei, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida tropicalis have also increased significantly in recent years. The aim of this study was to identify Candida species in women with candidal vaginal infection in order to promote health in women.

This cross‑sectional descriptive study was performed on nonpregnant women of childbearing age who referred to health centers in Neyshabur in 2018. At the beginning of the study, 163 people entered the study and the culture results were positive in 68 of them. In vitro, culture was performed in subduxtrose agar medium containing chloramphenicol and gentamicin. Species identification was performed using Candida specific culture medium (Saburo dextrose agar and chloramphenicol). After culture, 15% of the residual wet slide with potash (KOH) was prepared and observed with a lens. Finally, the data were analyzed with SPSS software version 24.

The participants in the study were women with a mean age of 35.55 ± 5.47 and the average number of deliveries was 1.38 ± 1.15. In this study, the prevalence of C. albicans was 59.7%, C. tropicalis was 14.8%, C. krusei was 15%, and C. glabrata was 7.61% and also krusei and tropicalis were 3% simultaneously. Therefore, C. albicans was the most common species isolated from clinical specimens.

In this study, the most common species after albicans were C. tropicalis and cruciferous. Considering the role of C. glabrata in the development of resistance to antifungal drugs, the lower prevalence of this species in the present study can be associated with improved treatment outcomes in patients.

Spiritual health in the field of health has a great importance in mental disorders and posttraumatic stress disorders, in treatment process. The present study was done aiming “determine the effect of spiritual care education on the spiritual health of preeclamptic women with postpartum stress disorder.”

This randomized clinical trial was done in 2017 on 260 women with preeclampsia in Mashhad. Data collection was done with questionnaires Perinatal Posttraumatic Stress Questionnaire (PPQ), the posttraumatic disorder checklist, Duke University Religion Index, and the Spiritual Well‑Being Scale (SWBS). In the intervention group, first, women were educated on spiritual care each day based on Richards and Bergin’s pattern, in three sessions, which lasted 45–60 min. The control group also received routine cares. All units completed the questionnaire SWBS at the 8th postpartum period. P < 0.05 was meaningful.

After the intervention, this score of spiritual health in the intervention and control groups had a significant difference with independent test (P = 0.004). Spiritual health significantly increased in the interventional group.

Providing spiritual care to pregnant mothers with preeclampsia, increase their spiritual health.

Maternal attachment to the fetus is a term used to describe the emotional relationship between mother and fetus. This emotional connection increases during pregnancy and is reflected in her feelings, perceptions, and behaviors. Mindfulness is important as one of the factors affecting the mental health of people during pregnancy. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the relationship between the dimensions of mindfulness and maternal attachment to the fetus during pregnancy.

The present study was performed on 500 pregnant mothers referred to health centers affiliated to Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. The samples were entered into the study by available sampling method and if they had inclusion criteria and no exclusion criteria. The research instruments were the Fetal Attachment Questionnaire and the Bauer Mindfulness Questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS software version 22.

The results of the data showed that there was no significant relationship between the overall score of mindfulness and the overall score of maternal attachment to the fetus ( P = 0.62). While from the dimensions of mindfulness such as “action with awareness” there was a significant negative relationship (P = 0.03) with maternal attachment to the fetus and a significant positive relationship “observation” with maternal attachment to the fetus (P = 0.03).

According to the results of this study, there is a relationship between maternal attachment to the fetus during pregnancy and a number of dimensions of mindfulness. For this purpose, since mindfulness can increase the mother’s interactions with the fetus, and this interaction begins during pregnancy and with the mother’s attachment to the fetus, it is important to pay attention to this.

Fertility means the ability to have a child that is one of the causes of family formation. Several factors can affect fertility. Micronutrients are essential for the body's anabolic and catabolic activities, so they may be effective factors on fertility. Therefore, this study was conducted with aim to determine the role of micronutrients in male and female fertility.

In this review study, the Persian databases of Magiran, SID and the English databases of Pubmed, Scopus, SID, Elsevier, Web Of Sciences and the Google Scholar search engine were searched using the English keywords of Infertility, fertility Infertility, Fertility, Male Infertility, Semen, Semen Parameters, Systematic Review, Clinical Trial, Case-Control, Female Infertility, Micronutrients, Vitamin A, Vitamin B, Vitamin C, Ascorbic Acid, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, Antioxidants, Folic Acid, Zinc and their Persian equivalents in the period of 1990-2020. Numerous quantitative and qualitative studies that were similar to the present study in terms of content were selected and evaluated.

Among 1052 articles, 22 studies which were more related to the aim of the present study were selected and evaluated. The results of reviewing the studies showed that the consumption of micronutrients including vitamins D, E, C, A, zinc, iodine, selenium, folate and omega-3 fatty acids can play a role in improving male and female fertility parameters. Deficiency of each of them has been seen in infertile men and women.

Since nutrition has moved towards ready meals and lifestyle has moved towards a sedentary life and as a result, the body does not meet the essential needs for basic activities, it seems that the recommendation to consume micronutrients in men and women can prevent many fertility problems and reduce the cost of infertility treatment.

Getting pregnant care is different due to the psychological problems of pregnant mothers. Self-compassion and social support are the important components of mental health. Women with higher self-compassion and social support can take full care of their pregnancies. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between social support and self-compassion with adequate prenatal care.

The present study is a cross-sectional descriptive study that was performed in 2018? using the available sampling method on 500 pregnant mothers referred to Isfahan health centers. Individuals entered the study if they had entry criteria and no exit criteria, and completed social support, self-compassion, and adequacy of pregnancy care questionnaires. The data were coded and analyzed by SPSS software version 22 and Pearson's correlation statistical test.

The results of data analysis with Pearson's correlation test showed a positive and statistically significant relationship with pregnancy care between the overall score of social support (P < 0.001) and the dimensions of social support such as family support (P < 0.002), support of friends (P < 0.004), and the support of other people (P < 0.001). The results also showed a positive and statistically significant relationship between self-compassion and prenatal care (P < 0.001). There was a significant positive relationship between the subscales of the self-empathy questionnaire, including kindness to oneself, human commonalities, mindfulness and increasing replication, and pregnancy care, but there was a significant negative relationship between subscales of isolation and self-judgment with pregnancy care.

According to the results of the present study, social support and self-compassion as two components of mental health can affect the quality of services during pregnancy. For this reason, it is recommended that health-care providers pay attention to these two issues in order to increase the level of care during pregnancy and thus ensure maternal health during pregnancy and childbirth and the health of the fetus and baby.

Maternal–fetal attachment is a term used to describe the emotional relationship that a pregnant woman has with her developing fetus. Mental care for pregnant women (fear of childbirth and a sense of cohesion of pregnant women) is one of the most important aspects of prenatal care that affects the mother's attachment to the fetus. If fear and anxiety are relieved, psychological and physical relaxation will be replaced. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of determining the relationship between fear of childbirth and the sense of cohesion with the attachment of pregnant mothers to the fetus.

The present study is a descriptive study that was performed by multi-stage sampling method on 500 pregnant mothers who referred to health centers in Isfahan in 2017. The study participants completed the following questionnaires: fear of childbirth, sense of cohesion, and mother's attachment to the fetus. The data were analyzed by descriptive and analytical statistical methods (Pearson correlation) using SPSS software version 22.

The results showed that there was a significant negative relationship between the overall score of maternal attachment to the fetus and fear of childbirth (r = −0.153, P = 0.001). However, there is a significant positive relationship between the overall score of maternal attachment to the fetus and the sense of cohesion (r = 0.112, P = 0.01). The results also showed a significant negative relationship between the fear of childbirth and the dimensions of maternal attachment to the fetus, including interaction with the fetus (P = 0.04), self-sacrifice (P = 0.04), and attributing characteristics to the fetus (P = 0.05). There was a positive and significant relationship between the sense of coherence and the subsequent acceptance of the maternal role of maternal attachment to the fetus (P = 0.004).

More attention of prenatal care provider to the psychological issues of the pregnant mother and their fears and worries can lead to appropriate interventions in this field, and as a result, mothers' attachment to their fetus has increased so that they can take proper care during and after pregnancy.

Prenatal care refers to proper and principled implementation aimed at maintaining a healthy pregnancy in terms of physical health and favorable psychological outcomes for the mother, infant, and family. The adequacy of prenatal care is an important indicator in predicting infant and maternal mortality. Mental health components such as hope and happiness can influence the quality of prenatal care. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between hope and happiness with prenatal care.

This is a cross‑sectional study that was performed on 200 pregnant mothers referred to Isfahan, Iran, comprehensive health centers in 2018 using an available sampling method. The research instrument was a questionnaire of hope, happiness, and quality of prenatal care that was completed by qualified people. The data were analyzed by descriptive and analytical statistical methods (Pearson correlation).

The results of this study showed that there is a significant relationship between the adequacy of care and overall hope score (P = 0.032). There was also a positive and significant relationship between the adequacy of care and the subscales of hope (thinking [P = 0.002] and path [P = 0.004]). There was a positive and significant relationship between the adequacy of prenatal care and overall happiness score (P = 0.03). Positive emotion subscale (P = 0.033) had a significant positive correlation and negative emotion subscale (P = 0.001) had a significant negative relationship with the adequacy of prenatal care.

According to the results, mental health can affect the quality of prenatal care. As a result, health providers to pregnant mothers can improve the adequacy of prenatal care by examining pregnant women in terms of these two issues, thereby improving the health of themselves and their children, and ultimately, community health.

Oxytocin and misoprostol are used to initiate labor which can sometimes cause complications to the fetus and neonate. The purpose of this study was to determine the combined effect of vaginal misoprostol and intravenous oxytocin on fetal/neonatal outcomes in primigravidas whoreferred to Shahid Sadoughi Hospital, Isfahan, Iran.

This clinical trial study was performed on 102 pregnant mothers in Isfahan Shahid Sadoughi Hospital. The participants were randomly divided into two groups of oxytocin induction with vaginal misoprostol (n=51) and oxytocin alone (n=51). Finally, fetal heart rate decline during labor and delivery, Apgar scoresat1and 5min, presence of meconium, and admission to neonatal intensive care unit (NICU)were evaluated. The data were then analyzed in SPSS software (version 22).

The results revealed that the meconium excretion was significantly higher in the intervention group than the control group (P<0.05). The frequency of early deceleration was significantly lower in the intervention group than in the control group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between the two groups regarding the frequency of late deceleration and variable deceleration in the fetal heart (P>0.05). Frequency of late deceleration and beat-to-beat changes were quite similar in both groups. There was no significant difference in mean Apgar scoresat1 and 5 min between two groups (P<0.05). Frequency of neonatal hospitalization in the intervention group was significantly higher than the control group (P<0.05). Frequency of neonatal need for resuscitation was similar in both groups.

According to the results of this study, concurrent use of misoprostol and oxytocin increased neonatal meconium excretion and NICU admission.

Maternal attachment to the fetus is an emotional bond and the unique relationship of the pregnant woman to the fetus. Attachment is an important predictor of mental health. One of the psychological factors affecting mental health is resilience and hope. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between hope and resilience with promoting maternal attachment to the fetus during pregnancy.

This is a descriptive correlational study performed on 386 pregnant women referred to community health centers in Isfahan‑Iran. The research instruments were standard questionnaires of Hope Snyder, Conor and Davidson Resilience, and maternal attachment to the fetus of Cranley. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson’s correlation test.

The results showed that there is no significant relationship between the overall score of maternal attachment to the fetus and the total score of hope (P = 0.73). The overall score of maternal attachment to the fetus was positively and significantly correlated with hope subscales, including thinking (P = 0.004) and path (P = 0.047). The overall score of maternal attachment to the fetus was positively and significantly correlated with the overall score of resilience (P = 0.03). There was a correlation between the dimensions of maternal attachment to the fetus, including interaction with the fetus (P = 0.003) and self‑sacrifice (P = 0.015). Maternal role acceptance (P = 0.001) was positively and significantly correlated with hope thinking subscale. Self‑sacrifice (P = 0.027) and differentiation between self and fetus (P = 0.035) were positively and positively correlated with hope path subscales. Self‑sacrifice (P = 0.03) and attribution to fetus (P = 0.001) had a significant positive relationship with resilience.

The results of this study showed that hope and resiliency are positively and significantly associated with maternal attachment to the fetus during pregnancy. Hope and resiliency are positively and significantly associated with maternal attachment to the fetus, thus increasing the expectation of pregnant mothers to increase their attachment to their fetus. As a result, they are paying more attention to prenatal care, which can guarantee the health of their mothers and their babies.

Mental health is very important during pregnancy, and perfectionism, body image, and eating disorder are three important factors in mental health. Given that eating disorders are very dangerous in pregnancy, the aim of this study was to determine the relationship between perfectionism and body image with eating disorder in pregnancy.

This descriptive study was performed on 200 pregnant women referred to Isfahan Health Centers in 2017. The research units, if met the inclusion criteria, completed the Eating Attitudes Questionnaire, Multidimensional Relationships of their Body Questionnaire, and Perfectionism Questionnaire. Finally, the data were analyzed by SPSS software version 22, with a significance level of 0.05.

The results showed that there was a significant negative relationship between positive perfectionism with symptoms of eating disorder, anorexia nervosa, and nervous longing to eat. There was a significant positive correlation between negative perfectionism with symptoms of eating disorder, anorexia nervosa, and nervous longing to eat. The results also showed a significant negative relationship between body image and its dimensions with symptoms of eating disorder, anorexia nervosa, and neurasthenia.

Perfectionism and body image and its dimensions are psychological problems related to eating disorder in pregnancy. For this reason, it seems that taking classes for pregnant women and their spouses can reduce the incidence of this disorder.

Mental health is one of the focuses of the health assessment of different communities and plays an important role in ensuring the dynamism and efficiency of each community. Pregnancy is one of the most sensitive periods, in which mental health is effective. The mental health of individuals is the result of the interaction of cognitive‑emotional ordering strategies and proper evaluation of stressful situations. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between cognitive emotion regulation and the health of pregnant women.

This is a descriptive and cross‑sectional study that was carried out on 200 pregnant women who were covered by Navab, Amir Hamzeh and Motahari centers in Isfahan in 2017 by available sampling method. The instrument was the Beck Depression Inventory, Goldenberg Health, and Emotional Cognitive Order. Finally, the data were analyzed using the SPSS software.

The mean age of pregnant mothers participating in the study was 26.66 ± 6.09 years. The results of data analysis showed a significant positive correlation in relation to blaming others and disaster with physical health, blaming others and rumination and catastrophes with anxiety, disaster with social health, blaming others and rumination and catastrophes with depression, and also blaming others and rumination, catastrophizing, and positive re‑focusing have a significant positive correlation with total health score.

Regarding the relationship between mental health and cognitive dysmenorrhea during pregnancy, pregnant women carers can help with pregnant women by conducting educational programs on health promotion and strive to maintain mental health and improve their quality of life. Consequently, they will ensure the mental health of their future children.

Many women of childbearing age suffer from problems such as dysmenorrhea and irregular menstruation.

The objective of the study is to determine the relationship between the duration of menstrual bleeding and obesity‑related anthropometric indices in students.

This cross‑sectional study was carried out on 250 students in 2016. Data were collected by a questionnaire composed of: 1) demographic information, 2) information concerning menstrual cycle and 3) obesity‑related anthropometric parameters. Anthropometric parameters include height, weight, waist circumference, hip circumference, and arm circumference. Independent t‑test, Pearson correlation coefficient, and multiple linear regressions with backward strategy were used.

The average age of students was 21/295 (±1/585) years. For most participants, the duration of menstrual bleeding was 3–7 days (87/2%, 218 people). None of the participants had menstrual bleeding <3 days, and the duration of bleeding was >7 days for 32 participants (12/800%). A significant relationship was observed between the intervals of menstruation and the waist‑to‑hip ratio (r = 0/136, P < 0/041). Based on multiple linear regression, hip circumference and waist‑to‑weight, hip‑to‑waist, arm‑to‑weight, hip‑to‑thigh, and arm‑to‑height ratios are predictors for menstrual duration.

In this study, a significant association was found between the anthropometric indices and menstrual characteristics. These findings suggest the need for modifying anthropometric indicators to control menstrual cycle problems.

The occurrence of natural disasters such as floods, earthquakes, and storms often has devastating effects on human societies and causes heavy casualties on their inhabitants. By destroying the buildings and infrastructure of society, these events impose a wide range of economic and social burdens on societies and countries. Research in the management of incidental accidents improves the ability to respond correctly in the event of accidents. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the readiness of hospitals in unexpected events in 2017.

This cross‑sectional study was conducted in 2017 on 10 selected hospitals affiliated to Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. Data collection with the standard checklist included 137 yes/ no questions in 10 areas of emergency, admission, transmission, traffic, communication, security, human resources, management, education, and support. At the end of the study, the data were encoded and entered into the SPSS 22 software and were examined.

The results of this study showed that the readiness of hospitals in each of the areas studied was as follows: emergency (79% = good), admission (72.5% = good), transmission (70.4% = good), traffic (58% = moderate), communication (79.6% = Good), security (59.7% = average), human resources (83.6% = very good), management (58% = moderate), education (81% = very good), support (73% = good), and command and management (81.8% = very good).

Since hospital conditions are completely changed during a crisis, hospital adaptation to new conditions should be based on the projected plans. As a result, everyone should be prepared to take responsibility according to their responsibilities.

Sexual self-efficacy refers to the belief of each individual about his/her ability to be sexually active, his/her desirability for sexual partner, and assessment of the ability and self-efficacy in sexual behavior. Sexual relationship is one of the key pillars of a successful family; accordingly, functionality in this domain largely affects marital satisfaction. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between sexual self-efficacy and sexual function among married women. This descriptive-correlational study was conducted on 201 married women referring to the clinic of Lenjan Hospital, Isfahan in 2017. The study population was selected through convenience sampling. The women scoring below 40 in the Beck Depression Inventory were entered into the study and filled out the questionnaires of sexual self-efficacy and sexual function. The data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 22) using descriptive statistics and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. The mean age of participants was 32±6.70 years, and their mean menarche age was 12±36.1 years. The mean scores of sexual function and sexual self-efficacy were obtained as 26.17±1.44, 21.54±2.70, respectively. The results revealed a positive correlation between sexual self-efficacy and sexual function (r=0.205, P=0.001). Also, sexual self-efficacy showed a significant relationship with some subscales of sexual function, including libido, orgasm, lubrication, and sexual arousal (P≤0.05). Sexual self-efficacy had a positive relationship with some of the subscales of sexual function. Therefore, sexual function in women can be strengthened by the enhancement of their sexual self-efficacy.

Maintaining family stability is an important principle, and sexual satisfaction is an important component of family stability. Disturbance in it is a threat to the survival and stability of the family. Emotional intelligence and spiritual intelligence are psychological variables that affect marital satisfaction or dissatisfaction. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between spiritual and emotional intelligence and sexual satisfaction of married women.

A cross-sectional correlation study was conducted on 200 married women referring to Lar health centers in 2017. Sampling was available in a way. The research units completed the King Spiritual Intelligence Questionnaire, Shoot Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire, Sexual Satisfaction and Beck Depression if they had inclusion criteria and written consent. Finally, the data were analyzed by Spearman statistical tests.

The results of the Spearman test showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between emotional intelligence and sexual satisfaction (P = 0.001), with increased emotional intelligence and sexual satisfaction. The results of the study of emotional intelligence components showed that only the emotional adjustment component had a significant relationship with sexual satisfaction. The results also showed that there is a significant relationship between spiritual intelligence and sexual satisfaction and the components of transcendental consciousness, transcendental alertness, and personal meaningfulness with sexual satisfaction (P = 0.001).

According to the results of this study and given that one of the duties of midwives is to provide counseling on sexual health, they can raise individual awareness, or group or educational classes, through awareness-raising campaigns for women, improving sexual relations and following are family health. midwives can enhance their spiritual intelligence, emotional intelligence, women's awareness, and sexual intercourse through counseling sessions (individually, in groups, or classes).All of the above can be a source of family health.

Nausea and vomiting in pregnancy is the most common medical complication in the first trimester of pregnancy. That associated with a wide range of physical and mental symptoms for the patient and his family and can affect the quality of life of women’s life. In addition, the training to improve knowledge, in adjusting diet and lifestyle, and leading to decrease nausea and vomiting. Due to the positive characteristics of training using the small groups, this study was applied with the objective of “The effect of small group teaching on quality of life in pregnant women with nausea and vomiting.”

This study was applied based on intervention, on 59 nulliparous women with nausea and vomiting who referred to obstetrics ward of selected health and treatment centers in Neishaboor County. The training was presented by a researcher in group intervention in 8 sessions, each 45–30 min in small groups (3 groups 10 members). The control group received routine care. The study instruments (nausea and vomiting of pregnancy quality of life questionnaire) and (modified‑PUGE) form. The results were analyzed using the Wilcoxon test, Mann–Whitney, and t‑test.

Research units were no statistically significant difference of personal data, at the beginning of the study, and before intervention, was not differences between the mean change scores of postpartum stress disorder in two groups (P = 0/192). While the mean quality of life score in the intervention and control groups was statistically significant difference after intervention (P = 0.001). Quality of life score in the intervention group had statistically significant difference before and after the intervention (P = 0.001).

Training in the intervention group with small group strategies has more effective in comparison to conventional training of nausea and vomiting.

Pain is a common phenomenon and an inevitable part of the labor process. Labor pain is one of the most severe pains. Auriculotherapy is one of the nonpharmacological aspects of relieving pain, reduces the intensity of pain, and improves its compatibility. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of auriculotherapy on labor pain in primiparous women.

This clinical trial was performed on 84 pregnant women aged between 18 and 35 years, who referred to Isfahan Shahid Beheshti Hospital in 2017. This study was carried out between two groups: control group (receiving routine hospital care) and interventional group (20 min for auriculotherapy). We used the McGill Short‑Form Standard questionnaire with Visual Analog Scale. Data were analyzed by SPSS software using paired t‑test and ANOVA.

The results showed that there was no significant difference between demographic variables in the two groups. Statistical analysis also showed that the severity of labor pain in the interventional group (auriculotherapy) was lower than that of the control group (P = 0.001).

Auriculotherapy reduces the severity of labor pain in primiparous women. Due to the easy, inexpensive, and noninvasive nature of this method, its use has been recommended in these cases.