zahra nadi

Hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress can damage the liver and lead to diabetes complications. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ-10) reduces diabetes-related oxidative stress. However, its molecular mechanisms are still unclear. This study aimed to examine CoQ-10’s antioxidant capabilities against hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress in the livers of diabetic rats, specifically targeting the Nrf2/Keap1/ARE signaling pathway. This study was conducted between 2020-2021 at Arak University of Medical Sciences. A total of 30 male adult Wistar rats (8 weeks old) weighing 220-250 g were randomly assigned to five groups (n=6 in each group): control healthy, sesame oil (CoQ-10 solvent), CoQ-10 (10 mg/Kg), diabetic, and diabetic+CoQ-10. Liver oxidative stress indicators, including malondialdehyde, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione, were estimated using the spectrophotometry method. Nrf2, Keap1, HO-1, and NQO1 gene expressions were measured using real-time PCR tests in the liver tissue. All treatments were conducted for 6 weeks. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software. One-way ANOVA followed by LSD’s or Tukey’s post hoc tests were used to compare the results of different groups. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. The findings showed that induction of diabetes significantly increased Keap1 expression (2.1±0.9 folds, P=0.01), and significantly inhibited the mRNA expression of Nrf2 (0.38±0.2 folds, P=0.009), HO-1 (0.27±0.1 folds, P=0.02), and NQO1 (0.26±0.1 folds P=0.01), compared with the healthy group. In the diabetic group, the activity of glutathione peroxidase, catalase enzymes, and glutathione levels was decreased with an increase in malondialdehyde level. CoQ-10 supplementation significantly up-regulated the expressions of Nrf2 (0.85±0.3, P=0.04), HO-1 (0.94±0.2, P=0.04), NQO1 (0.88±0.5, P=0.03) genes, and inhibited Keap1 expression (1.1±0.6, P=0.02). Furthermore, as compared to control diabetic rats, CoQ-10 ameliorated oxidative stress by decreasing malondialdehyde levels and increasing catalase, glutathione peroxidase activities, and glutathione levels in the liver tissues of the treated rats in the treatment group.  The findings of this study revealed that CoQ-10 could increase the antioxidant capacity of the liver tissue in diabetic rats by modulating the Nrf2/Keap1/HO-1/NQO1 signaling pathway.

Considering the antioxidant properties of physical activity, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) and high-intensity intermittent training (HIIT) on oxidative stress and total antioxidant capacity in rats treated with cisplatin.

In this experimental study, 24 male laboratory rats were randomly divided into four groups (control, control cisplatin, cisplatin + MICT, and cisplatin + HIIT). In cisplatin groups, 5.5mg/kg cisplatin was injected intraperitoneally. The training programs continued for 10 weeks. Twenty four hours after last training session, blood serum of rats was collected to examine the study variables. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance.

In this study, cisplatin caused significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) (P=0.019), significant decrease in total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (P=0.014), and significant decrease in catalase (CAT) (P=0.001) in the control group compared to the cisplatin control group. MDA showed significant reduction in cisplatin+ MICT group (P=0.001) and cisplatin + HIIT group (P=0.001) compared to the cisplatin control group. Findings showed no significant difference in TAC between cisplatin + HIIT group and healthy controls (P=0.66). CAT in cisplatin + MICT group (P=0.12) and in cisplatin + HIIT group (P=0.177) was not found to be significantly different with that of the control group.

It seems that exercise at different intensities can be effective in reducing oxidative stress caused by cisplatin in rats.

The antioxidant Nrf2/Keap1 pathway prevents cellular damages against oxidative stress and this pathway is disrupted following diabetes. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of endurance and resistance training on antioxidant Nrf2/Keap1 pathway in testicular tissue of diabetic rats.

In this experimental research, 48 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups: control, resistance training control, endurance training control, diabetic, diabetic resistance training, and diabetic endurance training. Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of 120 mg/kg nicotinamide and 65 mg/kg streptozotocin after 12 hours of fasting. Seventy two hours after induction of diabetes, resistance and endurance training protocols were performed for 10 weeks. Afterwards, the expression of Keap1, Nrf2, and HO1 genes in testicular tissues were measured by real-time PCR.

According to findings, induction of diabetes significantly decreased the expression of Nrf2 and HO1 (P<0.05), while the expression of Keap1 increased (P>0.05). Endurance training significantly increased the expression level of Nrf2 (P<0.05) and resistance training changed the expression level of genes related to Nrf2/Keap1 pathway (P>0.05).

Endurance and resistance exercises could activate Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway on gene expression following diabetes and by activating this pathway the complications of diabetes on testis might be reduced.

Free radicals play a double role in the body based on their physiological level and can be beneficial or harmful. This review study was performed with aim to evaluate the cellular and molecular mechanisms of oxidative stress on spermatogenesis and oogenesis and the role of using antioxidant in improving fertility in men and women.

In this review study, the issues related to the role of free radicals and antioxidants on male and female fertility disorders were searched in the Persian and English databases including: Elsevier, Scopus, Irandoc, SID, Iran medex, Sciencedirect, Pubmed, GoogleScholar and Web of Science using the keywords of free radicals, male infertility, female infertility, and antioxidants without any time limitation. Finally, 63 studies entered the review study.

The excessive production of free radicals in the male reproductive system causes damage to DNA, RNA, and sperm membranes, and ultimately disrupts spermatogenesis. It also causes disorders in the female genital tract including defect in oocyte development and maturation, follicular growth and function of corpus luteum.

According the results of previous studies, using antioxidants may remove the harmful effects of free radicals on male and female fertility.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of endurance training and resistance programs on sperm parameters and spermatogenesis in diabetic rats.

In this experimental study, in one group, 24 healthy male Wistar rats were assigned into three subgroups (control, endurance training, and resistance training). The next group (n=24) consisted of male rats, in which diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of nicotinamide (120mg/kg( + streptozotocin (65mg/kg( after 12 hours of starvation. This group was divided into three subgroups (diabetic control, diabetic endurance training, and diabetic resistance training). One week after the induction of diabetes, resistance, and endurance training protocols were performed in all groups for 10 weeks. Twenty-four hours after the last training session, the left epididymis was removed to examine sperm parameters.

Blood glucose levels significantly reduced in diabetic group with endurance and resistance trainings (P<0.0001). Sperm parameters (count, motility, and morphology) did not significantly increase in the diabetic group with endurance and resistance training programs compared with those in the diabetic control group (P<0.05). Spermatogenesis indexes (tubul differentiated index, spermiogenesis index, and repopulation index) significantly increased in the diabetic group with endurance and resistance training programs compared with those in the diabetic control group (P<0.0001).

Both types of exercises improved spermatogenesis indexes, but further experiments are needed to evaluate the role of moderate-intensity exercise on the oxidative stress in fertility of diabetic rats.

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of a 10-week resistance training on the serum levels of insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), the serum levels of liver enzymes, chemerin, and resistin in healthy and type 2 diabetic rats.

In this experimental study, 40 Wistar rats with the mean±SD weight of  200±48 gr were randomly divided into 4 groups (normal control, diabetic control, diabetic resistance training, and resistance training). The training groups performed regular resistance exercises for 10 weeks by ladders. Twenty-four hours after the last training session, the blood sample of rats was collected for resistin, chemerin, insulin, and liver enzymes. The obtained data were analyzed using one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Tukey posthoc test, Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA), and Bonferroni posthoc test at a significance level of 0.05.

This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Arak University of Medical Sciences, Iran (Code: IR.ARAKMU.REC.1394.329).

 Diabetes induction significantly HOMA-IR, the serum levels of liver enzymes, resistin, and chemerin in the diabetic control group, compared to the healthy control group (P<‏0.05). Resistance training also significantly decreased insulin HOMA-IR, the serum levels of liver enzymes, resistin, and chemerin in the diabetic resistance training group, compared to the diabetic control group (P<0.05).

 The obtained data suggested that resistance training improved liver enzymes in type 2 diabetic rats by decreasing the insulin HOMA-IR, the serum levels of chamirin, and resistin.

The growth of capitalism in Iran and the dependence on the world market in the nineteenth century led to various spheres of economic and social in country influenced by the developments of the West and the global system during this period. This dependency also changed the agricultural sector as well and led to the growth of commercial agriculture. In this research, It has been tried to use the descriptive-analytical method and relying on the theory of dependent development and the use of archival documents, to be answered to this question that What is the effect
of growing commercial agriculture on land ownership system in Mazandaran?
After reviewing and analyzing data and documents, this result was obtained that the growth of commercial agriculture has led to the importance of land and land management profitability and the cultivation of monetary products in nineteenth-century in Iran. This led to the tendency of the non-temperate classes of society, including traders, government officials and even foreigners to own land and agriculture. These people joined to the landowner class of the community to purchasing multiple lands and provided the ground for the expansion of private property and the master's Relationship. The growing need for arable land and the desire to expand personal property, Led to some action to lease land and even capture forcible of farmers' lands and minor owners of local that this issue, as the new landlord develops in Mazandaran, led to the landless many native farmers.

The development of the international economy and the growth of capitalist relations in Iran have affected economic and social spheres of the country which are, to some extent, influenced by the developments in the west and the global system in the nineteenth century. Dependence on the needs of the global market led to the growth of commercial agriculture and the export of raw materials. The profitability of the sale of commercial agricultural products led to the importance of land and owner of a property, and the tendency of different classes to land. In this research, we try to use descriptive-analytical method and archival documents, while studying the impact of commercialization of agriculture as one of the reasons for the growth of private property in the northern states of Iran during the Qajar period. The study seek to answer the question that “What is the effect of the development of the relations of mastery in the lives of farmers in this area?”. After reviewing and analyzing data and documents, it was concluded that commercialization of agriculture leads to the tendency of some classlessness of society, including traders, state officials and even foreigners to invest in the lands of Mazandaran and Guilan. By entering these individuals into the owner class of society, private property grew and as a result, many native farmers were without land. These new owners, with the expansion of master-farming relations, found this power to intervene in the field of agriculture, commercial properties, ownership of water resources water resources and land taxes, and to harass farmers and exploit them to create a turbulent atmosphere in northern states.

Khorasan and Sistan have great importance for Russia and Britain because of the strategic location and proximity to the borders of India, in the nineteenth century. The two power after a period military action and capture some cities; to advance their goals to preserve own interests in east Iran moved to commercial activities. In this study, we try to be analytical method and using library resources and newspapers and archival documents, respond to this question that; what were commercial competition results of Britain and Russia in Khorasan and Sistan? By examining and analyzing the business operations of Britain and Russia in Khorasan and Sistan, these was concluded that these two governments were able to establish bank branches in Mashhad, Birjand, Sistan, These two governments were able to establish a bank branch in Mashhad, Birjand, Sistan, construction of the railway and road, in addition to providing security and political stability, assume the movement of goods and financial transactions that it would led to the economic boom in Khorasan and Sistan. On the one hand, competition and commercial activities of these powers, led to an increase in the number of foreign forces in the region and on the other hand, led to an increase in the arrival of foreign goods that over time led to the destruction of local industries in these areas, the bankruptcy of local businessmen, guilds unemployment and falling living standards of workers and the local population.

To explain the factors affecting Khorasan international trade during Reza Shah Pahlavi’s reign, by analyzing import and export activities, and complaints submitted to the National Consultative Assembly. Descriptive-analytic method based on documents from the National Library and Archives of Iran and the Document Center of the Iranian Parliament. Internal and external factors affected Khorasan foreign trade. This led to reaction and protest by Khorasan traders on a number of occasions. Factors included the lack of appropriate roads, illegal taxes, laws passed by the Parliament, diplomatic relations with other countries, government economic policies, the traders’ own poor performance, trading houses and agents of foreign countries, border customs, as well as the Great Depression of the 1920s.

The royal Bank of Kermanshah, established in 1902 A.D and managed by Louis Robin, was one of the branches of such banks. The main function of such bank was granting of loans and transferring the funds. The ordinary people could use such services by valid guarantee and bail on house. This essay tries to analyze the function and the economic and social effects of royal bank in Kermanshah province based on documents and library references with the descriptive – analytical approach. The outcome of this study reveals that such bank had negative long term consequences despite of its positive effects on economic expansion in Kermanshah. The merchants faced the bankruptcy and the loss of their capitals due to their inability for paying the debts of loans. Consequently, the bank developed its indirect influence in this strategic province by the confiscation of Merchant's lands. Furthermore, the bank caused social irreparable damages by supporting its Iranian employees and their inappropriate actions. This issue not only concluded that Iranian people to take foreign nationality in order to take advantages of foreign countries' support but also led to the cultural identity crisis because of the presence of England and foreign commodities.

Birjand Imperial Bank was one of the Imperial Bank branches of Persia that was established as a result of the economic and strategic policies of Britain in1331 AH/ 1913 AC in Birjand. The organizational structure of Birjand Imperial Bank consisted of a chief manager and one or two staffs regarding its territory coverage. The management was held by Britons while Iranians were in position of deputies and translators. This bank was rapidly involved in business affairs and the transferring and transmission of money and the goods needed by merchants, governors and the residents on the basis of their orders. In addition, the English members of the bank maintained friendly relations with people and governors being invited by them to parties, hunting, and games. The residents, in some cases, used the bank influence also as a means by which to solve their own problems. The bank operation together with Britons’ presence exerted both positive and negative effects on Birjand. This bank created some social, cultural, commercial, political, and military changes. At one hand, a progress emerged in business and transactions and while on the other hand some Western customs and characteristics spread among the upper class of the society. Aside from this, because of the activity of bank some businessmen and craftsmen such as money exchange dealers faced stagnations. Meanwhile, the effects of Britain’s political interference in the forms of banking activities should not be neglected.

The British relations with the East has been manifested in such various areas as politics, economics, and culture, with its economic ones based on interestretaining, and the elimination of political rivals from power arena, making its overall strategic goals in the Eastin line with this policy. Banking policies in other countries are manifestations of the economic relations of Britain. The present article studies the British banking policy toward Iran and India. It includes, in various aspects, special structural and functional features in the countries of Iran and India. The entire foreign British bank branches have been under Treasury supervision, and Britain hassought the same aims in different lands; therefore, the colonial British banking system in Iran and India remained the same regarding Britain’s overall goals, and the political influence development despite few differences in the issue of banknotes and the number of bank branches.

Imperial Bank of Persia which had been founded under concession of Reuter in Iran had established numerous branches in various cities. Form the establishment of the British Imperial Bank in different cities of Iran, there were some relationships between the bank and various social classes in a different status according to the rank of the class and the situation of the peoples. Birjand Royal Bank is amongst of these branches. This branch of the bank in Birjand performed commercial-mercantile, financial and credit matters of this region. Therefore, it formed the relationship of this branch with three social classes of local governors, merchants and ordinary people. This bank had a friendly relationship with governors and agents of this region and assumed the financial and credit matters of these persons and provided their custom-made goods, while local governors supplied the security of guard, employees and caravans of the bank. The bank also operated the cash and illiquid transitions of the merchants and ordinary people with other branches. Apart from these credit relations, sometimes bank interfered as a mediator in the personal, proprietary and financial conflicts between people and the governors. This article will study and analyze the relationship of the bank with local governors, merchants and ordinary people and evaluate the essential factors in these interactions.

Having been established in Iran, the Imperial Bank of Persia had it slicencegranted to Britain by Naser al-Din Shah, with the headquarters located in London, and the shareholders and most agents being English. It was under Britain’s support through the British Royal Charter. British government sought particular aims through the establishment of the Imperial Bank which acted as leverage by the British government to exert pressure on Iran, thus playing roles in its political and military affairs as well as have such economic functions as loaning, theissue of banknotes, controlling foreign and domestic trade, etc. The political and militaryactivities included CoupD’étatof 1921, the reigning of Reza Shah, intervening in Iran’s foreign affairs with other countries such as the United States, payroll of the army and spies, giving financial aids to the British troops in Iran, etc. The establishment of the bank branches in cities, even, indicates this political approach, such as the establishment of one branch in Birjanddue to its strategic location, and the short distance of this region to India in order to prevent the advancement of Russians and Germans. In the present article the political functions of the Imperial Bank of Persia as well as its structure and organization have been studied. The objective has been to show that the political aims played a major role in establishing the bank and its branches, and Britain used it as a tool to exert pressure on Iran.