zahra sharifzadeh

CD22, as a surface protein of B cells, is used in the diagnosis and target-specific immunotherapy of B-cellmalignancies. SpyTag and SpyCatcher, on the other hand, are two covalently coupled proteins capable of developinga bi- or multi-specific modular protein. The aim of this study was to develop FITC-conjugated SpyCatcher-SpyTaggedanti-CD22 Nanobody (FITC-SpyC-SpyT-CD22Nb) to recognize CD22 on the surface of malignant B cells. In this experimental study, the SpyTag-CD22Nb construct was subcloned into a pET22 vectorand expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3). After purification using His-tag affinity chromatography, the size of the elutedprotein was confirmed on a Western blot. In addition, the SpyCatcher protein, subcloned into pET28, was expressed inE. coli BL21 (DE3), purified by His-tag affinity chromatography and subjected to FITC labeling. FITC-SpyCatcher andSpyTag-CD22Nb were coupled in a 1:1 molar ratio. The specific binding of the produced FITC-SpyC-SpyT-CD22Nbwas tested using CD22+ Raji and CD22- K562 cell lines and was evaluated by flow cytometry SpyTag-CD22Nb and SpyCatcher were successfully expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3). The 1:1 molar ratio ofSpyTag-CD22Nb and FITC-SpyCatcher successfully formed FITC-SpyC-SpyT-CD22Nb at room temperature. The flowcytometry results showed that FITC-SpyC-SpyT-CD22Nb specifically binds to the CD22+ Raji cells, while there is nobinding to the CD22- K562 control cells. The novel FITC-SpyC-SpyT-CD22Nb produced in the present study is capable of detecting the surficialexpression of CD22. According to our findings, FITC-SpyC-SpyT-CD22Nb is applicable for specific targeting of CD22in a therapeutic manner, i.e., chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy and antibody drug conjugates (ADCs).

The use of artificial intelligence can be a powerful driving force in the future developments of the world. Because in the new era based on artificial intelligence, new norms centered on human-machine and machine-machine relationships are being formed, which, independent of human and natural variables, will lead to faster developments. They predict and calculate different international Therefore, investing in artificial intelligence in all aspects in developed countries will provide the basis for competition with other countries. Therefore, this research has been conducted with the aim of the place of artificial intelligence in the future of international relations (case study of the United States of America) and due to the fact that the majority of political science researchers and thinkers use the current method for such research.Therefore, this research is applied and descriptive-analytical in terms of type of study, and data collection is from university professors who have specialized in artificial intelligence and American studies. The research method is of mixed type. The results of the current research show that almost all countries, especially developed countries such as the United States and China, have considered achieving a competitive advantage in the field of artificial intelligence and subsequently improving their economic status as one of the main goals of artificial intelligence development.This issue can be caused by the huge economic potential of artificial intelligence development. In general, it can be concluded that the use of artificial intelligence in international relations is a tool to strengthen national power.

The advancement of emerging technologies stands as a pivotal force in shaping future diplomatic trends and global political landscapes. Given the extensive influence of these technologies on social and political sciences—and on international relations in particular—this study investigates their role in advancing strategic political objectives in alignment with the Iran’s general policy frameworks. The study surveyed a group of PhD level professors and specialists in new technologies and artificial intelligence, employing purposeful sampling until theoretical saturation was reached, resulting in twelve participants. Data were gathered through comprehensive library research, relevant documentation, and a structured Likert-scale questionnaire. Using a descriptive-analytical approach, this research addresses key questions: How do technology development policies influence the expansion of strategic political frameworks? In what ways can these advanced technologies reinforce the political foundations and diplomatic relations of the system? The study's findings indicate that substantial investments by developed nations in new technologies have facilitated a competitive advantage in macro-policy domains, enhancing economic conditions and driving research and development. Thus, emphasizing new technologies within political, economic, and social arenas can significantly strengthen the Islamic Republic of Iran’s influence at both regional and global levels.

New technologies can be a powerful driving force in the future developments of the world in order to make them smarter. Since artificial intelligence has affected social sciences and political sciences in general and international relations in particular, therefore in this article The place of artificial intelligence in the expansion of diplomatic relations and foreign policy is the statistical community of all the professors and specialists who had specialized doctorates and post-doctorates in the field of artificial intelligence and American studies. In this research, linear snowball sampling was done. In addition to referring to existing books and documents, the data collection tool was using a closed questionnaire on a Likert scale. This research, relying on a descriptive-analytical combined method, tries to answer the question what is the place of artificial intelligence in international relations (case study United States of America) in terms of foreign policy, economy, culture, and military? And how can this superior technology be used to strengthen the political foundations of the system and diplomatic relations?The findings of the research indicate that the large investment of the United States in the field of new technologies and artificial intelligence has led to the achievement of a competitive advantage in this field compared to other developed countries, followed by the improvement of the economic situation and development and research in this country. has been provided.This new technology will greatly help the superior power of the system in various political, economic and social fields in the region and the world.

In the current study, the place of artificial intelligence in foreign policy strategy, the amount of investment and use of artificial intelligence in the field of international relations and future wars of the United States of America were analyzed in the framework of game theory. The type of research is theoretical-applied. The statistical community of professors and experts who are active in the field of artificial intelligence and American studies with specialized doctorate and postdoctoral degrees; They were selected by snowball sampling. In addition to referring to existing books and documents, the tool for data collection was using a closed questionnaire on a Likert scale.The data was analyzed in spss software.The obtained results show that the United States, seeking to improve its economic situation, has considered one of the main goals of artificial intelligence development. On the other hand, the improvement of scientific and research capacities as well as the improvement and development of technical and data infrastructures have also been considered.Overall, all US strategies in artificial intelligence have seven themes:Financing of research and development, regulation and regulation and development of standards, culture building, training, consulting services, networking, support for cooperation and ecosystem and stimulation of market demand.

In all human behavioral spectrums, Politics is the most difficult behavior that can be automated. Politics is inherently complex, reflecting the complexity of human behavior both as an individual and in the social dimension. This complexity seems much more real at the level of international relations. Artificial intelligence is an influential and pervasive field that scope is not only related to technical and engineering issues, but also includes the fields of humanities, especially international peace and security. Using game theory as part of artificial intelligence in the field of political science and international relations is concentrated in common areas such as equitable distribution, political economy, public choice, war bargaining, positive policy theory, and public choice theory. In each of these areas, researchers have developed game theory models in which player models are often represented in the form of voters, governments, special interest groups, and politicians. Therefore, in this research the role of game theory in international relations will be investigated.

The main concern of the regional countries in the Persian Gulf is to reach a significant level of security in this region, and it has forced some of the regional countries to react to ensure their security. Because the privileged position of the Persian Gulf is important in the trade and economic activities of countries. The Islamic Republic of Iran, as the most important coastal country whose economic activities are based on this sea, is a clear example of this issue. The method of this research is qualitative and descriptive-analytical, and the necessary documents have been collected from books, articles, and internet sources. Therefore, the main question of the research, as it is clear from the objective, is what effect has the militarization of the Persian Gulf had on Iran's foreign policy strategy? The hypothesis that the militarization of the Persian Gulf, along with the sensitive and strategic position of Iran in the Middle East region, the existence of civil wars and political instability in neighboring countries, and the existence of political challenges with strategic neighbors, along with the American military presence in the Persian Gulf, lead to more threats to Iran's security. Therefore, it is trying to manage these security problems by using deterrence tools in the region as well as developing its influence through material and spiritual power and military balancing and developing cooperation with China and Russia.

Today, treatment with CAR-T cells is accepted as an effective treatment for blood malignancies. CAR-T cells are autologous T cells that are engineered by gene transfer techniques to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR). Despite the promising results and the approval of six CAR-T cell products; these products have not yet been approved for solid tumors. In addition, the high cost of treatment with CAR-T cells has limited patients' access to these life-saving drugs. Therefore, key considerations in the design and development of CAR-T cells should be defined and methods of reducing the cost of this treatment method should be investigated.

This study was performed based on an accurate bibliography through research databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar search engine, as well as the websites of pharmaceutical companies.

CAR synthetic receptors contain an antigen-recognizing extracellular region that connects to the space-forming, transmembrane and intracellular messenger regions. Each part of the CAR structure affects some functions of CAR, including target recognition, activation and cell lysis. So far, five generations of CAR-T cells have been developed to improve the messaging capacity of these cells. In addition, gene transfer systems such as electroporation, transposon and genome editing systems have been introduced as an alternative to viral vectors to produce safe and affordable CAR-T cells. Also, the development of ready-to-use products, product production in places far from the place of consumption, new pricing platforms and methods, and health insurance system initiatives have been suggested as ways to reduce prices.

In this article, an overview of how to develop CAR-T cells, important factors in the design of chimeric receptors, different methods of gene transfer and solutions to reduce the cost of this treatment were discussed. By using these strategies, the potential of CAR-T cells in cancer immunotherapy can be fully utilized.

The purpose of this research is the place of new technologies and artificial intelligence in the expansion of diplomatic relations and sustainable foreign policy. This research is applied based on its purpose and qualitative-quantitative in terms of its implementation method. Both library sources and interviews have been used to collect information. The statistical population of all professors and experts who had specialized doctorates in the field of new technologies and artificial intelligence were selected. In this research, the sampling method was done purposefully. That is, samples contain rich information. 15 university professors and experts in this field were subjected to in-depth and exploratory interviews. Also, in order to collect data in the qualitative part, all available internal and external documents related to the research topic were studied and semi-structured interviews were used. Therefore, this research, relying on the combined method, tries to answer the question, what is the place of technology development policies in the expansion of diplomatic relations and foreign policy? And how can this superior technology be used to strengthen the political foundations of the system and diplomatic relations? The findings of the research indicate that the large investment of developed countries in the field of these technologies has resulted in achieving a competitive advantage in the field of diplomatic relations and stable foreign policy. Therefore, paying attention to these technologies will greatly help the superior power of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the region and the world,

The high resistance rate of Acinetobacter baumannii and the limited number of available antibiotics have prompted a worldwide effort to develop effective antimicrobial agents. Accordingly, identifying single-chain variable fragment antibodies (scFvs), capable of exerting direct antibacterial activity in an immune system-independent manner, may be making immunocompromised patients more susceptible to A. baumannii infections.

To isolate bactericidal scFvs targeting A. baumannii, we panned a large human scFv phage display library against whole-cell extensively drug-resistant (XDR) A. baumannii strains grown as biofilm or cultured with human blood or human peripheral blood mononuclear cells plus plasma. The binding of scFv-phages to A. baumannii was assessed by the dot-blot assay. Soluble scFvs, derived from the selected phages, were assessed based on their ability to bind and inhibit the growth of A. baumannii. 

Five phage clones showed the highest reactivity toward A. baumannii. Among five soluble scFvs, derived from positive phage clones, two scFvs, EB211 and EB279, had high expression yields and displayed strong binding to A. baumannii compared with the controls. Moreover, XDR A. baumannii strains treated with positively-charged scFvs, including EB211, EB279, or a cocktail of EB211 and EB279 (200 µg/ml), displayed lower viability (approximately 50%, 78%, and 40% viability, respectively) compared with PBS-treated bacteria.

These results suggest that combining last-resort antibiotics with bactericidal scFvs could provide promising outcomes in immunocompromised individuals with A. baumannii infections.

Recently, modification of T cells with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) has been an attractive approach for adoptive immunotherapy of cancers. Typically, CARs contain a single-chain variable domain fragment (scFv). Most often, scfvs are derived from a monoclonal antibody of murine origin and may be a trigger for host immune system that leads to the T-cell clearance. Nanobody is a specific antigen-binding fragment derived from camelid that has great homology to human VH and low immunogenic potential. Therefore, in this study, nanobody was employed instead of scFv in CAR construct.

In this study, a CAR was constructed based on a nanobody against PSMA (NBPII-CAR). At first, Jurkat cells were electroporated with NBPII-CAR, and then flow cytometry was performed for NBPII-CAR expression. For functional analysis, CAR T cells were co-cultured with prostate cancer cells and analyzed for IL-2 secretion, CD25 expression, and cell proliferation.

Flow cytometry results confirmed the expression of NBPII-CAR on the transfected Jurkat cells. Our data showed the specificity of engineered Jurkat cells against prostate cancer cells by not only increasing the IL-2 cytokine (about 370 pg/ml) but also expressing the T-cell activation marker CD25 (about 30%). In addition, proliferation of engineered Jurkat cells increased nearly 60% when co-cultured with LNCaP (PSMA+), as compared with DU145 (PSMA-).

Here, we describe the ability of nanobody-based CAR to recognize PSMA that leads to the activation of Jurkat cells. This construct might be used as a promising candidate for clinical applications in prostate cancer therapy.

Monoclonal antibodies against 4-1BB have been used in the treatment of autoimmune diseases, viral infections, as well as immunotherapy of cancers. Because of their foreign nature and the large size, the murine monoclonal antibodies have restricted efficacy in clinical use. Fully human antibody fragments such as scFv fragments can be an attractive alternative for immunotherapeutic applications. The aim of this study was the production of human scFv antibodies against 4-1BB in order to use it in cancer immunotherapy.

In this study, anti-4-1BB scFv gene was cloned in pET-22(+)and expression in E. coliTOP 10F.The initial analysis of the gene product was performed by western blot and ELISA. Furthermore, its efficacy in stimulating 4-1BB expressingcells was evaluated by assessing the cell surface expression of CD69 and IL-2 mRNA and protein expression.

The results showed that the designed scFvgene was well expressed in E. coliand specifically reacts to the target antigen. The CCRF-CEM cell’ treatment with anti-4-1BB scFv induced IL-2 production and increased CD69 expression on the surface of target cells.

The anti-4-1BB single-chainantibody was successfully expressed in E. coliexpression system and is able to detect target antigen and activate CCRF-CEM cells. This recombinant antibody could be useful for T cell activation in cancer cell therapy approaches.

Excess weight and obesity during pregnancy may be considered as an abnormal situation and can cause obstetric risks for both mother and neonate.. This study was performed with the aim of assessing the effects of mother’s Body Mass Index (BMI) on mother and neonate. This descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was performed on 272 pregnant women who referred to the health centers of Lar city and were selected by randomized sampling in 11year.Data was collected using a two-part questionnaire by interview. The first part contained demographic questions and the second part had questions on the risk factors related to mothers’ excess weight. Mother’s eight and height was measured at two stages and their BMI was determined at the beginning and the end of pregnancy. Neonates’ weight was determined and recorded after birth in the hospital. Data was analyzed by SPSS version 11 software using descriptive statistical methods and independent t-test. The average of first BMI was 23.4 and the last BMI was 28.3. 74.3% of women had experienced first pregnancy. Neonates’ birth weight reduced with increase in mothers’ BMI (P<0.01). 5.6 %(26) of mothers were overweight at the onset of the study and 35.6 % (105) of them had above normal BMI during pregnancy. Obese women and women with excessive weight gain during pregnancy need special fallow-up and counseling during pregnancy and delivery. Health professionals working with pregnant women should be aware of excess weight problems and give necessary trainings to women.

The objective of this study is to develop and assess targeted PAMAM-PEG nanocarrier with anti-TAG72 nanobody for t-Bid gene coding construct delivery into the human colonic adenocarcinoma cells. Nanobody (Nb) coding sequence was subcloned into pSJ expression vector for large-scale production and then Nb was purified by Ni++ affinity chromatography. SDS-PAGE and western blot analysis were performed to verify purifiction. PAMAM was reacted with PEG at the ratio 1:2 (mol/mol) and anti-TAG72 Nb at the ratio 1:1 (mol/mol). Surface charge and size of resulting nanoparticles were evaluated by Malvern zeta sizer and Nanosight. Efficiency of constructed gene carrier for t-Bid, a killer gene, delivery into colonic adenocarcinoma cells in in vitro was assessed using real time PCR and cell counting assays. Production of nanoparticles with the average size of 162±92 nm and +4.57±0.52 zeta potential was confirmed by nanosight and Malvern zeta sizer in order. Gel retardation assay result verified efficiency of carrier for pDNA comlexation. Real time PCR results confirmed the target gene overexpression in the cancerous cell lines. The results of this research confirms the efficiency of PAMAM dendrimers for gene transferring, positive effect of PEGylation and targeting of nanoparticles by anti-TAG72 nanobody.