zahra yaghoubzadeh

Chlorella vulgaris is a freshwater green microalgae, which is a rich source of novel structural and biologically active metabolites. In this research, the extraction of Chlorella vulgaris polysaccharides was done by hot water method and the crude polysaccharide yield was approximately 5% of dry weight. Antioxidant activity of the polysaccharide extracted by the methods of inhibiting 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radicals (DPPH) and reducing power in 5 concentrations (0.375, 0.75, 1.5, 3 and 6 mg/ml) was investigated. The obtained polysaccharides had antioxidant activity. The highest DPPH inhibition activity was 15.91% at 6 mg/ml and the highest reducing power was 0.781 at 6 mg/ml (absorbance at 600 nm). DPPH free radical inhibition and BHA reduction power at the concentration of 0.031 mg/ml were 39.78% and 3.65, respectively. The value of IC50 for DPPH free radical inhibition and reducing power of Chlorella vulgaris polysaccharides was 22.342 and 45.79, respectively. Also, the polysaccharide of Chlorella vulgaris had an inhibitory effect of 21% on E. coli compared to the control culture after 18 hours of incubation. C. vulgaris microalgae polysaccharides contain a wide range of bioactive compounds, in food supplements they will be an effective mediator in scavenging free radicals and have the potential to be created as natural antioxidants for use in food and medicine industries.

Given the concerns regarding the use of synthetic antiviral compounds in the pharmaceutical industry, it seems necessary to pay attention to natural sources with antiviral activity. Sea cucumbers are one of these sources that numerous physiological properties are discussed in the scientific community. The present study aimed to produce bioactive peptides from Holothuria leucospilota using two microbial enzymes, alcalase and flavourzyme, and to evaluate their antiviral activity against Herpes simplex types 1 and 2, Chikungunya, and Dengue viruses. The results showed that the whole body of the sea cucumber has about 13% protein, which this amount reached more than 67% in the resulting hydrolyzed powders. The amount of protein, as well as the degree of hydrolysis in the hydrolyzed protein using alcalase enzyme (71.58±0.16 and 48.37±0.3%, respectively) was higher than the powder produced with flavourzyme (67.88±0.26 and 41.42±0.6%, respectively) (p<0.05). It was further found that both types of peptides produced at both concentrations of 4 and 5 mg/ml have antiviral properties. In this study, the type of enzyme used to produce bioactive peptides and also the concentration of peptides had a significant effect on their antiviral activity (p<0.05). The peptides produced using alcalase enzyme had significantly more antiviral activity against the studied viruses, while increasing the concentration of peptides from 4 to 5 mg/ml led to a significant increase in the antiviral activity (p<0.05). Among the studied viruses, Herpes type 1 and Dengue virus were the most resistant and susceptible viruses, respectively (p<0.05). According to the results of the present study, bioactive peptides extracted from the sea cucumber have the potential to be used in the pharmaceutical industry as a natural antiviral compound, however, it is necessary to carry out additional tests to evaluate their possible toxicity effects.

Evaluation of microbial indicators of water resources such as rivers, seas, and dams is important because these microorganisms can change the quality and sanitary of water and also affect the quantitative and qualitative changes of other organisms. In this study, the distribution of indicator bacteria including heterotrophic bacteria, coliforms, and fecal coliforms was investigated in the headwaters of the Qeshlaq and Gawh Roud rivers of the Javah dam in Kurdistan Province. The investigated stations include upstream of the Qeshlaq, Qeshlaq river branch 1, Qeshlaq river branch 2, Gaveh Roud branch, and Sirvan branch. The results showed that the mean and standard deviation of the heterotrophic bacteria in autumn 2020, winter 2021, spring 2021, and summer 2021 in five stations were 7.300±0.22, 6.54±0.63, 7.08±0.67, 7.58±0.32 CFU/100 mL, respectively, the coliform count was 4.11±1.07, 3.61±1.27, 4.48±0.55, 5.23±1.22 CFU/100 mL, respectively, and the counting fecal coliforms count was 2.84±1.07, 3.042±0.79, 2.86±1.18, 3.44±1.98 CFU/100 mL, respectively. The pollution of the river exceeded the standard range, which is caused by the inflow of rural sewage from agricultural fields and the inflow of sewage from agricultural areas. In this research, the most polluting resources of the Qeshlaq and Gaveh Roud rivers were the untreated sewage of Sanandaj city, but other contamination resources such as sewage from livestock, various poisons, and fertilizers resulting from the agricultural activities, washing, and soil erosion cannot be ignored. One of the suggested solutions to reduce the number of indicator bacteria from the Qeshlaq river is optimizing the sewage treatment plant process and completing its construction and equipment.

The aim of the present study was to extract, saponify and purify astaxanthin pigment from Haematococcus microalgae (Haematococcus pluvialis) and evaluate its antioxidant activity (DPPH free radical scavenging activity and reduction of ferric ions). For extraction, two single (extraction using acetone solvent or ACE) and combined (extraction by pretreatment with hydrochloric acid and then extraction with acetone or HCl-ACE) methods were used. According to the results, amount of extracted astaxanthin (mg/g) by two methods of acetone (ACE) and hydrochloric acid pretreatment (HCl-ACE), in the extraction, saponification and final purification stages were 4.09 (13.65%), 8.49 (28.30%), 14.59 (48.65%) and 9.49 (31.65%), 13.59 (45.30%) and 25.09 (83.65%), respectively. DPPH free radical inhibition activity of extracted astaxanthin with two ACE and HCl-ACE methods (50 to 300 μg/ml) ranged from 66.25 to 76.26% and 85.39 to 94.06%, respectively. These values for ferric ion reduction power were in the absorption range of 0.61 to 0.75 and 0.78 to 0.92 at the wavelength of 700 nm, respectively. The pigment extracted using the combined method (compared to the single method) had significantly more antioxidant activity (p<0.05). In addition, in both tests, increasing the concentration of astaxanthin up to 100 μg/ml, the trend of antioxidant activity was recorded as increasing and then constant (no significant difference between the concentrations of 200 and 300 μg/ml). Comparison of the antioxidant activity of astaxanthin with synthetic antioxidants showed that the pigment extracted by combination method (at high concentrations) had the activity closer or even more than BHA and BHT. According to the findings, the combined method (acid-acetone) compared to the single method (acetone) can improve the extraction efficiency and antioxidant activity of this pigment. Therefore, the method used for the extraction and purification of astaxanthin potentially affects its extraction efficiency and antioxidant activity, and by choosing the extraction optimum method, the mentioned two indicators can be improved in the pigment.

Nesarud and Kheyrud rivers are important rivers in Mazandaran province that are important in terms of having special populations of fish, spawning of migratory species and feeding of estuarine fish. The aim of this study was to evaluate the microbial quality of water in Nesarud (shilling) and Kheyroud (natural reproduction) rivers from April to August 2018 and microbial factors including total bacteria, total coliform, fecal coliform and fecal streptococcus were evaluated. For this purpose, 4 stations along the route of Nesarud and Kheyrud rivers were selected and monthly for sampling of river water was performed for 4 months (April, May, July and August). Based on the obtained results, the maximum changes in the average total bacterial count of Nesarud (20250 CFU/ml) and Kheyrud (21250 CFU/ml) were achieved in May and the maximum changes in the average total coliform of Nesarud (45 CFU/ml) per month. May and Kheyrud (50 CFU/ml) were reported in April and the range of mean changes in fecal coliforms in different months in Nesarud rivers (10 CFU/ml) in May and Kheyrud (8.5 CFU/ml) per month April was variable. According to studies, the water quality of the Nesarud and Kheyrud rivers is suitable for shill formation and natural reproduction in terms of bacterial indices and the number of bacteria was in the standard range.

The aim of this study was to produce biological silage from chicken waste based on fermentation of autogenous bacteria and to evaluate the quality characteristics of the product. In order to produce this product, sampling was performed from selected slaughterhouses in Mazandaran province and biosilage was produced in the form of a one-ton fermenter using autogenous bacteria isolated from the region (fermentation). The final product (dried biosilage powder) was evaluated qualitatively using standard methods and compared with other sources including meat powder, blood powder and kilka fish powder (produced by batch method). The results showed that the amount of protein, fat and protein digestibility in the produced biosilage was 59.09%, 21.30% and 87.41%, respectively. The product produced was in a better condition than meat powder and kilka fish powder in terms of the mentioned indicators. The produced biosilage did not show a significant difference between blood powder in terms of calcium and phosphorus and was at a lower level than kilka fish powder and meat powder. The levels of TVN, PV and TBA in biosilage were measured as 46.56, 4.46 and 2.21, respectively. These indices are in a much more favorable condition in the produced product compared to Kilka meat powder and fish powder. It was further found that the microbial parameters (mold, yeast, coliform, fecal coliform, E.coli) in the samples of meat powder, blood powder and kilka fish powder were relatively higher compared to biosilage of chicken waste. According to the results of the present study, chicken waste has the ability to be converted into biosilage with desirable characteristics that can be used in agriculture and aquaculture industries.

With the increase in production, consumption and processing centers of rainbow trout, the optimal use of the generated waste is very important. One of the ways to convert these wastes into high value-added products is to produce biosilage. The aim of this study was to investigate some of the chemical and microbial properties of biosilage produced from rainbow trout wastes as a suitable product for use in the livestock, poultry and fish feed industry. The results showed that the product has 52.27% protein and 8.3% fat. PV and TVB-N for biosilage were measured to be 2.61 meq/kg and 44.0 mg/100g, respectively. Logarithm total viable bacteria, coliforms, Fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli and mold and yeast count in the product were reported 8.78, 3.72, 1.18, zero and 3.23 per gram, respectively. The concentrations of manganese, copper, iron and zinc were 10.6, 13.7, 251.3 and 118.7 mg/kg, respectively in the produced silage. According to the results of the present study and comparison of these findings with other studies, it can be claimed that the biosilage produced in the present study is almost equivalent to other consumables for feeding livestock, poultry and fish in terms of indicators and characteristics and this product can be used as a suitable alternative to other common products used in the food industry.

The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in the bacterial quality trend (indicator bacteria) of water and its relationship with some environmental parameters around fish cages culture in the southern Caspian Sea region (Nowshahr-Mazandaran province). For this purpose, water sampling of the southern region of the Caspian Sea in the Tuskatok region of Nowshahr city in Mazandaran province took from January 2017 to December 2016 during the rainbow trout cage culture period at different distances cage (cage shade, 200 and 1000 m).The results showed that in the whole cage culture period, the maximum average of 18750 CFU/ml water bacteria was observed in the 200 m cage station before the cage culture period and the minimum average of 3250  CFU/ml water bacteria was observed in the 200 m cage station at the end of the cage culture period. The presence of total coliform and fecal coliform in water samples was recorded as 18.75 and 2.08%, respectively, and fecal streptococcus water was not observed in any of the sampling stations and in this situation, fish cages culture did not cause contamination. Maximum and minimum water temperature, pH, turbidity, saturation percentage and biological oxygen demand are 26.50 and 7.00 °C, 8.71 and 8.29, 19.71 and 0.52 NTU, 87 and 160, respectively. Percentage of 1.32 and 8.39 mg/l were recorded. Based on the principal component analysis (PCA), the results showed that the variables of pH and water temperature had the highest variance and the total count along with water turbidity in the third component showed a significant positive correlation (p<0.05). As a result, the proper slope of the area, the proper flow of water around the small-scale cages has reduced the microbial contamination in the shade of the cage compared to the stations outside the cage.

In recent years the incidence of algal blooms caused by Nodularia to become one of the serious problems and is threated life of aquatic organisms in the southern Caspian Sea. Nodularia is Blue - green algae (cyanobacteria phylum) and due to production of nodularin toxin is importance. In this study, the first, three species of Pseudomonas including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P .putida and P. fluorescens were isolated from Tajan river estuary and identified using biochemical tests and compared to standard species. The trend of Nodularia spumigena biomass (log 5) and Pseudomonas species (log 7 and 8) were examined in 30 treatments for 10 days in aquarium scale. The results showed that the decline trend of Nodularia in P. aeruginosa and mixed species treatments were better than other treatments and log 8 of bacterium was also more inhibitory effect than to log 7. Similar results were observed in double layer on agar medium and latter treatments had algaecide effect on nodularia. However, P. putida and P. fluorescens treatments had algaestatic properties. The conclusion showed that different strains of Pseudomonas are able to reduce the population of algae N. spumigena in aquarium scale and the results observed in combination treatment were better than other treatments.

Natural antioxidants have received much attention due to consumer health and food safety. These antioxidants are found in fruits, plants and bioactive peptides. This paper is going to study the extracts hydrolyzed protein of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) using alkalase and flavorzime enzymes and investigates its antioxidant properties. The antioxidant activity of the hydrolyzed protein was calculated using DPPH free radical scavenging assay and iron ion reduction assay. The results showed that the protein hydrolyzed by alkalase and flavorzime had antioxidant activity and the flavorzime enzyme was able to produce higher protein hydrolysis than the alkalase enzyme. The DPPH radical scavenging ability of the protein hydrolyzed by alkalase was significantly higher than flavorzime (p<0.05). The study of iron reduction power showed that the protein hydrolyzed with flavorzimm had higher reduction power than alkalase (p <0.05). Therefore, the hydrolyzed proteins (less than 3KD) prepared from skin Rainbow trout can be considered as a natural antioxidant.

The Nodularia microalga has the potential for bloom at low salinity, brackish and saline waters. The algal bloom is endangered as a serious problem of living aquatic organisms in the southern part of Caspian Sea. In this study, the effect of algal bloom inhibition were investigated with three species of Pseudomonas spp. including aeruginosa, putida and fluorescence, which were isolated and identified from the estuaries of the Tajan River in basin of the southern of Caspian Sea, in a laboratory scale. Also, fluctuation of chlorophyll-a, dissolved oxygen, phosphate and nitrate were simultaneously evaluated. The results showed that the trend of chlorophyll-a, dissolved oxygen and nitrate were significantly reduced in all treatments containing bacteria, especially aeruginosa (68%) and mixture of bacteria (71%) (p<0.05) and this trend of the parameters was almost constant in the control treatment. Although, phosphate concentrations decreased relative at different times, but there was no significant difference (p>0.05). In addition, the rate of phosphate consumption was higher than nitrate at different times. As a result, these species can be used as indicator bacteria for inhibiting of the algae bloom in a larger ecosystem.

Biological assessment of water resources is of particular importance and the presence of pathogens in these resources affects the health of consumers. The aim of this study was to determine the bacterial contamination of water including total coliforms, fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci in the Azad dam lake.
Methods and Materials: In this study, Sanandaj Azad dam water was evaluated for the indicator bacteria during one year (from May 2015 to June 2016). Sampling was performed from five stations in the areas of lake, transients and river. Statistical analysis of the obtained data was accomplished by ANOVA and Duncan tests using SPSS 18 software (P Monthly analyzes showed that the maximum and minimum mean of total bacteria were recorded in the months of January (6.7×105 CFU / 100ml) and September, (1.6×104 CFU100ml). The maximum total mean value of total coliform was 2.3 × 104 CFU / 100ml in December and the minimum one was 62 CFU100ml in July. Neither thermophilic coliforms nor fecal streptococcus were observed in the lake of the dam in taken samples.
Based on the obtained results, the collected water behind the dam can be used without any purification for agricultural purposes and fish farming. However, this water supply is not suitable for drinking due to the observed microbial load.

In this study, the effects of Lactobacillus which was isolated from the gut of rainbow trout were evaluated on growth parameters, survival rate and resistance of rainbow trout to Streptococcus iniae. This bacterium was added to the fish diet in 3 treatments (log 7, 8 and 9) and a control treatment was considered. The effects of various treatments on growth parameters and survival were evaluated in day 30 and day 60. At the final stage, resistance of treated fish to streptococcosis was evaluated. The results showed that Lactobacillus was able to improve the growth parameters (weight, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio, coefficient of obesity, specific growth rate and protein yield coefficient) and survival rate of fish in which the log 8 LAB showed a significant difference compared to the other treatments and the control treatment. The challenge of rainbow trout with Streptococcus iniae indicated that the highest survival rate was observed in the treatment with the log 8 LAB (96.66%), whereas the lowest survival rate was observed in the control treatment (25.38%). These results indicated that Lactobacillus which was isolated from the gut of rainbow trout showed probiotic properties and improved growth parameters of fish. Moreover, it increased the resistance of rainbow trout to streptococcosis.

In this project (April 2013- March 2014), microbial indicators of fecal contamination of water contains total coliform, fecal coliform, fecal streptococcus and fish pathogen bacteria in seawater were investigated. Monthly sampling was conducted at surface layers of different stations in 5 and 10m depths. Analysis monthly showed that the range of the average total bacteria in different months of the study fluctuated 12.29 ×104 ± 94.73×104CFU / 100ml in November 2013, 1300 ±17.70×102 CFU / 100ml in April 2014. Mean total coliform were recorded 1.8 ×102 ± 1.48 CFU / 100ml October, 16 ± 16 2013 CFU / 100ml in April 2014. The mean fecal coliform was recorded 40 ± 33 CFU / 100ml in October 2013, 5.5 ± 4.7CFU / 100ml in April 2014 and mean fecal streptococci in different months of 11.1 ± 8.8CFU / 100 ml in October 2013 1.8 ± 1.7CFU / 100 ml in April 2014. Most of the isolated pathogenic bacteria in water sample contained Pseudomonas, Vibrio, Aeromonas and Escherichia coli. According to the results, the number of indicator bacteria was more than standard value of drinking water in most stations. On the other hand heterotrophic bacteria population is also relatively high, which indicates low water quality. The presence of these bacteria increases the growth and reproduction of pathogenic and zoonotic bacteria and, as a result, the health of aquatic and human beings is compromised. Therefore, in order to reduce the indicator and the heterotrophic bacteria, the input of pollutants in the Caspian Sea to the rivers should be reduced and wastewater and wastewater after treatment should be discharged into the river in accordance with environmental standards.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the status of the parasite fauna in Acipenser persicus at different development stages, in order to find prevention protocols for parasitic diseases in this valuable species. For this purpose, sampling from each sex breeder, 10 egg samples, 5-day-old larvae (n = 20), 20-day-old larvae (n = 80) and fingerling of A. persicus (n = 60) released in earthen ponds were done. After the bioassay and preparing wet mount from the internal and external organs, identification was done according to the keys. According to the results, no fauna parasites were isolated from egg samples and 5-day-old larvae; but Trichodina spp. was isolated from 20-day-old larvae. Also, the same protozoan was isolated from fingerling released in earthen ponds, the mean intensity, prevalence and range of contamination by fingerling were higher with compared to 20-day-old larvae. Trichodina sp. and Diplostomum spathaceum were isolated from skin and eyes of females, respectively. However, Trichodina sp. and Ichthyophthirius multifiliis were isolated from skin of male breeders. In this study, no parasites were isolated from internal organs of larves and fingerling but four intestinal parasites included: Cucullanus sphaerocephlaus, Anisakis sp., Skyrjabinopsilus semiarmatus, and Lepto-rhynchoides plagicephalu were isolated from internal organs of breeder. Based on a wide range of parasitic infection observed in various life stages of A. persicus, it seems necessary to consider hygienic and management measures.

Evaluation of fish and seafood markets in Iran show that people have little interest to consume fish, despite the fact that fish consumption in developed countries is the rapid growth. However, despite the significant sources of demand for fish consumption of fish is generally seasonal. One of the problems consumers clean and ready to cook the fish, which need to experience and time, although it is common for all the fish, but the warm water cultured fish is more important, therefore, must be programmed in such a way that the fish are supplied all year. The fish processing provides the possibility that fish that are produced in a limited time and gradually throughout the year are marketed. Due to high production of warm water fish and using of small-scale and traditional methods for processing of fish such as salting and smoking, is necessary to use from modern processing methods for production of high quality of fishery products from fish particularly warm water fish such carp, silver carp, grass carp and big head. In 2004, a joint project with title "improvement of silver carp processing and production of different products from fish" was signed between Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute and Rivo Institute and Wageningen university of Netherlands. According to the project 7 sub projects were defined that including: quality of fish sausage, fish cheese, fish snake, fish ball, fish ice cream, trimming machines for production of fish fillet and pin bone machines for production of deboned fillet. Two main objectives of the project were production of high quality of fish fillet with low fat and bone and development of various products from silver carp for introduce to market. Fish Cheese is produced from coagulation of soluble proteins (sarcoplasmic proteins) of fish. The aim of this study was to extraction and precipitatation of sarcoplasmic proteins of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and its use in fish cheese formulations.

After washing, the fish was beheaded, gutted, and again washed and bones were manually separated. Fish fillets were grained and prepared for surimi production. Minced fish were washed three times in 10 ° C water (1 to 4 w/v) for 15 minutes, and the third stage was rinsed in the brine (0.3%). For coagulation and concentration of sarcoplasmic proteins were used from acetic acid (5%) and centrifuge in 5000 rpm for 15 minutes respectively. At the end of the process the sugar and sorbitol, (each in the amount of 4%) and tri sodium polyphosphate was used in the amount of 0.3%. Proximate composition (total protein, total fat, moisture and ash) and chemical parameters (peroxide value (PV) and total volatile base nitrogenTVB-N) and microbial analysis (total viable counts) were examined for three forms of fish (minced fillets, concentrated protein and fish cheese). All examinations were done as standard methods for food analysis.

The results indicated that mean of lipid, ash, moisture and protein in minced silver carp were %2.71, %79.44,, %0.91, %16.90 and in sarcoplasmic protein concentrated were %16.90, %1.16, %81.97, %0.42 and in fish cheese were %16.41, %28.01, %48.41, %3.46, %17/50 respectively. The best formula was treatment of 15 with %22/26 of protein. Mean of TVN and PV in minced fish, primary protein paste and fish cheese were, 11.32 mg/100, 1.51 meqo/kg and 13.63 mg/100, 3.65 meqo/kg and 15.03 mg/100, 5.38 meqo/kg respectively. The results indicated that mean total bacteria count was in minced meat 7.2 × 104per grams was the lowest (1.1×103) and highest (5.4 ×104), respectively. The mean total count of bacteria in fish protein concentrated sarcoplasmic 3.1 × 104 g, which is the lowest number (1.8×103), and the highest number (5.2 ×104), respectively. The mean total count of bacteria in cheese, fish 8/1 × 103 per gram was the lowest number (5.8×103), and the highest number of (4×104). Total count of bacteria in three of the treatments showed that the number of bacteria in the range of 4 logs, and the final product slightly decreased (in some treatments). Changes in the number of microbes in the products depend on two factors such as time - temperature and the temperature are lower and therefore faster processing time will count as standard.

According to the results, the product production of sarcoplasmic proteins silver carp namely fish cheese the quality parameters, indicators of chemical and microbial spoilage in a range of reference standards can be used as a new product made silver fish with different formulations, in the diet However supplemental tests including organoleptic criteria for the evaluation of the physical properties of the product is necessary.

Haraz River originates from the northern slopes of the Alborz and is flowed in a relatively broad valley. There are several village، sector، twenty sand factories and fish culture farms alongside of this river. In addition، restaurants and rest place for travelers sometimes used as a place. This study was performed to study the coliform contamination of ground water along the Haraz River. In this study، sixty samples were collected from groundwater during one year. The samples were examinated for total coliform and fecal coliform. The results showed that maximum and minimum of total coliforms in the ground water in Abask (4 CFU/100 ml) and Holomsar (1/9 CFU/100 ml) and maximum and minimum of fecal coliforms in Abask (1/2 CFU / ml) and Klode، Holomsar and Larijan (1/1CFU/100 ml)، respectively. The results also showed that Haraz river ground water has been polluted

Organochlorine pesticides are as environmental pollutants which have a high half-life and transmit from food chain to human and cause side effects such as mutations in different genes and finally cancer. In this research، after sampling and quantitative and qualitative of organochlorine residue، biodegradation of alpha، beta and gamma hexachlorobenzene (Linden)، DDT، Aldrin، Dieldrin، Endosulfan، Endrin and Heptachlor by three species of pseudomonas (aeruginosa، fluorescence، putida) isolated of Mazandaran Rivers (Tajan، Babolrood and Shiroud) was studied at laboratory scale. After adaptation of the three species of psuedomonas in mineral medium، 5% of the mixture culture was added to the medium containing 30 mg l of mixture pesticides. Changes of bacterial growth and pesticides concentration in zero، 24، 48، 54 and 120 hours were determined by observation of optical density (spectrophotometer) and gas chromatography respectively. The results showed that the highest biodegradation of pesticides was referred to DDT and Lindane، so that concentration of two pectisides was 9. 54 and 9. 3 after 120 hours respectively. The lowest biodegradation of pesticides was referred to endrine and it،s concenteration in 120 hours 13. 45 mg l. The maximum absorbance of bacteria were observed in 48 hours. The conclusion showed that pseudomonase has high potencial for organochlorine pecticides biodegradation especially DDT and lindane in bench scale and can be used different species of pseudomonase in full scale for decreasing of organochlorine.

Haraz is one of the three full of water rivers in north of Iran (Mazandaran province) that emanates of northern slopes of the Alborz and collects pollutants in their path with passing through agricultural areas، cities and villages and finally discharges to the sea. The aim of this study was to evaluate the microbial quality of surface waters of Haraz river and microbial indicators such as total and fecal coliforms. In this study، 84 samples were sampled of surface waters of Haraz River from seven stations (Sorkhrood، Karesang، Jalav Bridge، Norroud، Tehran 115، Lasem، Lar (polour)) during one year (a total of 12 samples) and were examined the coliforms and fecal coliforms. The results showed that maximum and minimum of total coliforms and fecal coloforms in surface water was observed in Sorkhrood (9. 4 CFU/100ml and 3/2 CFU / ml) and Lasem (4. 2CFU/100ml and (1/1CFU/100ml) respectively. The results showed that the populations of indicator bacteria (Coliforms) have been different depending on seasonal changes، time and sampling of location. The final results of this study showed that the river quality is low and not suitable for human consumption.

In this study، production of single cell protein from viscera of some tuna fish was investigated. The used yeasts were consisting of Candida utilis، Saccharomyces cerevisiae، Rhodotorula glutinus. Examination was done two scale laboratory and fermentor (Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor). The used fermentor was Continues Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR). The results showed that mean of crude protein (g/l) was 32-38. 5 and 37. 5- 45 for lab and fermentor scales respectively. Time of fermentation in lab and fermentor scales was 54h and 21h respectively. Growth of Candida utilis and value of crude protein were more than other used yeasts. Mean of protein، lipid، wet and ash in produced microbial protein were 75. 48%، 7. 05%، 4. 38% and 1. 08% respectively. The conclusion of this study showed that with optimizing of growth parameters for yeasts and also suitable fermentor can be produced SCP with high quality and can be used from this products as probiotic in animal feed.

Background and Escherichia coli is a common cause of food poisoning. After entering the body, toxins will release in the intestinal. Toxin derived from this bacterium can damage the intestinal mucosal and cause severe abdominal pain and diarrhea. Listeria monocytogenes in animals and humans causes a serious infection called listeriosis that could be transferred to humans through contaminated food such as cheese, raw vegetables, salads and fish. This study aimed at evaluating the effect of essential oil of Boiss Zataria multiflora on the behavior of E. coli and L. monocytogenes in ground silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) stored at temperature C ° 4. The samples were inoculated separately by E.coli and L. monocytogenes at 4.5 and 4.6 log CFU/gr, respectively. Then, treatments of B. Zataria multiflora were prepared in two concentrations of 0.8% and 1.2%. All samples in both treatment and control group were stored at refrigerator temperature for 72 hr. The number of E.coli and L. monocytogenes were counted daily by cultivation on the Ecc Chromagar liquid and listeria selective chromagar medium. We observed significant antimicrobial effect in 1.2% concentration of B. Zataria multiflora, which was also able to reduce E. coli after 48 hours. This treatment had a high bactericidal effect, since no bacterial colonies were isolated at 48 and 72 hours. The studied concentrations of B. Zataria multiflora, showed inhibitory effects on L. monocytogenes. B. Zataria multiflora was found to have bactericidal activity against E.coli while this activity was not considerable against L. monocytogenes.

Background and Bioindicators are microorganisms directly associated with environmental changes which their numbers are affected by chemical pollutants. Sampling was done from four stations in Shirood River in depth of 20 cm of water surface and transferred to laboratory in less than 24 hr. KF medium, SPS, ECC Chrome agar, Plate count agar were used for isolation of fecal streptococci, sulfate-reducing bacteria, E. coli, coliform and heterotrophic bacteria, respectively. The mean count of TVC, fecal streptococci, coliform, E. coli, sulfate-reducing bacteria, in four stations in shirood river were 6.78×105, 9.7×104, 1.07×106, 1.27×106 (cfu/1ml); 6×101, 3.65×102, 5.83×102, 1.6×102 (fecal streptococci); 3.58×103, 3.54×103, 2.11×103, 4.42×103 (coliform); 2.51×102, 6.81×102, 1.95×102, 3.62×102 (E. coli); 3.21×102, 2.62×102, 2.25×102, 2.04×101 (sulfate-reducing bacteria). The results of this study showed that the rate of pollution in the studied stations was higher than the standard limits. Other studies also indicate that distribution of some bacterial bioindicators such as coliform and fecal coli forms is very high in site of effluent of domestic and urban sewage.

Naphthalene is PAHs and is distributed in aquatic and soil ecosystems. Different microorganisms are able to degradate various concentration of naphthalene. Sampling was done from two Noshar and Amirabad harbors. Samples were transferred to Ecological Academy of Caspian Sea and then were cultured in minimal basal medium included naphthalene and trace elements and were incubated in 30°C for 24-72 h. Finally, isolated colonies were identifical as primary and biochemical test. The most important of isolated positive gram bacteria were Bacillus sp, Micrococcus sp and Pediococcus sp. The results showed that concentration of 30, 40 mM of naphthalene after 312h have been decreased to 9/45 (68/8%) and 3045(91/42%) respectively for Bacillus.