فهرست مطالب zolfa imani

In the present study, we attempted to specify the constructional schemas relevant to the compounds made by the present stem ‘sāz’ in Persian within the framework of the construction morphology (Booij, 2010). To this end, 150 compounds were brought together from numerous sources, such as the Persian Corpus of Bijankhan, Persian novels as well as some Persian websites. Having collected the data, we tabulated and categorized them on the basis of the preverbal elements. Afterwards, a comparison was made, as a result of which it was indicated that there can be a general constructional schema inside which 5 sub-schemas can be placed. Certainly, the broad schema denotes the construction by which a noun (preverbal element) is combined with the verbal element (present stem sāz) to create an adjective that implies the agent of an action, namely the agent of building or making an object. However, there were two exceptions among the whole dataset: a compound in spite of resembling the other compounds regarding its construction denotes the semantic role of patient: dastsāz (handmade), referring to an object which is made by hands as well as the compound ʤāsāz (embedded object), whereas in other compounds, the stem means the agent that builds, creates or makes. Consequently, as might be expected, two broad constructional schemas have been obtained: one relevant to the agents and the other relevant to patients.

Within the Persian language, various resources exist for deriving and compounding words to express occupations and professions. These resources generate compound and derivative nouns that convey agentivity and agency when combined with nouns and adjectives. This study aims to investigate the syntactic elements "-Chi," "-Kar," "-Forush," and "-Gar" within the framework of Morphological Construction Theory. The research provides a foundational analysis of how words formed with these suffixes and free morphemes are constructed. Morphological Construction Theory is a recent morphological approach that employs "construction" to describe the systematic relationship between form and meaning in word formation. According to this theory, non-simple words are considered constructions, and each word functions as a linguistic sign, representing the pairing of form and meaning. Each word encompasses three types of information, which are represented by three signs in the lexical approach: PHON (representing the phoneme dimension), SYN (representing the morpheme-syntax dimension), and SEM (representing the semantic dimension of the word). This research takes an empirical corpus-based approach and is theoretically grounded in a cognitive framework. The study data consist of 212 derivative and compound words formed using the suffixes "Chi" and "Gar" and the free morphemes "Forush" and "Kar," extracted from Persian corpora such as Bijankhan, Moin Encyclopedic Dictionary and Dehkhoda Dictionary. The words derived from these elements exhibit 4, 3, 4, and 3 schemas, conveying agentivity and agency in their overall meaning. However, they differ in terms of their reference to the concept of occupation or their basic syntactic role to which each of these four elements is attached. Another significant finding of this research is establishing a bidirectional relationship between construction and meaning, whereby the construction of a word determines the meaning and conceptualization derived from the word as a whole.

The investigation of semantic frames evoked by various syntactic categories has always been the focus of study in the field of cognitive linguistics. Here, the syntactic category is a verb and the hypothesis is that as the verb dowr zᴂdᴂn (to turn around) is a polysemous motion verb in Persian, it is expected that just as there is an association among its meanings, there will also be a relation among the semantic frames evoked by it. In order to test the hypothesis, the findings of this research, which are composed of different situations where the verb was used, were extracted from the Persian Corpus of Bijankhan at the first stage. Then, the duplicate cases were eliminated so that only one type  of each situation would remain. Having been translated into English and searched through the FrameNet database, the Persian cases alongside their frames were compared and analysed; as a result of which, it was identified that the hypothesis was confirmed, as there is a semantic association among the semantic frames the polysemous motion verb in question evokes—revolving around an object or deviating from the main path.

The present study examines the conceptual relation of tautology in Persian by comparing the findings with Szymanek’s morphological classification framework. Based on this classification, tautology in the first place is considerable in both compounding and derivation groups. In the former group, appositional compounding is considered a sub-group whereas in the latter, the following sub-groups are observable: affix doubling; synonymous affixes on a single base; the affix repeating a meaning already contained in the base and the affix not changing the meaning of the base. This study which was conducted via a descriptive-analytic method collected the data expressing redundancy, iteration or tautology and compared them with each group. First the data were culled from audio-visual resources like radio and television, as well as electronic sources and the Persian native speakers’ daily conversations. Then they were listed according to Szymanek’s model. The results showed that the compound and derivational words used in Persian and expressing tautology are in compatible with what Szymanek has given and no model is there for which no word in Persian does not exist. Moreover, Persian data are composed of formal, informal and colloquial words and in some cases the words belong to a particular accent.

Taking the theory of motion event introduced by Talmy (2000a&b) into account as well as adopting the classification of motion verbs of English proposed by Ibaretxe-Antunano (2006), approved by Ozcaliskan (2004) and Slobin (2000), all of which cited in Cifuentes Ferez (2007), we made an attempt to examine motion verbs of Persian to see whether the classification can justify the motion verbs in the language. In pursuit of this goal, we primarily checked what the aforementioned scholars proposed and then tried to find the motion verbs. As the aforesaid proposal includes manner verbs, we made a corpus of 100 manner verbs in Persian by extracting them from multiple electronic sources such as Persian articles in which motion verbs have been categorized as well as Persian corpora. Having collected the data and semantically investigating them, we put each verb into its relevant class. Ultimately, such a conclusion was drawn that there are 16 groups of manner verbs in Persian for two of which Manner is expressed through satellites, whereas for 13 others, it is stated by verb and for 1 of them, Manner is expressed by a complex predicate the semantic nature of which is an indication of Manner along with direction and speed, that is to say Vehicle crash, not specified among the proposed classification.

Based on Laclau and Mouffe's Discourse Theory, this study provides semantic systems of JCPOA-related discourse in the form of "Official / state" and "Conservative" discourse and their discursive battles, while Foregrounding / Backgrounding in field of language and media discourses through Dichotomous Paradigms. Contents of six media outlets were assessed in Persian calendar 1394 till 14th Aban1397. The field of research is divided to Micro and Macro levels. In Macro, Discourses are analyzed on base of Laclau and Moufeh's Discourse Theory. In Micro, Text Analysis is held on base of Dichotomy as Seperated semiosis system. Seven dichotomous were recognized. The articulation of both discourses in media content engross of dichotomized representation of "foregrounding self" and "backgrounding the other". Official/State discourse takes "sanction lift" moment along with "good deal / bad deal" and also Foregrounding of "Transparency / Rent". This discourse tries to articulate its meaning system through Empty Signifiers. Conservative discourse defines Ideological discursive moments and focus its Nodal Points on Antagonistic relations in order to break its competitor's hegemonic domination of "Constructive interaction" and "Interaction / Confrontation. Both discourse employ signifier in rival's Field of Discursivity, for creating dichotomy, as well as employing floating signifiers after threat of JCPOA.

Focusing on the two paths bala (=up ) and payin (=down) and the combination of these two with the motion verbs rᴂftᴂn (=go) and amᴂdᴂn (=come), the present research has attempted to make a comparison between the semantic frames of the verbs made out of the two paths in Persian and English so that it can examine the practicality of the FrameNet for describing the Persian language. To this end, a number of 120 sentences including the aforementioned path verbs were extracted from the major Corpus of Bijankhan and then, it was attempted to make a comparison between the semantic frames of each verb with their English counterparts via the FrameNet database. Ultimately, comparing the frames, the authors concluded that for those Persian path verbs which encode path or direction on the prefix adverb of the verb, the FrameNet provides a frame different from their English equivalents. On the other hand, in the current study, the metaphorical relationships of these verbs with other semantic frames were also addressed. The general conclusion was that language-specificity of the relation, the syntactic representation of the verbs, and different encoding of direction are good indication of the necessity of considering linguistic distinctions for additional practicality of the FrameNet to describe other languages.