روش شناسی

To establish the authority of the Quran as a comprehensive and infallible source in the humanities, interdisciplinary studies between the Quran and the humanities can lay the initial groundwork. Given the differences in research methodology between the humanities and the Quran, it is necessary to develop a methodology for interdisciplinary studies that facilitates epistemic connections between the two fields. To achieve this goal, considering the differences between existing humanities methodologies and Quranic studies, it is necessary to examine the methods through which an epistemic connection can be established between the data of the humanities and Quranic knowledge, and ultimately, an appropriate methodology should be presented. Methods such as discovery and inference, confirmation and completion, evaluation and refinement, reliance on Quranic presuppositions for the establishment of Islamic humanities, hypothesis formation based on Quranic teachings, indirect influence and non-intervention, and the production of humanities knowledge with Quranic fundamental teachings as theoretical premises are among the proposed approaches. However, none of these methods are complete or possess the necessary validity. Accordingly, this article, using a descriptive-analytical method, seeks to answer the question: Through what methodology can the scientific authority of the Quran be established in interdisciplinary studies of the Quran and the humanities? The findings of this research present a well-reasoned and acceptable methodology for interdisciplinary studies of the Quran and the humanities.

One of the branches of ijtihad interpretation is social interpretation, which means consideration of social concepts and real needs of the present times. However, this interpretation has been criticized in terms of methodology. An important criticism is related to the status of religious quotations in the social interpretation of the Qur'an; it has been accused of disregarding the quotations that are of no certainty in the social interpretation of the Qur'an. Religious quotations are mostly uncertain, but discarding them greatly limits the interpretation of the Qur'an and distorts the understanding of the social tenets of the Book. Therefore, the methodological investigation of the place of religious quotations in the social interpretation of the Qur'an is of great importance. In this article, by applying the method of ijtihad and the principles of jurisprudence, religious quotations are validated and their place is investigated in the social interpretation of the Qur'an.

Today, methodology has been given attention in various sciences in such a way that it has become a serious and separate research field. What method each thinker adopts to express his desired science, helps man in obtaining the system that governs his achievements. One of the great thinkers and philosophers and the founder of the transcendental school of wisdom is Mulla Sadra, whose method governing his philosophy has become a battle of opinions. On the other hand, Allameh Tabataba'i, who is famous as a neo-Sadra philosopher, and paying attention to his methodology is also important; Therefore, the present article examines the methodology of the philosophy of Mulla Sadra and Allameh Tabataba'i with a descriptive-analytical method and it is clear that the philosophy of Mulla Sadra is an independent school and the method that governs his philosophy is the rational and evidential method, and he uses the evidential method or traditions as a judge. is a search; Also, Allameh Tabatabai (RA) used a purely rational method to express philosophy and used narration, revelation and intuition in philosophy as a compilation.

Among all theories, wisdom Sadraei's theory has a special place. The wide range of components and the multitude of concepts in it have made this theory powerful and versatile. The purpose of this article is to present a new methodology based on wisdom Sadraei. Since each theory identifies or recommends a specific method based on its epistemological and epistemological foundations, the present research tries to understand and how to apply this theory by highlighting the main concepts of Sadra's philosophy and placing other concepts and components under them. To present various philosophical, social, legal and political issues in the framework of a new methodology. Although the choice of one method among other methods is selective and optional, but the choice of each method is not correct for any subject and cannot be without reason and basis, therefore Sadra'i theory in most cases does not seek to reject other theories but seeks to modify them. In this article, a qualitative research method was used, and the method of data collection is a survey and the method of data analysis is descriptive and analytical. What differentiates this article is the use of the latest ideas of Mutalaeh professors and commentators of the Sadrai school in this field.

One of the most obvious factors affecting the development of the humanities is the explanation of methodology. This helps the researcher to gain a better understanding of the procedure of religious studies and the context of the development of religious texts, and through this passage, the factors of discovering and extracting the deep layers of the meaning of the verses can be provided in the form of new styles. The article seeks to use the methodological path to examine the translation of Mohammad Yazdi and describe his style, as well as the foundations and principles of his translation. Mohammad Yazdi has made great efforts in his translation to maintain the aspect of trustworthiness. And since ancient times, methods have been expressed for translation, as well as the translation of the Quran into different languages, especially Persian, which has been common since ancient times. And due to the wide spread of general literacy of Iranians and the turning to study and attention to the meanings of the Quran, the process of translation has been increasing and has been widely welcomed by the Iranian people. Mohammad Yazdi's translation is one of the most famous translations in recent times, and it has contributed greatly to the establishment of the modern method of translating the Holy Quran into standard and contemporary prose. However, by examining the translation briefly, it can be seen that his translation method was faithful-semantic and sometimes interpretative-free, and at the same time descriptive-analytical.

This study aims to develop scenario planning as a method for policy laboratories. The institutional structure of science and technology policy in Iran was selected as the case study, with in-depth, semi-structured interviews conducted with 20 experts and informants in Iranian science and technology policy. Schwartz’s eight-step scenario planning method was applied. Based on this, two key uncertainties—1) Structure (open/closed) and 2) Rules of Conduct (collaborative participation vs. contentious dispute)—were identified, leading to four scenarios: 1) Collaborative Policy Network, 2) Government System, 3) Obligation-Relief Approach, and 4) Island Structure. The outcomes of each scenario were evaluated, and the most desirable scenario, the Collaborative Policy Network, was selected. This study demonstrates that scenario planning, a widely used method in foresight studies, can also function as a policy laboratory by assessing the potential consequences of a policy. It is recommended that science and technology policymakers evaluate policy outcomes in a policy laboratory through methods like scenario planning before implementing them broadly and subjecting them to public trial and error.

For several centuries, Islamic philosophy has been in a state of "isolation," meaning it has lost its relevance to contemporary issues. It neither addresses pressing problems nor, at the very least, actively engages with modern challenges. This paper explores the nature, potential, and realization of Islamic philosophy, its key achievements, and its historical development across early, late, and contemporary periods. It identifies three types of Islamic philosophy: Islamic Philosophy as a Concept, the theoretical foundation and ideas behind Islamic philosophy. Islamic Philosophy as an Actualized Phenomenon, represented by schools such as Peripatetic, Illuminationist, Sadrian, and Neo-Sadrian philosophy. Future Islamic Philosophy, an ideal form that could emerge, contingent on certain conditions and prerequisites, including its capacity to engage with contemporary issues, especially socio-cultural and practical concerns. The survival of Islamic philosophy, and its avoidance of becoming merely a historical relic, against the notion of the "end of Islamic philosophy", depends on its ability to adapt and address modern-day challenges. This paper proposes key strategies to realize the future or ideal Islamic philosophy.

One of the most important elements of studying scientific disciplines and their differences from each other is the issue of method. Methodology is a branch of science that studies method. The importance of method and methodology is due to the worldview based on the philosophy of the modern period; therefore, when there are different philosophical principles, the scope of subjects, problems, methods, and as a result the methodology of knowledge will also be different. This research has explained the methodology of future studies and some of its methods. Therefore, the method and methodology in future studies require a framework of foundations based on Islamic concepts. The different worldviews, epistemology, and anthropology of Islam introduce another realm of knowledge and transform the realm of subjects, issues, and methods of knowledge. Therefore, because the principles of method and methodology of modern human sciences use different philosophical foundations, it causes conflict in two worlds of knowledge, so the Paradigm Shift can be used to explain this situation. This research examines the studies of Islamic futures studies and examines the ratio of its method and methodology with what is discussed in conventional futures studies. This is done in several stages; first, a brief introduction to the Islamic futures studies movement and its nature is given, Then its methodology is explained and the issue of experience and rationality as two common methods in Islamic futures studies and common futures studies is discussed; Finally, several methods based on the framework of Islamic thought are introduced. In terms of data and their analysis, this article is a qualitative research that was organized based on the description and analysis of information taken from Islamic futures studies and was organized based on the following steps; Inspired by the "normative-cognitive framework", the comprehensive analysis of the methodology of Islamic futures studies requires the establishment of a cognitive-normative framework based on Islamic concepts. This framework is a set of general metaphysical principles, specific principles related to knowledge, processes, and as a result, methods and means of realization according to this consistent paradigm, which can be a basis for theorizing, method, methodology, and methods of action. According to Sorel's point of view, this framework has four elements, the connection and combination of which creates the textual paradigm. The elements of Sorel's cognitive-normative frames (2000: 497) The most important characteristics of the methodology of Islamic futures studies are:- Based on the principles of Islamic epistemology and Elements of Muslim Scientology; - Validity of revelatory, rational, and experimental methods and non-exclusivity in experience; - Suitability of the method to the appropriate subjects; - Compatibility with intentions, goals, and norms of religious life. The common methodological principle of future studies is the combined validity of revelation, rational, and experimental methods and it is divided into two categories "text-oriented" and "non-text-oriented" methods. The methodology of receiving from the text (text-oriented) is the technique of collecting information from Islamic texts and the method of analyzing and classifying them, which is related to a topic or issue from the topics and issues of human sciences. The goal is to discover the opinions and viewpoints of Islamic texts about that subject or issue. The two methods of exegeses (tafsir) and pondering over the meaning of the verses of the Qur'an "Tadabbur" are the most important methods of this type of methodology. Non-text-oriented methodology seeks to identify the nature, causes, and factors of events, phenomena, and human actions and discover the relationships and correlations between them. This methodology emphasizes the centrality of reason. In the realm of epistemology, reason is used both as a source of knowledge and as a tool for obtaining knowledge, which itself appears in the form of various types of descriptive, explanatory, argumentative, and interpretive methods. The comparison of rational teachings with religious teachings must have a disciplined framework; Maqasid-e-Shari'at (Objectives of Islamic Laws) and understanding "principles of religion" based on the evaluation system are the most important foundations of this framework. Therefore, rational methods are not negated in Islamic future studies, and various types of interpretive, descriptive, argumentative, elite, statistical, and observational methods are taken into consideration in Islamic future studies. But rationality is explained in the framework of the realm of religion and paying attention to its presence.

Methodology is one of the important topics in the philosophy of science that helps researchers by showing a systematic process to reach the answer to their research question. It guides them on "how to reach the answer to the problem" and prevents them from wasting effort and deviation from the research path. The methodology also studies and examines other sciences from a methodological perspective and plays a significant role in understanding other sciences systematically, diagnosing their current situation, and guiding their future dir.This field of knowledge has several components and steps, and understanding them accurately helps to better comprehend this area. We believe that methodology is a process-oriented and structured knowledge consisting of two realms: "Research Fundamentals" and "Research design". The realm of research fundamentals itself has two stages: philosophical foundations and theoretical framework (paradigm), while the realm of research design includes intertwined stages of research strategy, method, approach, attitude, and technique.This article, using a second-degree and philosophical view of the methodology process and employing a combined strategy and documentary, logical analysis, hermeneutical, and deductive methods, sought to answer the question of what research design and research strategy are.On this basis, it examines the concepts of research design and research strategy. Researchers in the field of methodology have provided various definitions for research design and research strategy. However, this research does not accept competing views and has arrived at a new definition and an innovative depiction of the geometry of research design. It also provides a new definition of research strategy and considers types of research strategies to include descriptive, explanatory, analytical, argumentative, interpretive, critical, and combined strategies, offering new definitions for them.When researchers face a research problem, to manage the research and make it operational, they should design a map and specify the research process. Research design is the process of planning and drawing a systematic map and pattern that consists of various components and steps. These components include strategy, method, approach, attitude, and technique, which are formed based on the researcher's philosophical foundations and chosen paradigm. The main purpose of research design is to specify the researcher's path from problem formulation to reaching the solution.Research strategy is the first step in research design, and choosing an appropriate research strategy is the foundation of any research design. This is because the research strategy has a significant effect on all subsequent decisions that must be made during research planning and design. The research strategy is the logic and spirit governing the research and guiding it. Research strategy, as the most important part of research design, determines how the researcher examines a phenomenon or idea. The research strategy tells the researcher how they want to examine and analyze a phenomenon or idea when encountering it, in order to solve the research problem through this examination.Research strategies can be divided into two parts: simple and combined. Simple research strategies include descriptive strategy, explanatory strategy, analytical strategy, argumentative strategy, interpretive strategy, and critical strategy. Combined strategies are the result of combining two or more simple strategies.There are different types of research strategies, each with its specific application and characteristics:Descriptive strategy: This strategy specifies how to obtain the answer to questions about the characteristics, limits, effects, and signs of a phenomenon and its relation to other phenomena. If the phenomenon under study is a text, the researcher seeks to introduce the explicit denotative and connotative meanings of the text.Explanatory strategy: This strategy is the way of searching and exploring to find the cause of a phenomenon or idea in light of general laws. The explanatory strategy seeks to answer the why of phenomena or ideas.Analytical strategy: In this strategy, the researcher breaks down and decomposes the phenomenon or idea into atomic parts and analyzes its structure, content, foundations, and implications. This process causes various states, branches, and possibilities to be raised so that the researcher can get closer to the answer to the problem after examining each of them and finally obtaining the answer.Argumentative strategy: This strategy helps the researcher to seek to prove and justify their claim by asking questions such as "why is the phenomenon or idea like this?" or "why has this phenomenon occurred?"Interpretive strategy: In this strategy, the researcher is faced with a set of meaningful elements and tries to uncover the meaningful connections between them and interpret the phenomenon. Using the interpretive strategy, the researcher seeks to convey the intention of the text and approaches the meaning that the text indicates.Critical strategy: When the researcher encounters an existing description, explanation, interpretation, analysis, or argument about a phenomenon or idea and sees it as flawed and disorganized, they use this strategy to diagnose, critique, and refute that claim.Combined strategy: This strategy is the result of combining two or more simple strategies. When the researcher needs more than one strategy to examine and analyze different layers or aspects of the phenomenon under study, they use a combined strategy.The findings of this research showed that a correct understanding of the concepts of research design and research strategies plays an important role in correctly guiding the research process and achieving valid and reliable results. Choosing an appropriate research strategy considering the nature of the research problem, research objectives, and the field of study can have a significant impact on the quality and validity of research results. Also, this study emphasizes the importance of flexibility in selecting and using research strategies. Finally, this research emphasized the necessity of paying attention to philosophical and paradigmatic foundations in selecting and designing research strategies. This study can serve as a guide for researchers in various scientific fields and assist them in selecting and designing appropriate strategies for their research. Moreover, this research can pave the way for further studies in the field of research methodology and the examination of practical applications of different strategies in various specialized fields.

After researchers are informed about the epistemological sources of the subject they are studying, they require an appropriate methodology to organize their intellectual structure or to engage with opposing viewpoints. The science of methodology can provide clarity on the criteria and standards of any field for its audience. To choose the correct and effective method, it is necessary to first examine various methodologies to gain a comprehensive understanding of them. This paper, using an analytical-theoretical approach, examines the methodology employed by Imami scholars in validating narrations and the critical analysis of the occasion of revelation (Shan-e-Nuzul) of the Verse of Wilayah. In this process, Imami scholars, in addition to proving the authenticity of the narrations, have utilized dialectical methods, such as making the narrations “mutawatir” (widely transmitted) based on the views of some prominent Sunni scholars, to refute opponents. The results of this analysis show that Imami scholars have extensively used both textual and scholarly tools to prove the authenticity of the narrations and critique opposing narrations.

Critical realism offers a robust philosophical framework for understanding complex organizational phenomena. However, its abstract nature and lack of a practical methodology have limited its application in empirical research. This article introduces an innovative four-Phase, 15-step methodology grounded in critical realist principles, such as stratified ontology, abductive and retroductive reasoning, and causal mechanisms. The methodology begins with problem identification and question formulation, followed by conceptual framework development and research design selection. Data collection and analysis are guided by abductive and retroductive reasoning, enabling researchers to hypothesize about underlying mechanisms. Findings are contextualized within historical, cultural, and institutional settings, and theoretical and empirical pluralism ensures robust validation. Methodological reflexivity ensures awareness of biases. This methodology provides a clear, practical pathway for applying critical realism in organization and management studies, enabling researchers to uncover mechanisms shaping organizational behavior and design effective interventions.

One of the challenges encountered by researchers in comparative law studies is the lack of consensus regarding the selection of a specific methodology for conducting these studies. On one hand, “comparative law” and especially “its methodology” is a relatively young and evolving field that has faced numerous criticisms and evolutions in recent decades. On the other hand, it is essential to separate a comparative study from the historical, social, and cultural context of the countries under study, as these factors cannot be separated from a comparative analysis. This complexity has made it difficult to identify an appropriate method for conducting comparative studies due to their multifaceted nature. In this study, we first explain the fundamental concepts related to the methodology of comparative law, the historical context and the development of Iranian civil procedure. Given the nascent nature of the subject of “comparative law methodology” in particular and the recent emergence of “comparative law” as an independent field of legal studies more broadly, the Iranian civil procedure system, despite the commendable efforts of scholars, has not sufficiently from comparative law studies, particularly in the area of the legislative framework of civil procedure law.

The growing interest in governance in society requires understanding and improving the methods of acquiring knowledge in the governance discipline. This research was organized to examine the methodology of Ph.D. dissertations on the subject of governance. In terms of purpose, this research is applied, and in terms of the nature of data and method of analysis, it is among qualitative research. In this research, research data has been collected and analyzed using meta-synthesis (Sandolski and Barroso's seven-step method). In this research, the registration unit is dissertations  and the unit of analysis is the clause. 425 dissertations  were selected as the statistical population from valid databases and were selected by targeted sampling method, screening and 40 documents (as research samples) for analysis. MAXQDA 2020 software was used to analyze the content of the documents. Based on the results, the methodology used in many research is the qualitative method. Most of these researches have been applied, they have used the library method and interviews to collect data and to select the statistical population, experts have been used, and they have used a targeted non-random method to select the statistical sample. The examined treatises mainly used the thematic analysis method as a research strategy and re-interview method for validation. According to this research, it is recommended to conduct research in non-economic areas focused on the real issues of governance in the country, to pay attention to the country's native context in governance studies and methodology, and to include governance research in research budgets.

Metaphysics has a long-standing history in philosophy. Although it does not date back as far as philosophy itself, it has always been a fundamental part of philosophical systems and is regarded as "first philosophy", the highest domain of rational knowledge. At times, metaphysics has been considered synonymous with philosophy, addressing fundamental questions about the essence and reality of things, or pure being. However, as intellectual developments have progressed, metaphysics has faced serious criticism and even outright rejection. Immanuel Kant and Rudolf Carnap, two prominent philosophers from distinct philosophical traditions, adopted critical stances toward metaphysics, resulting in profound transformations within this field. Kant, through his Copernican Revolution and his distinction between analytic/synthetic propositions and a priori/a posteriori concepts, examined the conditions under which metaphysics could be considered possible. In contrast, Carnap, a leading figure of the Vienna Circle, developed theories on analytic/synthetic judgments and their relationship to experience, establishing an epistemological framework that dismissed metaphysical propositions as meaningless. This article seeks to address the following questions: Which aspects of Kant’s philosophy revitalized philosophical thought and influenced Carnap and the logical positivism of the Vienna Circle? How did Kant critique and redefine metaphysics? How did Kant’s rationalist philosophy shape the empiricism of the logical positivists? A comparison of these two philosophers’ perspectives reveals that Carnap drew significant inspiration from Kant’s philosophy. Nevertheless, a fundamental difference exists between them: Kant sought to liberate metaphysics from its traditional framework and redefine it in a scientific and rigorous manner. In contrast, Carnap, emphasizing empiricism and dismissing metaphysics as futile, aimed to abolish it entirely and pave the way for the scientific advancement of human knowledge.

The current research aims to investigate the "methodology of architectural planning in Iranian Islamic culture". Because in a sense, architecture can be considered as "wisdom"; Because it is realized both in the context of "knowledge" and it requires "planning"; Architecture is the emergence of a worldview that is considered a product of the culture of human societies and at the same time it is also a "transmitter of culture". The main question of the current research is that, in what way has Islamic school of thought, worldview and value system devised the matter of architecture in Iranian culture in two fields of opinion and practice? In response, Islamic culture has determined criteria for the wisdom of matters related to human life, which, as a rule, architecture cannot be independent of those criteria; On the one hand, the transcendence of wisdom is considered to be its connection to the world of affairs and the receipt of God's grace and mercy, and on the other hand, they are involved with their rival currents and propose a special planning system. The compatibility of reason and revelation is one of the characteristics of Islamic practical wisdom in planning. It is considered an architectural matter. A strategic system that does not conflict with human rational achievements due to its connection to the epistemic system of revelation. In particular, in Iran, due to its Shiite background and the field of interaction between narration, reason and intuition, which Muslim sages have constantly theorized and extended wisdom in different dimensions of human life and lived with it, it has a significant capacity to find measures. Wisely, human life has placed before the governance system of Islamic society. In this research, we will discuss the practical wisdom of architectural planning in Iranian Islamic culture

Studying the lifeworld of victims and followers of deviant movements and sects requires a structured methodology and principles to assist therapists in the pre-treatment phase. The "lifeworld" refers to the mental frameworks and awareness formed in response to events and temporal circumstances, which create the contexts and foundations that govern an individual's subsequent behaviors. To gain sufficient insight into the causes and contexts of ideological deviation or illness, the therapist must first study the patient's lifeworld, akin to conducting tests or imaging in medical sciences. In this process, various dimensions of the lifeworld are examined in detail: the world of therapy, the world of the patient, the world of conflicts, the world of commonalities, and "the other world" as the sectarian lifeworld. The "other world," considered the fifth world, focuses on analyzing the type of illness after understanding its causes and context. These steps provide the foundation and framework necessary for the therapist to initiate the treatment process. Acknowledging the importance of studying the lifeworld of sectarian victims as a prerequisite for effective therapeutic intervention, this article addresses the central question of how such a study should be conducted. Employing an applied-developmental research approach, it seeks to provide answers to this critical inquiry.

Iraj Afshar is mostly known as an Iranologist, Manuscript expert and bibliographer; However, a large part of his Iranological and manuscript studies activities is also included under historiographical activity. Like every capable, serious and active history researcher and historian, he used his preferred methods in historical research, and along with his other legacy, he influenced many colleagues of the same generation and subsequent generations in terms of methodology. They learned a lot from him; including how to research human history to achieve a better understanding of the past. For this reason, it is very important to know his methods and tendencies in historiography and historical research. In this article, has been tried to achieve a better understanding of these methods and to give an answer to the question of how Iraj Afshar tried to better understand the reality of Iran's past.

Cultural history is one of the types and branches of historical knowledge that was gradually formed and expanded during the 20th century. Cultural history specifically refers to becoming “culture” a subject in history or having a culturalist approach to history. The emergence and evolution of cultural history took place during different stages. Today, the dominant form of this type of historical knowledge is “New Cultural History” (NCH), which emerged during the 1980s and soon became one of the most prosperous research fields in history, but despite having the attribute “new”, this kind of knowledge of history was based on classical contexts and foundations, without being aware of which, knowledge of new cultural history will not be possible; With this description, in this article, without entering into the controversies related to the description and explanation of the concept of new cultural history, we are looking for an answer to the main question, which are the most important fields and classical foundations of new cultural history? Based on the findings of the research, the classical foundations of modern cultural history can be identified both from the epistemological and methodological aspects; from the aspect of epistemology, the new cultural history is based on the basic distinction that was established in the 19th century between natural sciences and the spiritual / cultural sciences. From the methodological point of view, the new cultural history is based on interpretative-hermeneutic methods that were theorized by cultural science theoreticians from the end of the 18th century and throughout 19th century. Also, great cultural historians in the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century, such as Burckhardt, Huizinga, Weber and others, wrote classic works in cultural history, which all provided a historical background for the emergence of new cultural history.

The present research evaluates the claim of "experientiality of revelation" by Mr. Soroush in the book " Basti Tajribiyi Nabavi" from a methodological point of view, using a descriptive, critical and analytical method and based on library findings. Among the axes of criticism and review of a theory is the discovery of the method of design and proof of the theory and its comparison with the scientific method appropriate to the origin of the research problem. Investigations show that Soroush did not use the appropriate scientific method to prove the "experimentality of revelation". Argument in this regard should be a rational finding or a narrative statement and it should be derived from the source of internal or external evidence, but he, by using pubilikly accepted or quasi-accepted, used polemic and address method with the aim of persuading the audience and in this direction, has used fallacies such as "false interpretation", "exaggeration", "blocking the path of reasoning", "irrelevant reason".