جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « روش شناسی » در نشریات گروه « علوم انسانی »

From the Naserite era until now, the body has always been the issue of disputes, conflicts and competition between social groups, political parties and different discourses in Iran. Despite this, studies of the body, in general, the relationship between the political system and the body in Iran, in particular, is a new domain that has not received serious attention from academic circles in the country. The present article is a systematic review of the researches accomplished in this field over the last two decades. Such a study, in addition to providing an analysis of approaches, methods, issues, and findings of these studies, and reviewing the weaknesses and strengths of the existing research, can identify the neglected fields in this domain and lead to a deeper understanding of the issue of the body as a social and political construct in the contemporary Iranian society. As such, relying on the analysis of the content and themes of the available sources, we are looking for a systematic analysis of the problematic, study tradition and methodology of these studies. The findings show that the most basic problem of these researchers is to study the role and place of the body in the process of nation building and modernity in Iran, or the body as a factor of conflict between power (political sovereignty) and Iranian social groups and activists. Also, the tradition of sociology with two theoretical approaches, post-structuralist and structuralist, can be considered as the dominant approach in the studies of politics and the body in Iranian social sciences during the last two decades..

The subject of this research is to examine and critique Ibn Taymiyyah's view on the proof of beliefs based on reason. This has been done by identifying his perspective on rational methods in his written works, and this research, using a descriptive-analytical method, seeks to answer the question of how Ibn Taymiyyah's view on the methods of proving rational beliefs was and what criticisms are made of it.He opposes restricting rational reasoning to analogy, similitude, and induction, and has only briefly defined the inductive method, but has discussed the method of analogy and similitude in detail, and denies the function of logical analogy or universal analogy, as he calls it, and on the contrary, accepts the authority of similitude and analogy of the absent to the witnessed, and attempts to make most experts accept the authority of similitude.In the critique, what he calls the method of rational reasoning other than analogy, similitude, and induction, in fact, goes back to one of these three methods, and the denial of the function of analogy is also not valid. Similitude, although it is one of the methods of rational proof, is not a definite proof.

Uncertain beliefs and thoughts in the atmosphere of Mahdism, which is full of social relations with the category of Mahdism, need to be assessed and can be investigated in two formats: matching with reality and explaining the facts. Uncertain beliefs or concepts in Mahdism have the ability to be studied in three basic axes These are: 1- Conformity of the image with reality and truth 2- Possibility of induction of truth in history 3- Consequence measurement and impressions. The study of these three axes requires a distinctive method to distinguish the conceptuality of the subject from the certainty of the doctrine. This method is carried out in six stages, which include: 1- Ideation 2- Gathering sources 3- Evaluation of sources 4- Evaluation of text 5- Content analysis 6- Consequence measurement and the sum of the six stages is the answer to how to study. The history of images are placed in Mahdavitism. Using the method of studying the history of concepts, all propositions of a concept in Mahdism are studied in order to discover the origin of the concept, its impact from social conditions and forces, and its threatening consequences.

Limiting the origin of thinking and research to the positions of creating questions and in other words, being problem-oriented in research is not always a solution. This problem is related to research in dealing with religious texts, especially in cases where the reader feels more comfortable understanding the meaning of the text, it can be harmful. Therefore, considering that religious texts are the main origin of religious knowledge and teachings, the relation between these teachings and texts needs more careful analysis. Regardless of the acceptability of a certain knowledge and teaching, documenting it with a specific religious text requires more precision. In the field of interpretation of the text and especially the interpretation of the Holy Qur'an, the self-evident meaning of the text, and in its obvious aspect, the Persianization of the meaning of the text, is a serious harm in this regard. Although many themes are not unacceptable, their attribution and reference to religious texts cannot be defended. In general, not paying attention to the difference in literature between the time of reading the text and the time of issuing the text causes self-evident damage in the translation of the text. Meanwhile, one should avoid extending the current concept of a historical term to the past. Finally, the achievement of this research will be that when facing a religious text, it is necessary to test the text in terms of its influence on the ideas of the reader of the text.

This article addresses the main question that by using the service provider-served model in interdisciplinary studies, how can we talk about common areas and achievements between discourse studies (service provider) and Fiqh (served) knowledge.Based on this, discourse studies can be effective in the methodological development of the principles of jurisprudence, including in understanding the process of creating knowledge in the logic of understanding religion and the semantic development of the subject of denotation. Discourse studies will enable the development of social jurisprudence by focusing on the recognition of social changes, the development of the knowledge of customs and the development of thematics.This article has discussed the most important achievements of discourse studies in governmental jurisprudence by stating discourse creation in the theory of Guardianship of the  Fiqh (Islamic Jurist).

Based on Tabatabai’s theory and the method of logical analysis, the present research has dealt with the methodology of defining conventional concepts and presented fifteen methodological rules. The method of defining these concepts is the method of conceptual analysis, and some of the presented rules are dedicated to the basics of definition, some to its types, and some to methods for discovering the conceptual components of conventional concepts. According to these methods, it is possible to discover the components of these concepts and use these components in the definition using the method of conceptual analysis. Of course, it should be noted that the most important component of a conventional concept is its purpose, which must be used in any definition. The use of other components in the definition may vary according to each concept.

Strategic planners emphasize cultural diversity in regional planning, but it's not adequately addressed in important documents like the "National Land Use Document." To safeguard against potential repercussions such as heightened cultural inequality and the resulting erosion of the distinctive Iranian identity, some documents are being assembled in conjunction with the aforementioned document. The following article is taken from research that was carried out to compile the mentioned document and to conceptualize and recognize the cultural regions of Iran. The purpose of this article is to prepare the conceptual foundations and achieve a methodological framework to recognize the cultural regions of Iran and to get the answer to the question of what indices can be used to define and distinguish the cultural regions of Iran and to represent and preserve their integrity in the form of a national cultural region. To do this, library and comparative study methods were used, along with the opinions of several scientific and business experts. According to this paper’s findings, the definition of a cultural region was made by combining the three concepts of "formal culture regions," "combined formal cultural regions," and "native or vernacular cultural regions," or perceptual. Based on this research, the framework of a method for cultural regionalization is efficient if the material and non-material aspects of culture are taken into consideration at the same time and two simultaneous approaches are adopted. The cultural regionalization of Iran based on the focus of regions from the perspective of four indices of history, science, religion, and ethnicity is a practical method that has all the above features.

The purpose of this article is to understand the basics of strategic decision-making methodology based on the methodological implications of the Holy Quran and with the example of Surah Anfal.

This article is based on the combined mechanism of two methods of denotation research as well as the logic of denotation in the literature of fundamental science. In this regard,, theme analysis and content analysis were used in Atlas for data analysis. ti software, and some implications based on the fundamentals of strategic decision-making methodology were understood and explained.

The result of this methodical process was the extraction of 120 primary codes,16 basic themes 120 primary codes,16 basic themes, and four organizing themes, which were formed under the Qur'an-based strategic decision-making methodology.

Finally, the methodological implications of strategic decision-making are organized under the four general headings of strategic decision-making methodology system, effective components in the processing of strategic decision-making methods, location of evidence for strategic decision-making processing, quality and goodness of explanation.

In connection with the ontology of Martyr Soleimani's strategies in the Islamic world, different views are presented. On the one hand, the supporters of the Neo-conservative system believe: Martyr Soleimani's strategies are due to Iran's expansionism to penetrate the Islamic world. The other side of this bipolarity, which is being published by native thinkers in the Islamic world, is based on the principle that the strategies of Martyr Soleimani are not for influence; Rather, it is for the unity of the Islamic world against the Neo-conservatism system (problem); (Study Plan). This article follows the descriptive-analytical method (Method). The Oppression Front (the system of domination) has tried to reverse this Islamic-Iranian method and the most important tool to achieve this goal is to draw the attention of the Islamic world to the ontological issues of Shahid Soleimani's strategies (providing a distorted interpretation of the strategies). Therefore, the most important thing for indigenous thinkers is to make the syntax of these strategies more visible (Findings).

In the field of historiography of Lorestan in the second Pahlavi era, no research has been done to determine the subject areas and methodology. The purpose of this research is to study and analyze the remaining works about the history of Lorestan during the Pahlavi period (1357-1320) and to criticize the common writing styles of that time in terms of method and content. The general feature of existing historiography is the investigation of personalities, institutions and organizations, which mostly covers political history and less deals with social, economic, cultural and artistic history. Therefore, the scientific criticism and evaluation of these works is important for the purpose of the desired scientific productions and the promotion of researches in the field of local history of Lorestan. The findings indicate that three main types of historiography can be identified: character-oriented historiography or monograph, official historiography with the content of works and compositions (books), and oral historiography. In these works, people of Lorestan’s social history, including the petitions of the people to the members of parliament, which are a good source in this regard, have been neglected. Another problem in the field of historiography of this period is the dispersion of data and information sources. The lack of an independent document database specific to the province has made difficult to access to sufficient data for scientific productions.

Introduction :

Urban planning rules and regulations are compiled by various institutions. The Islamic Council, the Board of Ministers of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Development, the Supreme Council of Architecture and Urban Development, and the Islamic Councils of the cities as bodies for drafting laws and regulations and municipalities and subordinate organizations, subordinate organizations of the Ministry of Housing, the Ministry of Roads and subordinate bodies of the Ministry of Energy, subordinate bodies as They are the enforcers of these laws. On an objective scale, the result of not following the legal foundations, especially the general principles and requirements of legislation in the policies of the executive system (urban development sector) and, conversely, planning and ignoring the position of the principles, goals and the nature of the issue of urban development in the legal system, both legislative and judicial, in a confused form. The physical-spatial system of the residential system the failure to fulfill the goals of urban development plans and the collision of the judicial procedure are evident. By examining and evaluating the country’s urban planning and architecture policy in a temporal, spatial, and thematic process, the complications of evidence and documentation emerged to show that the document of urban planning and architecture regulations of urban development plans is one of the most important components of these plans from a legal point of view. Compared to other parts The plan has more legal value and is more binding. Part of this weakness is due to the existence of objections or undeniable issues, for which the appropriate and comprehensive term is the title “inefficiency of the legal system of urban planning”, which results in lawlessness and a low tendency to legalize injustice. According to the above, this question is raised: To what extent has the position of the right to the city been observed in the resolutions of the Supreme Council of Urban Planning and Architecture of Iran in the methodology of urban development plans in Iran? 

The current research method is applied research in terms of the purpose of the research. After the completion of the studies, its results will be useful in the way of urban planning and how to study, review, and prepare urban plans. The type of reasoning used in this research is based on the inductive-deductive method. This type of reasoning is the most scientific method. In this way, nowadays the most important aspects of deductive and inductive methods are combined and used in the scientific method. In this regard, the framework and direction of the research were determined by referring to general issues and information, and by that, the research problem, the main goal, the main question, and the tools and methods of conducting the research were determined and explained. In the following, by using inductive reasoning and the frameworks determined in the research plan, the required information was prepared and presented in appropriate categories. In this regard, the way to obtain applicable information is to use the existing and proposed information of the approved urban development plans in successive stages, which has been discussed. Other information has been collected and prepared from the review of available sources and the researcher’s direct investigations in this regard. Finally, with analogical reasoning and using the collected information, the studies have been summarized by relying on reason and general propositions, the result of which is the presentation of the causes and roots of problems in the methodology of urban development plans in Iran, in the preparation of urban development plans and solutions from the perspective of the right to the city has been stated in the policymaking of the Supreme Council of Urban Planning and Architecture of Iran. 

The results of the research showed that in total and among all the studied sources, the highest percentage of frequency and thematic emphasis is on the axes of criticism of the approach (31%), criticism of the process (27%), feasibility (14%) and criticism of the tools and methods of projects. Urban development (10%) has been achieved, which shows the main emphasis of professors and professionals in this field on these areas. A significant part of the factors affecting the non-fulfillment of urban development plans is related to the other three areas of incorrect approaches and processes and inappropriate tools and methods. This is why the main orientation of this research is based on the threefold improvement of the approach, process, and tools of urban development plans using the knowledge of future studies. With these explanations, in the following, the separation in each of these three areas, the meta-analysis of the status of the components of each category, and the most important results are extracted. In the meta-analysis of the critique of the “approach” of urban development plans, the most important factors that will be listed are classified in the form of five categories: Lack of optimal efficiency . Lack of comprehensiveness . Cognitive limitation and information limitation  Failure to correctly predict the future ..Structural and content problems. 

 One of the important measures to modify the service description is the preparation of plans, which is followed by the general description of the proposed services in this article along with their production documents. In this type of research, inductive and comparative methods are combined. The way of applying this paradigm in different parts of the research was to study the concepts and types of plans, the evaluation of the success rate of the plans in Iran, the convergences and divergences in the urban development plans, and the like in the framework of the inductive method and other words in the objective world. It was done and finding the root causes of problems in the methodology of plans and summarizing, comparative comparison, and presentation of new planning theory and methods was done through analogical method and in the mental world. The current research benefited from the positivist paradigm on the one hand and from the new positivist and phenomenological paradigms on the other hand. By doing this research, in addition to obtaining the necessary maps for the optimal implementation of urban development plans, it also provides the conditions for monitoring the quality of the implementation and provides a basis for a better understanding of the useful results of the plan. This research allows the employer or the users of the results of this research to develop criteria for evaluating the accuracy, validity, and reliability of urban development projects in Iran from the legal perspective of the right to the city.

Undoubtedly, in every science problems are investigated based on a special method. The method is one of the most important elements of any research and the results of research depend on the method used in it. From a methodological point of view, we can find the strengths and weaknesses of any research. The present research tries to evaluate the common jurisprudential-legal methods in examining legal essences in the field of transactions by analytical-descriptive method. Also, while stating the advantages and disadvantages of the current methods, the element counting method of Professor Jafari Langroudi is explained. Relying on custom and originality of action, criticizing formal logic and methods based on the description of words, as well as avoiding the use of controversial titles such as condition, element and cause, he introduces his own method of reasoning. It seems that the theory of elementology can be helpful in determining the nature of some contracts and distinguishing them from other types of contracts.

The field of international relations in the field of theorizing includes a wide range of theories. From the traditional range of theories of international relations to the late theories and reflectionism, which has been a reaction to the traditional and ruling theories in international relations. One of the most important developments in the field of international relations theories is the emergence of meta-theoretical issues in this field. meta-theoretical debates in international relations have been raised since the end of the 20th century, especially in the last international relations debates, which was the debate between rationalists and reflective theories, and this debate is more philosophical in nature, and the field of philosophy of science has been used to examine and evaluate other theories. meta-theory actually examines, analyzes and describes the theory. In other words, meta-theory deals with the ontological, epistemological and methodological dimensions of a theory. One of the recent and reflective theories in the field of international relations is the theory of feminism. Most of the proponents of this theory are inspired by poststructuralism. Feminists also question the dimensions of ontology, epistemology and methodology of traditional theories of international relations, especially realism, and consider them insufficient to analyze the realities of today's world. The purpose of this research is to investigate and familiarize with the ontological, epistemological and methodological dimensions of the theory of feminism and to what extent these dimensions can give us a more accurate and better understanding in the field of international relations and world politics issues.

The Intention of the Lawmaker (Midhāq-i Shāriʿ) is one of the recurring proofs in jurisprudence (fiqh) in order to obtain religious verdicts. However, jurisprudential and ʾUṣūlī books have not dedicated independent chapters for the refining of this subject. The present study aims at achieving a clear definition of the term and the method of detecting it the field of Ijtihād and jurisprudence. The study concludes that the Intention of the Lawmaker (Midhāq-i Shāriʿ)  includes the following: the resultant of the understanding of the jurist from a network of propositions indicating the epistemological system of religion, the characteristics of the lawyer, humanity, and society, the purposes of Sharīʿa, the collection  of legal verses (Āyāt al-Sharīʿa), the collection of jurisprudential principles, the priorities of the lawyer and his preferences, similarities and analogies in rulings with Shīʿa interpretation, the collection of definitive rulings in determining the boundaries of Wājib (obligatory) and Ḥarām (prohibited) acts, the collection of definitive verdicts in determining the lawyer’s desirable actions concerning Mustaḥabāt (recommended acts) and Makrūhāt (discouraged acts), and practical principles (ʾUṣūl). The present article outlines fifteen steps in understanding the aforementioned issues. These have been applied in a case study of the Intention of the Lawmaker (Midhāq-i Shāriʿ) in the matter of a husband revoking his gift from his wife.

Harari's thought, like any other thought, originates from a series of methodological and epistemological principles. Considering the direct impact of the methodical and epistemological approach of every thinker on how to achieve the results, it is necessary to investigate them with analytical-critical method. In this article, it is shown that Harari belongs to "extreme empiricism" and uses "incomplete induction" to reach his general claims. This is despite the fact that considering the way to reach reality in the experimental method is a self-defeating claim and logically incomplete induction does not have the necessary efficiency to reach general results. Also, in terms of method, Harari is trying to present a coherent story of human history by "making claims without reasons" in many cases. Nevertheless, putting them together in some cases has led to "internal inconsistencies" and shows a "superficiality" and lack of scientific obsession in his works. Examining the methodology and epistemology of Harari's works leads us to the fact that he was unable to adopt the correct epistemological principles and for this reason, significant problems and shortcomings have infiltrated his thought.

Muhammad Baqir bin Muhammad Taqi - known as Allameh Majlisi - was a jurist, hadith, and one of the great theologians of Isfahan School in the 11th century of Hijri, who has opinions and works in various intellectual and narrative sciences. Theology is one of the sciences in which Allameh Majlesi has specialized and has researched and authored its issues according to the needs of his age, and has created numerous works on this knowledge and presented it to the society of his age. The findings of this research indicate that Allameh Majlisi is among the theologians who have a rational-narrative approach. He paid attention to other sciences such as logic, philosophy, epistemology, Quran and hadith, history, interpretation and principles of jurisprudence and used them in his theological debates. Among the other prominent features of Allameh Majlesi's theological method is quoting the opinions and viewpoints of other theological sects - especially Ash'ari and Mu'tazila - as well as quoting the opinions of philosophers, theologians, commentators and historians.

The central paradigm is a theoretical framework for research in natural and human sciences. In this methodological approach, the place of epistemology and to some extent ontology in the research process is discussed, but anthropology is not independently considered by methodologists. The purpose of this research is to introduce and evaluate the paradigm-oriented approach in research methodology and outline the position of anthropology in methodology. The research method is descriptive-analytical. The findings indicate that since the research methodology is based on epistemology, and according to Allameh Javadi Amoli's opinion, epistemology is related to anthropology, it is necessary to independently consider humans in the methodology. Science should be paid. Anthropological attention puts important capacities in front of scientific knowledge, and the attitude about the nature of science, the method of knowledge and construction of theory is brought more clearly.

Metaphorization is one of the common strategies in understanding and theorizing phenomena, and despite the widespread use of this method, little research has been done on its methodology. This issue, along with the creative and complex nature of metaphor, has led some to believe that it is not possible to provide a methodical framework for Metaphorization. By analyzing the research done in the field of metaphor and metaphor research, this article tries to provide a methodical and step-by-step framework for conducting metaphor research in the field of organization and management. Based on this, in this article, first by reviewing metaphorical researches, the depth, scope and types of metaphorical research methods are explained, and then, while analyzing the place of metaphoricalization in the process of scientific theorizing, the methodology of metaphoricalization in the field of organization and management in the form of the conventional process of stating the problem and the rationale of the research , the method of setting the research question or questions, data collection, the method of data interpretation and the conclusion will be presented.

Examining the principles and rules of interpretation and the methodology of interpreters' interpretations is one of the approaches that has attracted the attention of Qur’an scholars. However, the methodology of the first interpreters of the Holy Qur’an has been less considered by Qur’an scholars. Since the narratives of the first interpreters of the Holy Qur’an are the foundation of the narrative interpretations of the Holy Qur’an, accuracy in the methodology of their narratives is a necessary. Tafsir Ibn Kathir Dameshghi is one of the great interpretations of the Sunnis which contains many narratives of the companions of the Holy Prophet. According to a rough study on Ibn Mas'ud's name in this interpretation, his name is repeated nearly 1600 times, and almost half of this repetition is dedicated to his interpretation narratives. Analyzing the interpretation narratives of this great companion of the Holy Prophet, as the founder of the Kufa school of interpretation, in the interpretation of Ibn Kathir, can show method and approach of Ibn Mas'ud in interpretation. Considering and analyzing Ibn Mas'ud's narratives in a descriptive-analytical method shows that the method of this interpreter is a comprehensive interpretation method that includes many aspects of the methods. He is like a lexical interpreter with a literary approach, a famous jurist with a jurisprudential approach, a historian familiar with history and its events, a scholar familiar with Quranic sciences as the later type of scientific method of interpreting the Holy Qur’an, a rationalist interpreter with a rational approach, and finally as an interpreter from the Ahl al-Bayt school, familiar with the general spirit of the verses of the Holy Qur'an, deals with the interpretation of the verses of the Qur'an in the shadow of other verses and interpretation narratives received from the Holy Prophet

"Scientific criticism" is the analysis and evaluation of the merits and shortcomings of a scientific work, and based on this, in the upcoming article, we will discuss the scientific criticism of the "judgmental model of Islamic social sciences" and the evaluation of its merits and shortcomings. Things like: attention to theorizing, attention to the issue of religious science, multiplication in the Sadra'i philosophical tradition and ijtihad tradition, attention to methodological aspects, attention to theorizing and updating the model are mentioned under the strengths and also the weaknesses to two The categories of structural and content weaknesses are divided such as: lack of comprehensive definition and demarcation of concepts, lack of systematization of model ratio with classification of sciences, structural jumps, the way social sciences are perceived, conceptual confusion, criteria of epistemological theory, and methodological issues. In this research, we used the analytical-critical method and finally it was emphasized that methodical (methodological) criticisms are always ahead of content criticisms because they talk about how the scientific structure of a research is formed and until a methodical framework is set, there is no way It will not be open to the entry of a scientific thought, point of view, or theory.