شهر تبریز

Due to climate changes and increasing energy consumption in the world, the need to change approaches regarding energy consumption and increasing productivity is felt more and more day by day. One of the proposed solutions in recent years is the use of green roofs, which have positive effects on energy consumption in buildings by reducing heat transfer, shading and pollutant control. The performance of green roofs is influenced by various factors, one of which is the type of vegetation. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of types of vegetation used in green roofs on the energy consumption of buildings in cold climates.

Method and Material: 

This research is a descriptive-analytical study, which, after choosing a one-story residential building in Tabriz city, three types of vegetation, Vinca, Frankenia, and Sodom, were selected and in the model green roof structure A choice was made. Energy simulations and evaluation of thermal behavior of this building were done using DesigneBuilder 7.0.2.004 software.

The results of this research showed that the use of Vinca, Frankania and Sedum vegetation on the green roof of the building, respectively, reduced energy consumption by 4.2, 3.9 and 3.8% compared to the building with a roof without vegetation. The positive effect of green roofs in building energy optimization has been proven. It seems that the use of green roof particularly Vinca as green cover compared with the other species in an extensive roof garden is a best solution to reduce the energy consumption of buildings.

Green roof in the climate of Tabriz city is a practical and sustainable solution for energy consumption in cold and dry weather and its many advantages can be used in the climate of this city.

Tabriz, as one of Iran’s historical cities, has many traditional neighborhoods whose native architecture and social spaces are well-aligned with the region’s culture and climate. However, in recent decades, rapid urbanization and increased new construction have led to challenges for some of these neighborhoods, including Ahrab neighborhood. Issues such as the destruction of historical fabric, inappropriate land-use changes, and reduced social interactions in public spaces are among the threats to these neighborhoods. Over time, these challenges have resulted in the loss of the neighborhood’s identity and a decline in residents’ quality of life. The use of the TND approach can serve as an effective solution for revitalizing and modernizing traditional neighborhoods like Ahrab. This approach, with a focus on public space design, preserving native architecture, and developing pedestrian-friendly pathways, creates the possibility of establishing sustainable and human-centered spaces. TND not only aids in the revitalization of traditional spaces but can also strengthen social relations and rebuild the cultural identity of historical neighborhoods in Tabriz. The importance of this issue lies in the fact that the Ahrab neighborhood, as part of Tabriz’s cultural and architectural heritage, serves as an example of local social interactions and native architecture. Preserving and revitalizing this neighborhood through the TND approach can enhance cultural identity, increase social interactions, and improve urban environmental quality. Additionally, this approach can serve as a model for other traditional neighborhoods in Tabriz and even in other Iranian cities, leveraging successful traditional patterns for sustainable urban development. Modernizing traditional neighborhoods while preserving native principles not only improves citizens’ quality of life but also prevents the destruction and loss of the historical and cultural identity of these neighborhoods.

In this research, the Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) method was used to identify and analyze the hidden factors influencing the development of traditional neighborhoods with the TND approach. The goal of the research was to explore the relationships between variables and identify factors that contribute to the improvement and modernization of neighborhoods. The statistical population included the residents of the Ahrab neighborhood, with a population of 18,163 people, and the sample size was determined to be 377 individuals based on the Cochran formula. Data collection was done through standardized questionnaires and Likert scales, and stratified random sampling was used. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software, and a correlation matrix was used to identify latent patterns. Then, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied, with criteria such as Kaiser’s criterion and the Scree Plot, to determine the optimal number of factors. For a better interpretation of the factors, Varimax or Oblimin rotations were applied, and factors with factor loadings greater than 0.4 were selected and interpreted as main factors. The validity of the tools was confirmed through content and face validity, and reliability was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. The results of the analysis were presented in tables and charts that display factor loadings for each indicator. The identified factors were named based on the related indices, such as quality of life, cultural identity, and social security. This analysis helped the researcher identify effective patterns for neighborhood development and propose improvements for modernization. This method aids in designing optimal strategies for planning and developing traditional neighborhoods.

In the area of infrastructure quality, the factor preservation of cultural and historical identity with a factor loading of 0.76 and the factor improvement of infrastructure with a loading of 0.70 indicate that focusing on infrastructure development while preserving cultural elements can contribute to the sustainability of this neighborhood. Attention to these indices in modern designs creates an opportunity to strengthen the historical identity of Ahrab. In terms of satisfaction with services, the factors of sustainable development and environmental compatibility and flexibility in design, with factor loadings of 0.70 and 0.65, respectively, show that residents’ satisfaction is dependent on the use of environmentally friendly services and flexible spaces. These findings suggest that in the modernization process, providing efficient services and environmental sustainability should be prioritized. Regarding security, high factor loadings for the indices of development of public spaces (0.72) and pedestrianism and easy access (0.75) highlight the importance of designing safe and accessible public spaces. These features, combined with the TND approach, can increase security and reduce feelings of isolation among residents. For social interactions, the correlation coefficients of the indices of pedestrianism and easy access (0.78) and development of public spaces (0.73) suggest that access to public spaces can enhance social interactions. This indicates that in the modernization of Ahrab, attention to pedestrian pathways and public spaces helps enhance local participation and social interactions. In terms of residents’ welfare, the factors flexibility in design (0.70) and mixed land use (0.69) suggest that designing multifunctional and flexible spaces increases residents’ welfare and satisfaction. The combination of different land uses, such as residential, commercial, and recreational, provides easier access to services and reduces the need for long trips. Overall, the findings show that using the TND approach, with a focus on these five key factors, not only preserves the native identity of the Ahrab neighborhood but also provides the necessary grounds for modernization and improving the quality of life for its residents.

Ahrab’s traditional neighborhood in Tabriz, as one of the most valuable historical fabrics, requires specific planning for modernization while preserving its native identity. In this regard, the Traditional Neighborhood Development (TND) approach, emphasizing the reinforcement of local features, creating social spaces, and meeting the daily needs of residents, can play an effective role in improving the quality of life and ensuring the cultural and social sustainability of this neighborhood. Based on the statistical analysis conducted, key development factors include optimal infrastructure, sustainable services, security, social interactions, and residents’ welfare, which can serve as a solid foundation for sustainable development aligned with the modernization of Ahrab. Overall, the findings suggest that using the TND approach, with a focus on these five key factors, not only preserves the native identity of the Ahrab neighborhood but also provides the necessary grounds for modernization and improving the quality of life for its residents.

Sustainable physical development should be based on a harmonious balance between economic, social, and environmental aspects. Smart urban design, optimal land resource utilization, and equilibrium between urban growth and environmental protection are fundamental principles that must be integrated into every physical planning strategy. By adopting this approach, cities can be developed that meet present needs and create a suitable foundation for future generations. Over the past two decades, Tabriz, one of Iran’s major metropolitan cities, has undergone extensive physical transformations due to population growth, economic development, and urban expansion. These changes have led to land-use conversion, reduced green spaces, and increased residential and industrial areas. The rapid pace of this development, combined with its lack of full alignment with sustainable development principles, has resulted in challenges such as air pollution, increased traffic congestion, and spatial inequalities. Furthermore, Tabriz’s historical and cultural identity, which is known for its rich heritage and valuable historical fabric, has been significantly impacted by these physical transformations. Uncoordinated and scattered urban development has not only led to the destruction of natural resources and the loss of urban identity but has also negatively affected citizens’ quality of life. Therefore, analyzing and evaluating the physical changes in Tabriz from 2000 to 2020 in the context of sustainable development is essential for identifying challenges and opportunities in urban planning. This study is crucial as it can assist urban planners and policymakers in formulating effective strategies for better urban management. Additionally, examining the impacts of physical changes on various environmental, social, and economic dimensions can pave the way for enhancing the quality of life and preserving natural resources. This research, focusing on Tabriz as a major urban center, can also serve as a model for other Iranian metropolises, contributing to the realization of sustainable urban development across the country.

This research aims to investigate and model the urban development of Tabriz through the analysis of physical changes and their environmental, social, and economic consequences. For this purpose, the Land Transformation Model (LTM), which is based on artificial neural networks, has been used together with GIS and ENVI spatial analysis tools. The research data includes Landsat satellite images (2000 and 2020), land use maps, slope, topography, and worn textures, which have been entered into the model after processing in ArcGIS and ENVI software. The modeling process includes data synchronization, conversion to ASCII format, creation and training of the artificial neural network, implementation of learning algorithm, evaluation of changes, and conversion of output to GRID format. The accuracy of the model was examined using criteria such as root mean square error (RMS), percentage of consistency metric (PCM), and kappa coefficient. Based on the results, the optimal model was selected to predict future urban development. This method, by combining spatial and non-spatial data, provides solutions for sustainable and incremental development in the city of Tabriz.

Therefore, based on the findings, the challenges of physical development in line with the physical changes formed in terms of sustainability in the city of Tabriz in the period 2000-2020 have actually been in a form in which horizontal and scattered urban expansion has prevailed. This development model, instead of using internal capacities and optimizing urban space, has led to the occupation of open, agricultural, and natural spaces in the suburbs of the city. This has not only led to increased pressure on natural and ecological resources but has also increased environmental problems and reduced the quality of urban life. According to the principles of sustainable development, the main goal should be to create a city that, while paying attention to the needs of the growing population, does not harm natural resources and can exploit its internal capacities. In this context, the development that takes place in regions 5, 7, and 9 of Tabriz, which still have empty and barren spaces, can contribute to a suitable solution to prevent scattered development. These areas can be developed with an emphasis on high density and efficient use of land rather than sprawling outside the city limits. One of the main principles of sustainable development is the preservation and expansion of urban green spaces, which can help improve air quality, reduce heat island effects, and promote the mental and physical health of citizens. The 0.11% reduction in vegetation cover in Tabriz indicates the urgent need for more careful planning to preserve and develop green spaces. In this regard, the creation of parks, gardens, and public spaces within the city can contribute to sustainable development and the preservation of biodiversity in the city.

The physical changes in Tabriz city over the last two decades show a scattered and indiscriminate urban development pattern that has had significant consequences on natural resources, green spaces, and the urban ecosystem. The findings of this study, in line with previous studies, emphasize the importance of targeted interventions and sustainable planning. The increase in built-up areas and the decrease in green spaces not only pose a threat to the environmental sustainability of the city but also affect the quality of life of citizens. Therefore, future planning should focus on internal development and the use of existing capacities in worn-out textures and barren areas rather than horizontal expansion. While reducing the destruction of natural resources, this approach can lead to improved urban services, increased green spaces, and improved quality of life.

Over the past 20 years, many urban areas have experienced significant growth as a result of rapid population growth and the global economy being transformed by a combination of rapid technological and political change. The worn-out urban fabric was formed and developed in a long time process and today it is surrounded by modern technology and new urban development. As one of the most important metropolises, with the presence of active industries and various services, the city of Tabriz has become the most important and the largest city in the northwest of the country, which has led to the increasing migration and population to this city. But according to the historical record of this city and the existence of many traditional and old tissues in this city, unfortunately, recent developments, due to the neglect of the development of old and traditional neighborhoods, have caused the birth of vast worn-out urban tissues. It is 2600 hectares. The worn-out texture of the central city of Tabriz - which is almost within the limits of the eight municipal districts - is fundamentally different from other areas of the city, which is due to its historical identity. This tissue is one of the primary cores of the formation of Tabriz city, and in addition to wear and tear, it is also one of the historical tissues of the city. The current research is in the category of applied research that was conducted with a case-analytical method with a mixed approach. Due to the nature of the data and the impossibility of controlling the behavior of the effective variables in the problem, it is also non-empirical. The current research relies on library and field methods and questionnaire and observation tools. One-sample t-test, Pearson correlation, and multiple linear regression were used to analyze the data. According to the evaluation results of the views of 400 citizens living in District 8 of Tabriz Metropolitan Municipality, the regeneration and sustainable development indicators of the 8 neighborhoods are below the average level. According to the correlation test, physical-spatial, institutional, economic, social and environmental indicators have the strongest relationship among the studied indicators with the regeneration of region 8. In an integrated evaluation, it can be concluded that not only the understanding of the concept of sustainable development in the regeneration of urban projects in domestic studies has not occurred sufficiently, but also due to superficial insight and lack of proper understanding of the fundamental concepts and the two-way relationship of these two approaches, there is a need to study It is necessary to go deeper in this field. In connection with the role of urban regeneration projects in achieving the goals of sustainable development in the central part of the cities, we can benefit from the perspective of intellectual capital as a driver of growth. Therefore, in a general judgment, it can be claimed that achieving regeneration goals based on sustainable development is a long-term process that is now at the beginning and is far from the set goals.

Housing has long been one of the most basic necessities of human comfort. With the passage of time, cultural ideas have played a significant role in the construction and development of that map, and in a way, the housing body of any culture is considered to be a reflection of its identity, but unfortunately, with the influence and dominance of non-Islamic and Iranian cultures, some cities in the country, especially the metropolis, have been more affected. Is. Now, in order to provide a proper answer to this problem in our country, in this research, with the aim of strengthening the historical, cultural and physical identity of Iranian-Islamic houses in the old and new contexts, we are investigating the two neighborhoods of Mansour and Elahia. First, the indicators collected from the verses and hadiths and related sources and the questionnaires were analyzed using the multi-criteria evaluation model of the network analysis process (ANP) and TOPSIS. The results of the analysis of the indicators in the neighborhoods show that, in general, the Elahia neighborhood is in more favorable conditions than the Mansour neighborhood in terms of Iranian-Islamic indicators. Also, by examining the results of the analysis of the indicators in the neighborhoods, the resistance and safety index are in a relatively favorable situation, and the facade indicators, lack of aristocracy, and neighbor satisfaction are in a relatively unfavorable situation in terms of attention in the neighborhoods.

In recent years, smart cities and smart tourism destinations have received wide attention due to providing effective solutions to solve the problems faced by the communities and promoting a sustainable competitive advantage from the point of view of tourism destination marketing. However, the consequences of its development on the residents from socio-cultural aspects have not been studied. The purpose of this study is to analyze the basic cultural and social functions of smart tourism development in Tabriz city. The current research is applied in terms of its purpose and descriptive survey in terms of its nature. In this research, a qualitative approach was used with the method of content analysis and using library resources and in-depth semi-structured interviews. The expert members were selected by the snowball method and theoretical saturation was obtained after interviewing 13 experts, but three more interviews were conducted for more certainty. After performing three stages of open, core and selective coding, the findings identified 19 concepts in the form of 7 sub-themes, including innovation acceptance, public value, sustainability, promotion of citizen participation, tourism co-creation, residents’ subjective well-being and new technologies ethical aspects. The results of this study can be of great help to policy-makers and managers of urban tourism destinations in order to understand and manage how its development affects people.

Introduction :

Increasing informal settlements without complying with legal frameworks will have adverse effects on the quality of the environment. The decrease in the quality of the environment of these types of settlements indicates a more unpleasant environment and also indicates an unlivable or livable settlement at a low level. As a result, Tabriz metropolis is no exception to this rule, and more than 500 thousand people live in these informal settlements. In this research, the northern informal settlements of Tabriz city were selected, which include 5 districts of Silab, Malazinal, Ahmedabad, Idalu, and Abbasi. These areas, which have seen an increase in house-building activities, are located in the northern part of Tabriz city. The activities of house building and development of facilities have drawn the attention of builders and opportunistic dealers to the region. And it has led to the development of illegal housing by private activists in a surprising way in the northern area of Tabriz. Assessment of livability in informal settlements created in terms of constructions with illegal land divisions has not been fully and accurately investigated before. The research in this field is limited and has only been investigated in the form of exploitation of activities, policies and effects in Iranian cities. In fact, illegal constructions and land separation have dominated the housing development processes in the suburban areas of Iranian cities, especially Tabriz. As a result, this research was carried out with the aim of developing livability criteria and measuring the livability of informal settlements with constructions and the separation of illegal lands and a vital role in creating a bridge between informal settlements developed with construction and separation of illegal lands with the concept livable settlements will play a role and will finally facilitate the informal urban housing markets as a tool to control the informal development of housing and informal settlements and its adverse effects on the quality of the environment so that citizens can have access to livable settlements in the future to be.

This study used primary research supplemented with secondary research as the main source of data collection. In order to identify informal settlements created by illegal constructions and separations in the northern region of Tabriz, several research techniques were used, such as exploratory interviews with land brokers, preliminary explorations with Google Earth of informal settlements, field observations, and authentic interviews with the municipality of the region. Ten cities of Tabriz were used. After determining the key locations in this field, preliminary researches are conducted in the form of interviews with selected experts to achieve the first goal, which is to develop livability criteria, and questionnaire-based interviews with the resident population to achieve the goal. Second, the livability of the informal settlements developed by dealers’ illegal constructions and separations of the city was assessed in the northern area of Tabriz city. The analytical method used to achieve the objectives of the study includes two analytical stages, which are categorized into stage one (quantitative content analysis) and stage two (distance analysis and importance-performance analysis (IPA). The work process in which each analytical stage plays a role will play is described in the following sections.

From the experts’ questionnaire analysis, eight main criteria and 28 sub-criteria of livability in the settlements created by informal land dividers were obtained. These criteria arise not only from the input variable, but also from several recommendations and adjustments based on experts’ inputs. These eight main criteria become the main priority for performance improvement, as described below; 1) distance to entertainment centers; 2) access to medical services; 3) the state of asphalt of local roads; 4) the condition of drainage channels; 5) the density of buildings; 6) distance to parks; 7) Financial ability to buy land for housing, and; 8) Access to workplaces around the residence, according to the eight mentioned criteria that affect the improvement of the livability of informal settlements in the northern zone of Tabriz, it can be concluded that improving the quality of life in these areas requires serious attention to urban infrastructure, welfare, and economic services. Criteria such as the distance to recreational centers, access to medical services, and the condition of asphalt roads show the importance of meeting the daily needs and welfare of the residents of these areas. Improving these indicators can have a significant effect on increasing satisfaction and reducing people’s daily problems. In addition, criteria such as the condition of drainage channels and the density of buildings emphasize environmental and safety issues. The poor condition in these areas not only threatens the residents’ health but also leads to infrastructural problems that will cost the city a lot in the long run. Improving these aspects requires long-term investments and systematic urban planning. Two other important criteria, including the financial ability to buy land and access to the workplace, refer to economic and social factors. The economic ability of the residents to buy land and easy access to the workplace are among the key factors in reducing poverty and increasing the sustainability of life in these areas. Without addressing these issues, other efforts to improve physical and infrastructural conditions may have limited effects.

This research shows that to improve livability in informal settlements, it is necessary to simultaneously focus on urban infrastructure, public services, and residents’ economic power. On the other hand, the research concludes that policymakers and urban planners should take into account these criteria and develop comprehensive solutions in accordance with the social and economic realities of these areas. Finally, this research, as a practical guide to improve the conditions of informal settlements, can help city officials allocate resources and measures more efficiently by prioritizing problems and needs and, as a result, improve urban performance and increase the quality of life of its residents. Regions to help.

With the sustainable development of technology and innovation in people's travel styles, smart tourism(ST) technologies are widely used in various fields of tourism. Smart technologies, especially applications related to tourism, have changed the traditional travel experience and increased the competition of destinations. The purpose of this study is to identify the dimensions of tourists' experience of ST in Tabriz city.

In this study, a qualitative approach with a content analysis method was used. for collecting the data, while studying library resources, a field-method with an in-depth-interview technique was used to identify indicators in technological dimensions, services, psychology and new areas. The key beneficiaries of ST experience were selected by the snowball sampling method, and theoretical saturation was obtained after interviewing 18 of them. Next, MaxQuda software was used for content analysis.

The findings of the research indicate that 32 indicators in the form of 8 subcategories include personalized services (5-indicators), access (3-indicators), awareness (4-indicators), interaction (3-indicators), security and privacy private (4-indicators), technological developments (6-indicators), co-creation (3-indicators) and psychological aspects (4-indicators), form the experience dimentions of ST. This results confirmed that tourists get a richer experience when using smart technologies, which can affect their overall satisfaction with their trip and their behavioral tendencies in the future.

The results have provided valuable information and suggestions for the management of urban tourism destinations that are concerned about the development of ST in their city which can provides a clear view of what they should pay attention to.

Society's concerns about environmental, health and wellness issues have led different societies to reform various processes in countries, including paying attention to the production of green products, complying with environmental standards, proper waste management, and reforming consumption patterns. Also, many factors such as increasing environmental pollution, government pressures, people's expectations of organizations regarding social responsibility, clarify the necessity of companies moving towards producing environmentally friendly products. The purpose of this research is the effect of public education on proper waste management and sustainable green development, considering the moderating role of national identity in the city of Tabriz. This research is classified as applied research in terms of its purpose and as descriptive research in terms of the method of data collection. The statistical population in this study is the citizens of Tabriz who have referred to the municipality for urban, development and welfare affairs, and the number of samples is 328 people based on the Cochran formula and the sampling method is selected as a non-probability sampling method. Given that in this study, individuals are the statistical population, therefore the level of analysis is individual. The sampling method in this study is non-probability sampling. The data collection tool was a questionnaire and SPSS and PLS software were used for analysis. The results confirm all hypotheses in the present study.

Introduction :

The city of Tabriz is one of the tourism hubs of the northwest region and the main tourism center of East Azerbaijan province. Tabriz, with its beautiful and eye - catching nature, cultural places, and historical buildings, has great potential for tourism development and every year many tourists from different parts of the country come to this city for sightseeing and entertainment. Therefore, the necessity of creating the historical - cultural texture of Tabriz and helping the integrated development of this city requires a different approach, among which we can mention the development of tourism with the ultimate goal of  - creating the different historical textures of this city. The existence of various attractions without considering the cultural industries and the development of important and influential urban components cannot lead to the development of tourism in Tabriz. In this way, the future field of this research is to examine the main factors affecting the development of urban tourism, which have been undervalued in past plans and research and only seek to create the use of attractions to strengthen the role of historical texture and revitalization. The worn texture of different areas of the city has been; Therefore, their results have not been able to use the opportunities, funds, and historical - cultural capabilities of the city to recreate it and, therefore, develop the city’s tourism, and as a result of the regression of economic - social conditions, living quality, and other physical and social disorders. and prevent the economy of the city; Therefore, the research question is, what are the effective factors for the development of cultural heritage tourism in the historical texture of Tabriz city?

This article investigates the potential of urban regeneration through tourism based on cultural heritage in the historical and cultural texture of Tabriz city with a case study approach. Like other case studies, this review was conducted with more than one source, including library sources, field studies, and also semi - structured interviews, conducted with 19 experts. The statistical population of the interviewees included urban experts, obtained by theoretical saturation in the interview process. The sample was divided into three different categories: to discover the potential areas of research, the statements of the interviewees were classified, and through qualitative content analysis to extract the strategic factors of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) of the case Analysis was done. To prioritize the strategies obtained from the SWOT analysis, the experts’ opinions were analyzed by collecting questionnaires and using the analytical network process (ANP) model with the help of Super Decision software to score the extracted items. It was analyzed through qualitative content analysis to extract the strategic factors of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT). In the next step, the SWOT matrix was expanded by organizing the internal and external strategic factors that are the main foundation of the development strategy. To prioritize the strategies obtained from the SWOT analysis, experts’ opinions were analyzed through questionnaires and using the Analytical Network Process (ANP) model with the help of Super Decision software to score the extracted items. The main advantage of this approach is the influence of prioritized internal and external factors in alternative strategies for urban regeneration and tourism development. ANP is a commonly used criteria decision-making method, which performs pairwise comparisons between factors to prioritize them using an eigenvalue calculation approach. The purpose of using ANP in the SWOT framework was to systematically evaluate SWOT factors and equalize their intensity.

According to the results of the SWOT analysis, the most important limitations are the lack of a comprehensive tool for cultural policy (0.0182), the lack of sustainable financial resources for cultural activities, and tourism facilities (0.0114), the decrease in the quality of Tabriz carpets. (0.0153), and reducing the quality of spaces related to cultural events and ceremonies (0.0134). The most important opportunities are the use of historical monuments as centers of social and cultural events (0.0629), the revival of the carpet weaving industry (0.0554), and the revival of local ceremonies and local music (0.0411). The most important disadvantages and weaknesses are the competition for carpet production by other countries (0.0411) and the destruction of public spaces, such as part of the historical textures of the bazaar, and the destruction of historical monuments such as Alisha’s castle and citadel (0.0244). The most important strengths are the historical monuments such as the historical market, the fortress, and the Alisha citadel (0.07070). To develop strategies, external opportunities, and internal strengths were used, and strategies were tried to reduce external threats and internal weaknesses. Based on the SWOT table, the resulting strategies were prioritized using the amp model in the Super Decision software. The findings indicate that defensive strategies (WT) with a weight of 0.0575 have the highest priority in reducing the city’s vulnerability. Following these strategies, there are attack strategies (SO), revision strategies (WO), and diversification strategies (ST).

Tourism development, if done purposefully, causes regeneration in the historical texture of Tabriz. Due to the existence of many historical attractions in the historical texture of Tabriz and the potential to attract tourists, the strengthening and revitalization of tourist centers can be the driving engine of urban regeneration in this area. It should be mentioned that if tourism development in this texture is not targeted, it will destroy the texture structure, crowding traffic, and the comfort of the residents. To realize urban regeneration for the development of cultural heritage tourism in the historical texture of the city of Tabriz, six implementation policies can be considered, which include: 1. Preparation of approved regulations for the protection of historical cultural tissues of Tabriz city 2. Urban design with the renewal of urban life in the historical cultural textures of Tabriz city3. Supporting tourist and historical attractions by strengthening investment and determining appropriate uses in the city of Tabriz 4. Avoid extensive physical interventions and emphasize the protection of the unity of the physical and social structural system in the historical cultural texture of Tabriz city.5. Renewing the economic life of cultural and historical areas in Tabriz. 6. Planning the protection and revitalization of individual buildings, collections, areas, and historical areas of Tabriz city.

Introduction :

In this research, the issue of the resilience of socio-economic characteristics in informal settlements in Tabriz emphasizes urban challenges. Therefore, the challenges of Tabriz city in terms of informal settlements are characterized by the lack of urban open spaces, high cost of living, insufficient infrastructure, and poor housing quality. To achieve the goal of this research, infrastructures are considered as physical, socio-economic, and environmental facilities created for effective and efficient performance in urban contexts. The issues related to informal settlements in this research are based on the definition of the United Nations, which in 2006 defined it as “areas that have a geographical space with a function lower than the standard of planning required in cities. The standards adopted for planning Vary from country to country. Therefore, standardized planning in this article is related to the context of the study area. Also, this definition includes housing with evidence of substandard housing, degraded and damaged environmental conditions, the random arrangement of buildings with nested passages, and the creation of places for crime from a social point of view. Considering the global perspective of these challenges (poor infrastructure and low quality of life in informal settlements) and their potential in all countries of the world, this study deals with the evaluation of the socio-economic characteristics in response to urban resilience in informal settlements according to the understanding of the existing situation and the inadequacy of infrastructure in such neighborhoods in the city of Tabriz.

This study uses the case study method, in which the informal settlements of Tabriz city were examined. Experts and interviewers were selected from the neighborhood residents to collect data and study the research. The triangulation method was used for data collection. Data collection is through two or more approaches, which is necessary for the study to confirm and strengthen the collected data. The method of data triangulation in this research is that the information collection strategy includes primary sources of data collection and secondary sources of data collection with more than one approach (qualitative and quantitative data collection). The primary sources of data collection were identification survey, observation, and indirect (unstructured) interaction with residents and selected experts. Also, 383 structured questionnaires (383 questionnaires) were implemented in the informal settlements of Tabriz city, and 370 questionnaires were analyzed. For better understanding, an online questionnaire was implemented with experts, and 30 questionnaires were analyzed for this study. The secondary sources of data adopted include the review of texts related to the content and context related to the texts related to the focus of the research. This serves as a platform for the research concepts, data collection, and analysis used in this study. The data were analyzed using a mixed method (quantitative and qualitative method of data analysis). The quantitative method includes the structural equation analysis method with second-order confirmatory factor analysis and regression analysis. In contrast, the qualitative method consists of pages and descriptive tools used to interpret interviews. The data were analyzed, and the results of the findings were integrated to reflect the socio-economic characteristics of informal settlements in terms of resilience in the study area. Socio-economic factors and resilience of informal settlements were determined, and suggestions were made based on those characteristics. This research was conducted to extract specific and general knowledge of the strength of Tabriz city, especially the informal settlements of Tabriz city, about informal settlement and socio-economic planning.

The results of the analysis of the research data indicate that the characteristics of trust in the people of the neighborhood in the face of crises by the residents of informal settlements and the desire to participate and form various institutions in these areas have a mutual relationship with the socio-economic components of the people. Therefore, achieving economic resources and social values on one hand and socio-economic structures on the other will promote resilience in informal settlements and, as a result, provide social resilience. Realizing these indicators significantly increases people’s self-confidence, the ability to solve problems in times of crisis, create different solutions, and improve their self-efficacy. Also, proper planning in the personal and social dimensions of informal settlements, by empowering them, can improve people’s resilience against problems and crises, improve individual efficiency, reduce stress and anxiety when accidents occur, and increase cooperative spirit to overcome various issues.

This study recommends the following and concludes: 1. The government should consider building strength and housing plans in the informal settlements of Tabriz city. to accommodate the large population of low-income citizens. 2. Local management should adopt a comprehensive design approach as much as possible; the local government should educate the people (citizens) well and create a better awareness and sensitivity to what currently exists in their residence. Slow Also, the role and benefits of the people (citizens) and the government should be clearly stated to achieve a comprehensive design and the success of the projects started about the informal settlements of Tabriz city. 3. Also, existing policies on criteria for achieving some of the government’s public housing regulations should be reviewed with the Citizens’ Participation Forum (informal settlements). This situation seems ridiculous from the point of view of the interviewees, and it is even assumed to be part of the origin of notoriety. Because people believe that to reach such standards, a person must be inferior. Therefore, the allocation condition should not be presented or created in such a way as to create injustice. 4. Public education and enlightenment should also be done to avoid defaming the occupiers of public housing in the informal settlements of Tabriz city. 5. Economic policy reforms should also be done to encourage equal economic development or at least reduce the gap between the rich and the poor in terms of the country’s economic output.

Introduction :

Concerning the world experiences of pedestrian construction, we can refer to the Limbeker and Ketweger sidewalks in Essen, Germany, Berdick in Kalamazoo, America, and Struget in Copenhagen, Denmark. Pedestrian construction in the mentioned cities has had effects such as the gradual reduction of traffic and parking, the economic prosperity of these axes, the adaptation of the city center to the changes of the seasons, and the vibrancy of the sidewalk day and night. Also, from the experiences of pedestrian construction in Iran, we can mention the pedestrians of Janat Mashhad, Tarbiat, and Valiasr in Tabriz, Khayyam Urmia, and Lian Bushehr. Currently, due to the establishment of beautification organizations in the municipalities, they have tried to overcome the problems of urban furniture to some extent. Still, the interference of the responsibilities of organizations and institutions has fueled this problem to some extent and overshadowed the tasks of the beautification organization. Is. The lack of the necessary rules and regulations that monitor the creation of the minimum required qualities of the sidewalks in Tabriz city, leads to considerable audacity. This means that despite the creation of sidewalks, due to the lack of attention to basic standards in the design and implementation of sidewalks, some of them are usually turned into unusable spaces and the costs and land related to the construction of such sidewalks Improper ways are considered wasted. Among the four pedestrian paths of Maqsoodiyeh, Ark, Tarbiat and Valiasr, Maqsodieh, and Arak pedestrian paths, despite the presence of urban landscape elements such as trees, etc. streets, the narrow width of sidewalks, and the passage of motor vehicles, the lack of proper facilities, etc., lacks an appropriate and standard urban landscape. Also, the spatial quality of these sidewalks is inappropriate and needs to be reviewed. So far, there have been significant studies on the pedestrian-oriented streets of Tabriz city, however, none of these studies have investigated the inadequacies and deficiencies in the pedestrian-oriented streets. Therefore, the current research aims to answer this question, what are the deficiencies of spatial quality in the pedestrian street of Orak axis in Tabriz city?

The present research method is descriptive-analytical and exploratory in nature, along with a combined qualitative-quantitative and survey method. To collect data, a documentary method was used along with a semi-structured interview and researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population of the research also includes two groups: the group of experts and specialists and the group of users, passers-by on the sidewalks of Tabriz city. A sample size of 20 experts was selected. The reason for choosing 20 people is that there is no limit in choosing the sample size in expert research. Regarding the sample size of users and passers-by, Cochran’s formula was used with an unlimited statistical population, which was equal to 384 people. After specifying the variables through interviews conducted by experts analysis with MAXQDA software and preparing a questionnaire for users and passers-by, the validity of the indicators was confirmed by the opinion of the statistical community of experts, supervisors, and consultants. The reliability of the questionnaire indicators is also 0.901 with Cronbach’s alpha test for the social and cultural component; functional-functional 0.876; Economic; 0.841; Access 0.894; Aesthetics was calculated as 0.803 and physical as 0.882.

Based on the findings from Table (9), all socio-cultural, functional-functional, movement-access, economic, aesthetic, and physical indicators (independent variable) have a significant relationship with the pedestrian-oriented dependent variable, and according to the indicators, socio-cultural with (0.615) and aesthetic index with (0.523), movement-access index with (0.316), economic index with (0.225), physical with (0.209) and Functional-functional with standard coefficient (0.192) have the most to the least effect on the dependent variable (insufficiency of spatial quality of the arch path) (pedestrian axis). Therefore, according to the coefficient of determination (2R), all the examined indicators affect the mediating variable of the spatial quality of the Ark sidewalk and the pedestrian-oriented dependent variable, and it can be said that the dependent variable is affected by the indicators of the independent variable, and the beta value also indicates The direct relationship of spatial quality indicators is on the dependent variable (pedestrian). As a result, the higher the value of Beta and T the smaller the significance level is (0.05). The independent variable (social-cultural, functional-functional, movement-access, economic, aesthetic, and physical) has a greater effect on the mediating variable of the spatial quality of the sidewalk and the dependent variable (pedestrian-oriented). According to the results of the research, it can be concluded that the most effective in terms of the spatial quality of Tabriz’s Ark pedestrian, directly and indirectly, is related to the socio-cultural index with a direct effect of 0.615 and an indirect effect of 0.313 and a total effect of 0.928. Therefore, in improving the spatial quality and solving the inadequacy of the spatial quality in the Tabriz Ark pedestrian walkway, to be pedestrian-oriented and pedestrian-orientated, social and cultural indicators should be paid attention to create suitable conditions for the presence of more people and users and more social interactions. It is on the sidewalk, which will bring life to the urban space since the Ark sidewalk is pedestrian-oriented. The least effects of inadequacy, both directly and indirectly, are related to the functional-performance index with a direct effect of 0.217 an indirect effect of 0.101, and a total effect of 0.318. Therefore, in the next priorities, the pedestrian center is placed to improve the spatial quality of the Ark sidewalk.

According to the results of the research, it can be said that one of the appropriate methods to encourage pedestrian-oriented pedestrians is to categorize the spectrum of users of sidewalks and consider their needs, for example, children, and young people. , adults, elderly, users in small cities or big cities, users in the upper and lower parts of the city, etc. Finally, the design of high-quality spatial sidewalks, although they require a lot of investment, in the long run, will reduce costs, reduce pollution, and reduce the mental and physical health of people in society.

The rapid growth of urbanization, due to the inability to accept reasonable legal limits, has led the flow of residence to the edge of the city and causes the formation of illegal settlements. Therefore, informal settlement is not a temporary issue with limited dimensions and there is an agreement on its survival, reproduction and expansion which is a sign of the inadequacy of the current urban development policies and it requires new approaches and measures. Based on this, the empowerment model aims to achieve the necessary improvement in these settlements with the participation and trust-building and the use of urban renovation and improvement methods, the creation of a sound economic infrastructure and the elimination of material poverty in the shade of the cooperation and participation of the beneficiaries. This research is of a descriptive-analytical type with an applied purpose, and the information was obtained in the field using a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population was the residents of Ipekchiler neighborhood in Tabriz city and the sample size was estimated to be 232 people based on Cochran's formula. One-way ANOVA, one-sample T-test, Pearson's correlation coefficient and regression analysis were used to analyze the variables and indicators. To measure the variables in the questionnaire, a five-level Likert scale was used. The findings show that among the empowerment indicators, none of them are higher than the average limit of 3 in the Likert scale. the neighborhood of Ipkechilar In terms of physical and access (2/16), economic (2/63), social participation (2/95), empowerment (2.96) and management indices (2/22), it obtained. The result indicates that the current mechanism for planning this inferior and informal neighborhood in the above dimensions, to improve the urban space for the life of the residents, shows to be unsuccessful and ineffective. Therefore, in order to increase citizens' participation and the practical realization of the empowerment strategy, it is necessary for city officials to provide a high ground for citizens' participation In this case, the implementation of the empowerment strategy leads to the improvement of the needed structures and institutions in the economic, social, and physical fields in the neighborhood of Ipakechilar.

The expansion of urbanization and the interaction of people with urban public spaces, the quality of life of city dwellers is tied to the quality of urban spaces. Thus, it is necessary that all different parts of a city have equal access to high quality services. However, tensions regarding the quality of public spaces can be seen in different areas of cities, which may affect spatial justice and create different experiences of urban life for residents of different areas of a city. The information required for this research, which is descriptive-analytical, has been collected by questionnaires based on random selection. Questionnaires are divided into 2 main sections including personal information and questions related to research variables. Physical infrastructure, accessibility, cultural conditions and objective and subjective security are the variables of this research. The data from the questionnaires were analyzed using hot spot analysis and Moran's index in ARC GIS software version 10.7. The results show that there is a significant difference between the quality of different regions of Tabriz city, so that region 2, 5 and 1 are known as the highest quality regions and region 8, 10, 4 and 6 are the lowest quality regions of Tabriz city from the residents' point of view.

Urbanization is a socio-spatial process that is directly related to the expansion of urban areas and the growth of urban population. Developed countries such as the United States, Japan, and the United Kingdom have already completed their urbanization processes. The urban spatial structure has a significant effect on the sustainable development of cities. One of the important stages of urban spatial structure analysis is the identification of urban centers.

 This research is of applied type and was done in Tabriz city in 1402. The data collection method is library and document. The investigated indicators included educational centers, banks, health centers, offices, sports venues, commercial centers, green spaces, tourist places, religious places, military places and parking lots in Tabriz city. After preparing the urban blocks and the desired data, the prepared information was added to all the urban blocks of Tabriz in ArcGIS software. Then, based on expert opinions, the appropriate range of distances from the desired facilities was determined using a 5-point Likert scale. In this research, the network analysis method was used to identify the central cores of the city.

According to the results of network analysis, the city had two big central cores in the city center and 2 sub-cores around the city. The final result was that the city of Tabriz was forming the next nuclei and becoming a multi-nuclear city.

The present study raised the issue of satisfaction with physical-spatial indicators of sustainability in the degree of satisfaction and loyalty of residents to the city, and the importance of sustainability indicators from the perspective of citizens and the performance of the city in their objective and subjective determination were investigated. The statistical population is the central population of Tabriz metropolis and the sample size was estimated to be 384 people. Questionnaires were analyzed using IPA and SEM methods. Considering the network analysis in the IPA method and specifying the priorities and importance and performance of the indicators, the findings were synchronized and analyzed using structural equations. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) fit indices, such as chi-square statistic (x2/FD) = 2.365, goodness of fit index (GFI = 0.961), comparative fit index (CFI = 0.972), fit index smoothed (NFI=0.936), Tucker-Lewis index (Tli=0.959), root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA=0.029), and root mean square of standardized data (SRMR=0.035) was obtained. The value of RMSEA is less than 0.1, which indicates a very good fit of the model. The results show that resident satisfaction mediates the relationship between perceived overall performance and resident loyalty; the relationship between perceived overall importance and resident loyalty is mediated by perceived overall performance and resident satisfaction, and sustainable city performance increases people's understanding of sustainable development and increases people's understanding of sustainable development and residents' loyalty to the place of residence. The result was presented in the form of strategies in five content areas (access system, physical-spatial, landscape, activity and performance organization and urban use) and three procedural areas (legal, economic and urban management).

Introduction :

The increase in the urban population, the expansion of industries, and the consequent diversity of activities and population, as a result of the rapid physical changes of the city, changed the previous equations governing the spatial organization of cities. The city faced new and often unknown issues and problems in the environmental, social, economic, and physical fields. Confront with. One of the most important changes in the physical and social fields has been the emergence of the phenomenon of informal settlement as a spatial crystallization of urban poverty and the lack of urban management planning for the huge flood of migrant population, especially rural-urban migrants, which in third world countries and especially our country Iran in 60 It has been created in recent years. The city of Tabriz is the center of economic, commercial, and cultural exchanges in the northwest of the country and is the sixth-largest city in the country in terms of population. The importance and historical-cultural status of this city are not hidden from anyone, and history is proof of the 3500-year civilization background of this city. The existence of such potential has always led Tabriz to be one of the most immigrant-friendly cities in the country. This increase in population, especially in the past 50 years, led to the rapid spatial development of the city due to the lack of planning and cultural and political developments in the country, which took the form of the vast development of informal settlements in the northern parts. And the south of the city appeared. The adjacency of a significant part of the informal settlements of Tabriz city with historically valuable structures such as Yousef Abad-Abbasi neighborhoods (adjacent to Rabe Rashidi), historical neighborhoods of Maralan, Sheshgolan, Aref, Taleghani, Doh Chi, Sorkhab, etc. shows high cultural-historical potentials.

The present research is part of applied research in terms of its purpose and descriptive-analytical research in terms of method. Considering that this research examines the factors influencing the re-creation of base culture in informal settlements from the point of view of specialists and experts in this field, the statistical sample in this research consists of 40 regional and national experts in the researched field using the snowball method and Experts have been identified and selected. The most important research tool is the questionnaire made by the researcher. Also, to analyze the research data, as needed, a variety of statistical methods and models, including Bartlett’s test, KMO, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, etc., have been used in SPSS, Amos, and SmartPLS software. The research questionnaire consists of 49 items based on the objectives and theoretical foundations of the research, and the questions are designed based on the 5-point Likert scale. The research process generally consists of two stages: exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis, the first stage and the second stage the theoretical model of the research is first validated using exploratory factor analysis, and after confirming the model, using confirmatory factor analysis of factor loadings. It is determined.

Based on the findings of the research, the effective factors in re-creating the base culture in the informal settlements in the south of Tabriz city were divided into 4 social, cultural, economic, and infrastructure indicators. Among these indicators; the Social index explains 41%, the cultural index 27%, the economic index 11%, and the infrastructure index 7% of the total variance. Among the social factors, the security index has a factor load of 969. The highest index of the rights of ethnic minorities with a factor load of 567. They have the lowest factor load among the indicators. According to experts, providing security in informal settlement contexts, which are constantly facing numerous threats in terms of social security due to migration, is one of the effective factors in recreating the basic culture in informal settlement contexts. All cultural and executive activities can be implemented in a safe environment, and for this reason, the factor of security can be introduced as one of the most important drivers of re-creating the base culture in the contexts of informal settlements in Tabriz city. Among the cultural factors, the factor of holding cultural events with 839. It has the highest factor load among cultural indicators. One of the most important tools for branding cultural products in informal settlement contexts is holding cultural events and introducing the cultural-artistic potential of these contexts, which has been chosen as the chosen factor by experts due to the importance of the mentioned factor. On the other hand, tourist guidance agents with 399. It had the lowest factor load among cultural factors. It seems that ensuring the prerequisites of cultural tourism, such as branding of tangible and intangible cultural products, is preferable to guiding tourists, and this is not a reason for the lack of importance of the tourism factor in recreating the culture based on the informal settlement contexts of Tabriz city. In a general summary, we can conclude that there is a significant difference between the identified factors. The results show that the social index with a factor load of 0.862 and a total average of 3.43 ranks first, the cultural index with a factor load of 0.913 and a total average of 2.6 ranks second, an infrastructure index with a factor load of 0.959 and a total average of 2. 11 as the third rank and economic index with a factor load of 0.933 and a total average of 1.86 have won the fourth rank of factors affecting the regeneration of informal settlements in Tabriz metropolis with the approach of culture as the basis.

The results of this research introduced four effective social, cultural, infrastructural, and economic factors as key and effective drivers in the regeneration of the informal settlement context of Tabriz city, and the next part specifies the importance of cultural planning in the regeneration of informal settlement contexts. The investigation of the background of the research shows that most of the previous research has investigated the issue of recreating the base culture with a review approach or a future research approach, but the present research, in addition to its comprehensive and systematic methodological approach, is based on the method of exploratory factor analysis and two-stage confirmatory factor analysis; He looks at this issue with a new theoretical perspective and tries to protect and revive informal settlement contexts by adopting a cultural approach (based culture) and values the preservation of the historical-cultural identity of informal settlement contexts as the most important strategy in recreating the context of informal settlement settlements.

Introduction :

Along with the natural growth of the population, the role of immigration has caused the excessive and uneven development of the population of big cities. In general, migration as a social phenomenon has many consequences, most of which have negative or disorderly repercussions, and it disrupts the balance of the system, which is “informal settlement” and, as a result, increases cultural, economic, physical, institutional, and biological damages. The environment is one of these cases. In the meantime, the metropolis of Tabriz is a target point in the geography of Iran, and the center of gravity of the population is not exempt from this the increase in population growth and immigration especially in the 1350s, has caused not only the phenomenon of urbanization and the formation of informal settlements in It becomes a common thing around it, but the villages and cities located around it are affected by this phenomenon. Since 2015, there have been no official statistics on the number of informal settlements in the country. In Tabriz, over 400 thousand people live in informal settlements. Idelou neighborhood in Tabriz city is considered one of the informal settlements that houses 25126 people. Also, since the results of the studies regarding the feeling of security in the informal settlement areas are very important in the planning and adopted policies the results are wrong and inaccurate. On the other hand, the plans made do not achieve the desired result. Therefore, a comprehensive and detailed investigation of the vulnerability factors of urban security and the formation of sustainable security in ideal informal settlements in Tabriz city will be a very important step in solving their needs and problems. In this regard, the main importance of this research is in the comprehensive and internal investigation of the causes of the vulnerability of sustainable security and the phenomenon of security in the Idalo neighborhood, which is an informal settlement in Tabriz city. Because it seems that in many cases, the studies conducted have not investigated the phenomenon internally. Considering the importance and necessity of paying attention to sustainable security in informal settlements, the main goal of this research is to explain and analyze the pathology of sustainable security in the Id - Halo neighborhood. For this reason, the present research seeks to answer the question, which components and indicators have the most and the least impact on sustainable security in Tabriz’s ideal neighborhood in terms of vulnerability?

 The method of this research is qualitative - quantitative in terms of its descriptive - exploratory nature, and terms of its purpose, it is considered part of applied research, and it is survey research in terms of collecting information. The statistical population includes two groups: experts and residents of the Idelou neighborhood of Tabriz, which is equal to 25126 people. A sample size of 20 experts was selected. In expert - oriented research, there is no limit in choosing the sample size. The sample size of the residents of Tabriz’s Ideal neighborhood is 378 using Cochran’s formula. The samples were selected randomly. In the qualitative part, the Foundation’s data method was used, which was analyzed using MAXQDA software and coding of research variables in three steps open, central, and selective coding. Then, in the quantitative part, a questionnaire tool was used to collect data, and a five- choice Likert scale was used for measurement. After the above steps, the data was categorized. For this purpose, structural equations with exploratory factor analysis method were used. Then, second-order confirmatory factor analysis was used to confirm the extracted factors and data analysis was done in the environment of SPSS and Amos software.

To identify the effective factors and components of vulnerability and sustainable security in the informal settlements of Tabriz city, first through qualitative analysis and semi - in- depth structural interviews with experts and their analysis and coding, the four main environmental, physical, economic and social dimensions - cultural, nine indicators, among which the environmental component includes two indicators of visual quality, green space and transportation, which includes 12 sub - indices, the physical component has two main indicators of access to basic services and the quality of access, housing, facilities and infrastructure services with 23 sub - indices, the component Economic with two main indicators of employment and income with 11 sub - indices and socio - cultural component with three main indicators of public education, personal and social security and place belonging and 17 sub - indices and a total of 63 sub - indices. In the quantitative part, according to the quantitative findings from the structural equations, it was found that among the four dimensions identified and investigated, the indicators of the socio - cultural dimension with a direct effect of 0.486 and an indirect effect of 0.252 have the highest effect on sustainable security. Tabriz city has an ideal informal settlement in terms of pathology. After that, respectively, the physical dimension with a direct effect of 0.398 and an indirect effect of 0.201, an economic dimension with a direct effect of 0.219 and an indirect effect of 0.143, and finally the environmental dimension with a direct effect of 0.198 and an indirect effect. 0.101 has been effective in the sustainable security of the informal settlement of Tabriz city from the point of view of pathology.

 The informal settlements of Tabriz city, especially the ideal neighborhood of Tabriz, have not been developed in recent years due to having the necessary infrastructure, but as they should and perhaps in terms of sustainable urban security, to maintain the population and avoid severe migrations. To prevent the influx of alcoholics in this neighborhood. Therefore, all factors have joined hands. To provide sustainable urban security at a low level. As a result, the spatial order, planning, and design of the informal settlement of Tabriz’s ideal neighborhood is strongly influenced by the debates related to environmental conditions and crime, disorder, and insecurity. According to the findings of the research, to reduce vulnerability and improve stable security in the informal settlement of Tabriz’s ideal neighborhood, special attention should be paid to four environmental, physical, economic, and socio- cultural dimensions, because achieving stable security in Tabriz’s ideal neighborhood is part of paying attention to These four dimensions are not possible and will not be.

In this research, in order to improve the resilience in marginal neighborhoods as the most vulnerable urban context, small-scale planning will be done as vulnerable neighborhoods. It seems that if the issues related to form and texture such as access network, density, and block pattern, etc. are investigated at the neighborhood level, the resilience of the marginalized neighborhoods against accidents can be improved. Increased and finally witnessed the emergence of more resilient urban areas. In this article, Idealoo neighborhood, as a neighborhood with a long history located in the marginal areas of Tabriz city, has been selected as a case study. Nested texture, smallness, limited breathing spaces and narrow passages are among the physical characteristics of this neighborhood. In addition to these cases, the influx of incompatible uses into the residential fabric has caused a disturbance in the life of this neighborhood. Therefore, this research tries to identify the effective physical factors in the resilience of urban marginal areas (idelo neighborhood of Tabriz) and analyze them.

The current research is a cross-sectional method in terms of practical purpose, in terms of time, and in terms of quantitative-qualitative nature. Due to the novelty of the topic, the sources were analyzed using a narrative review method from the existing literature. In terms of method, the type of research design was carried out with a structural-analytical model and data collection was done in the form of survey and library studies, in terms of quality, the grand theory method was used using "Max QDI" software. The statistical population of the research included professors, specialists and city managers of Tabriz city, and 30 people were selected as the sample size. Structural equation model was used for data analysis using SPSS and AMOS software. In this way, in this research, for data analysis, firstly, using spss software and exploratory factor analysis, using principal components extraction method and varimax rotation, with the aim of structural discovery of factors affecting physical resilience in marginalized areas. And then using Mplus software, the confirmatory factor analysis method was used to confirm the exploratory factor structure and the fit indices were used to evaluate the fit of the final model obtained from the structural equation modeling approach. 

The results of the second-order factor analysis showed that the factor loadings of all physical indicators in the resilience of marginal areas of Tabriz city (Idelou neighborhood) are greater than 0.4 and are significant at the 99% probability level. The greatest effects were related to permeability factor with factor load (0.86), followed by factors of flexibility with factor load (0.72), physical stability with factor load (0.68) and safety factor with factor load (62). /0) are located. As a result, how to create physical resilience is an effective protection strategy in marginal areas. Creating resilient spaces creates safe zones in a marginalized area that strengthen local capacities.

In marginal areas, strategies based on protecting physical conditions and improving them for resilience, taking into account urgent needs, and strategies to restore people's independence in terms of dignity, are possible through strengthening local capacities. This approach is used in four physical spaces: a cultural center, headquarters, resilient spaces, top-down protection approach.