جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "شواهد باستان شناختی" در نشریات گروه "علوم انسانی"

Mehr worship is one of the ancient Iranian rituals, whose history, based on the available documents and information, dates to at least the 4th millennium BC. M. Researchers believe that groups of Aryan tribes introduced this ritual was to Iran and then spread it.  However, there are signs of its very ancient and indigenous history. The influence of Mehrism or in other word, Mehrism was such that some beliefs and customs of Mehrism gradually entered Zoroastrianism with the advent of Zoroastrianism; As in several inscriptions from the Achaemenid era, "Ahuramazda, Mehr and Nahid" have been sworn. Due to the spread of this ritual in different parts of the Iranian plateau and even in Europe, many of its manifestations are still available and can be studied. Therefore, the main question of this article is that how many types of architecture the spatial structure of Mehri (Mithraism) shrines has? The purpose of this research is to investigate and document 14 Mehri shrines in the geographical boundaries of ancient Iran. The current research is based on the historical research method, based on library and field (archaeological) study. The results of the research show that Mehri shrines were built with rocky and underground spatial structure, next to rivers, springs, with cradle arches and, were decorated with star motifs, small openings in the roof and with simple decorations.

According to the Zoroastrian religious teachings, and in order to prevent the contamination of the four sacred elements of water, soil, wind and fire, dead bodies should be put in an open area and on the top of mountains, should be consumed by carnivorous animals, and their bones should be buried in a specific place named Astodan (Ostekhandan). This method, which has been the most common burial tradition of Zoroastrians in the Islamic period, was carried out in the circular hypaethral structures built up on the top of mountains. These structures are called “Dakhma” and the mentioned ritual is called “Dakhmagozari.” Despite the research done on “Dakhmagozari” ritual and the “Zoroastrian Dakhma,” important questions about the historical background of this tradition and the history of the burial structures associated with it, and the evolution of the architectural features of the Zoroastrian Dakhma throughout the various historical periods still remain unanswered. So, the present research ties to answer these ambiguities by doing field studies and interpreting and analyzing the findings of these studies with a “historical approach.” According to the results obtained by referring to historical sources and archaeological evidence, the tradition of giving dead bodies to carnivorous animals, which has been a common burial tradition in Moqan since Achamenian periods, and using circular Dakhma, common throughout the Parthian-Sassanid period, have been popular among Iranian Zoroastrians. Following the mentioned trend during the Islamic period, the Dakhmagozari ritual and using circular Dakhmas have continued to exist up to the present time by going through changes in the way of performing the ceremonies and in the architectural components of the related burial structures.

The historical roads of Tārhān district in the southwest of Lorestan province are the important and high-traffic inter-regional roads. One of its most important roads is the road between Susiana and Kermanshah that has been very significant in the Sassanid era and early Islamic centuries. Many architectural works such as bridges, caravansary, and castell and cobblestone roads have been remains in this district from Sassanid and early Islamic centuries which have not been studied carefully yet. The goal of this research is the study of the communication capabilities of Tārhān district through the identification of the archaeological evidence of this road and buildings alongside it. The research approach is Historical-analytical, and data are collected by field and library method. To achieve these goals, this road was surveyed from Saimare city to Holeilan valley. This survey was identified a large part of the paved roads in mountainous areas, bridges, caravansary, some castles to protect roads and caravans, buildings with service-welfare functions, reservoir, two urban settlements, and an inscription from the Islamic era. The research results show that geography and climate of the region have caused to establish two paths in this region; spring route and autumn route. Each of them was used in one part of the year. In addition to connecting Khuzestan to the north and northwest of Iran, this road has caused the safety and flourishing of its settlements.

During the 7th-8th centuries AH, Sirjan was one the most important and valid cities in the Kerman region which was ruled by local states known as Qarakhtaian and Al Mozafar. Not only Sirjan is mentioned in many historical sources but also multiple excavations have been done in the city's old historical context. Most of the archaeological studies on this city are limited from early Islamic era until Saljooghi era and the middle centuries especially 7th-8th centuries AH are less concerned. Therefore, the main goal of this article is to evaluate the city's status during 7th-8th centuries AH based on historic and archaeological facts. In this research we used descriptive-comparative approach, historical analysis and in order to gather the essential data, we applied field studies and valid documents to answer this question: What were the most important historical and archaeological transformations in Sirjan during 7th-8th centuries AH? As a result of our studies, we found that between 6th and 9th centuries AH the old city was relocated and expanded towards west to the current Ghal-e Sang region. Nevertheless, the city was still considered by several governors and because of this matter, numerous defensive structures was built all around the city. Also by studying various types of potteries in this era of Sirjan, we found that the city enjoyed social-economic dynamism and the residents used diverse types of potteries; manufactured inside and outside the region. This point indicates the existence of an extensive commercial relations with other domestic urban centers and possibly with foreign cities. Some of the remarkable types of potteries in this era of Sirjan are Zarin Faam, Sultan Abadi, Lajevardineh and Seladon.

In ancient world, The Silk Road has been one of the greatest human achievements throughout history for the comprehensive communication of human beings and cultures in the East and West. Existence of Silk Road has proven Parthian period. In this era, Silk Road not only made possible the economic and social rotation in the ancient world, but also became one of the most important means of exchanging culture, art and language along the road. The Silk Road has been a crossroads between East and West Asia over the centuries, and the land of Iran as an intermediary land has provided of international exchanges, facilities, infrastructure and security for the Silk Road. This study, by collecting information in a library method and using a descriptive-analytic approach, has investigated the social dimension of the Silk Road. The results indicate that the effect of the Silk Road has affected the economic and cultural aspects and, in the social dimension, has led to the prosperity of industries and employment, the standardization of money, the increase of revenue through customs, the increase of road safety and the creation of infrastructure.

Persepolis annual rainfalls, sometimes had caused storing huge quantity of water in underground waterways and eventually damaging the waterways and palaces. The main aim of the excavation along the Persepolis canals outlet, (started from April 30, 2012 and continued for 112 days until August 20, 2012) was to open an urgent way ,among the mass of deposited soils of Persepolis previous excavations in south of the terrace, to led the stored water of annual rainfall in the underground canals, out of the Platform For the purpose of Excavation, a north - south trench (Started from outlet of the canals to the south where the soils of previous excavation was finished) with about 100 meters and with 4 meters width was designed. It was necessary to finish the operation in just one season of work, before that the annual rainfall of the region get started. With achieving to the main aim of the excavation in the end also a series of interesting findings, including new details on the Persepolis terrace wall and some waterways in the trench was detected. Starting from the north of the trench, with the removal of the upper layers of debris in the surrounding of the outlet, some new details of the terrace wall identified. The main discovery was to see the unfinished carving of the mountain rocks beyond of the terrace wall in both sides of the outlet. Here to guide the water stream of the canals, a path carved in the natural rock, which extends approximately 9 meters to the south was created. It was also detected that the south east corner of the terrace wall is finished exactly above the outlet. Further to the south in continuation of the rock carved path, a waterway with width between 60 to 75 cm and built by large and medium uncarved stones was uncovered. The waterway stretched 23 to the south where with getting close to the western bulk of the trench, its continuing was not clear. Although it seemed further evidence indicating waterways continue towards the southwest, however, there was also the possibility that original canal was not no longer stretches at all. At a distance of approximately 35 to 40 meters south of the outlet, evidence of two separate waterway (waterways 2 and 3 on the map), made up of large (waterway 2) and small stones (waterway 3) were identified .while unlike the first waterway (No.1), direction of these waterways was from East to West, stretches of both of them to the east have finalized or destroyed at once in the trench area. With continuing exploring, remains of another waterway (No. 4) was revealed in the southern half of the trench at a distance of 55 meters from the walls of the terrace. Identified approximately with southeast to northwest direction, recent waterway was made and partly covered with big carved block stones. Though, given the relatively similar levels of identified waterways with other Achaemenid structures in south area of the terrace and also due to the other discovered evidence, they can be dated to the Achaemenid era, it is difficult to understand their function and organization in south area of the terrace. Generally, discovered waterways can be considered as a part of Achaemenid structures system surrounding the Persepolis Platform. Nonetheless, it’s possible to say that Revealed evidence including direction of discovered canals and specially cut off waterways of No 2 and 3, perhaps indicating existence of a pond in south area of the terrace.

The archaeological record is an insufficiently defined concept. The concept is used by archaeologists as a model for their evidence. As a model, it brings metaphysical implications to archaeological theory. Some of the implications of the concept of the archaeological record show that there are actually two different models of archaeological evidence as a record: physical model and textual model. Different conceptions of the archaeological record disagree more fundamentally on the formation processes that have produced the record.