عاملیت

The empowerment of women has been acknowledged as a critical concept across various strategies, especially in recent times, drawing the interest of numerous advocates for women's rights, as well as governmental and non-governmental entities. Consequently, the objective of this investigation is to shed light on the sociological effects of personal predispositions as a form of agency on the economic empowerment of women in Tehran.Employing a quantitative approach, this research utilized a survey method with a multi-stage cluster random sampling technique, identifying a statistical population of 402 individuals as per the Cochran formula.The analysis, based on a multiple regression model, demonstrates that the independent variables of the study collectively account for approximately 25% of the variance in the economic empowerment of women. The findings suggest that the most significant factor influencing women's propensity for economic empowerment in Tehran is their entrepreneurial spirit. Subsequent influential factors include self-esteem, independence, a penchant for innovation, a rejection of fatalism, competitiveness, self-efficacy, and the ambition for advancement.Further analysis explored the influence of “marital status,” “education,” and “employment” on the economic empowerment of women in Tehran. The results indicated that unmarried women with higher levels of education and those who are employed exhibit greater economic empowerment than their counterparts in different circumstances.The research conclusions suggest that the economic empowerment of women can foster their greater involvement in the economy, contribute to economic growth, and bolster the economic stability of households. Policymakers must create supportive environments and provide resources to boost women's inclinations.

Despite the vast developments in the field of information and communication technology, mass media, especially radio and television, as one of the most important of these technologies, still play a key role in realizing the development goals of countries. For this reason, the current research was conducted with the aim of identifying the role of IRIB in improving the level of human development in Iran.

The approach of this research is qualitative and it has been done using the method of Constructivist grounded theory. The research community consists of academic and executive experts in the fields of public administration and media. The sampling method in this research was based on purposeful sampling in the first step and theoretical sampling in the next steps. A semi-structured interview tool was used to collect data. The analysis of the collected data has been done during four stages of initial, focused, axial and theoretical coding.

The result of this research is the identification of 10 main roles for the IRIB in human development. Five of these roles, which are education, skill enhancement, monitoring, streaming, and demandingness are capability-builder roles. The other five roles, which are creating hope, awareness, modelling, informing and supporting are included in the group of agency roles.

The findings of this research indicate that IRIB has a wide capacity in the realization of the country's development goals, especially human development, provided that it considers the public interest as a principle in all its programs.

The article demonstrates that technology is a product of the complex interaction between humans and natural, artificial, and social structures, which enables the creation of various forms of technology. It strives to provide a deeper philosophical understanding of what technology is. This understanding reveals that one cannot be passive when confronted with technology; instead, individuals can play an active role in shaping it. Consequently, the content of the article does not present a favorable view of technological determinism. What is Technology?In this article, a definition of technology is presented based on the ontology discussed in the philosophy of science by Bhaskar. Understanding what technology is, serves as a serious prerequisite for addressing key questions in the field of philosophy of technology; these questions pertain to the interaction between technology and society, ethics and technology, technology and knowledge, freedom and democracy in relation to technology, among many other topics. The article utilizes Bhaskar’s ontology and analyzes natural, artificial, and social structures to define technology as the interaction of humans with a composite structure aimed at achieving specific functionalities. According to this definition, technology is not a neutral entity but rather value-laden and substitutable; this means that its development path and functionalities can change based on social values and choices.The article demonstrates that technology is a product of the complex interaction between humans and natural, artificial, and social structures, which enables the creation of various forms of technology. It strives to provide a deeper philosophical understanding of what technology is. This understanding reveals that one cannot be passive when confronted with technology; instead, individuals can play an active role in shaping it. Consequently, the content of the article does not present a favorable view of technological determinism.

One of the central topics in sociology is the interaction of individuals with society in concrete situations. Social psychologists, rationalist sociologists and those who advocate one-sided methodological individualism speak of the influence of individuals on society. Structural sociologists and those who advocate the originality and superiority of society over individuals also speak one-sidedly and exclusively about the influence of society on individual. Eclectic theorists discuss the interaction of individual and society, or agency and structure in various fields of social life. Despite believing in the originality of the individual and the nominality of the society, Professor Misbah follows an eclectic approach and argues that neither the individual is completely affected by the society, nor the society is completely affected by the individual; rather, there is a mutual influence in this regard. Therefore, he discussed "the relationship between the individual and the society" in two separate sections, under the headings of "the influence of society on the individual" and "the influence of the individual on the society". Comparing professor Misbah with the other thinkers, this article tries to explain his position in this regard. The research method is the content analysis of the topics in the book "Society and History from the Viewpoint of the Qur'an", which, among the works of the professor, exclusively deals with this discussion.

The issue of women's empowerment is one of the most fundamental issues of contemporary societies, which has an inevitable link with their development. In Iran, in the fourth development program, women's empowerment was included among macro and executive policies. To that extend, many researches in different fields have tried to evaluate and measure the issue of women's empowerment in the country. The aim of the current research is to meta-analyze the studies conducted in the field of women's economic empowerment to provide a comprehensive picture of the findings and characteristics of the obtained studies. Qualitative meta-analysis method provides the possibility of evaluating and reviewing studies in two parts, formal and structural characteristics as well as content findings. A total of 70 reviewed studies including various articles and theses shared the two keywords of economic empowerment and women. A range of virtual databases such as Normagz and humanities database to the libraries of prestigious universities of the country are the source of data collection. Results show since mid-1990s, we have faced a considerable number of studies in this field. The applied methods are mostly quantitative and based on large-scale questionnaires. The results of the descriptive findings show that the executive policies of this field are mainly partial, in line with non-functional support (dependent) and without enough attention on the specificities and different coordinates of its fields, and there is a need to focus on the different needs of women, gender and cultural norms, and the infrastructure of each region.

Criticizing the cultural structure of “marriage” in the traditional linguistic sphere and providing a new definition of it was the concern of a number of modernist writers of Iran during the Qajar era. These authors recognized new writing formats as an efficient tool for this purpose. The focal issue of the upcoming research, which is written with the approach of cultural history and focusing on “language” as a tool for cultural change and modernization, is the analysis of the attempt of these modernists to break into olden cultural structures based on marriage and the foundational criticism of these structures by focusing on “the right to choose”. By writing works in emerging literary formats, modern writers introduced into critical literature the issue of marriage and emphasizing the choice as a “right”; In this context, the “translation” factor had a central contribution; sphere of thought of Iran, influenced by the life of modernists in modern environments such as Europe, Caucasus and Istanbul, was exposed to the translation/localization of the works of prominent figures in the field of critical literature to make it easier to pass this difficult path through the translation. The results of the analysis of the content of these texts indicate that the critical representation of traditional marriage has been one of the main aspects of this critical attitude. Trying to break into the accepted authority of the family as a cultural unit in the classic model of marriage, criticizing structures such as honor/shame and cultural units that dominate the category of choice such as relatives and criticizing the dominance of the financial/status attitude over this right, are among the most important components of this activity. The second aspect of this approach is looking at the positive function and proposing an alternative cultural model emerging from modernity based on the right to choose and emphasizing the individual's role in marriage.

Nomadic women play a vital role in the economic and social spheres of their communities, contributing to sustainable development through their indigenous knowledge. Despite facing significant challenges such as deprivation of welfare and healthcare, they exhibit considerable agency. This study challenges the perception that agency is exclusive to modern societies by demonstrating that nomadic women exercise their influence both overtly and covertly. Through a qualitative approach and thematic analysis of interviews with 17 women from Chah-Gholamali, two main themes (realized agency and resistance as hidden agency), four sub-themes (marital life management, persuasion power, decision-making agency, and facilitating agency), 10 concepts, and 115 meaningful phrases were identified. "Realized agency" refers to agency that is visibly observable. In the case of "facilitating agency," women do not hold a decisive role but act as facilitators. Findings show that while these women often hold decisive roles in family decisions, they also maintain the symbolic authority of men. The study highlights the complex and varied ways nomadic women experience and exert agency within their family structures.

The phenomenon of child and youth labor is a multifaceted challenge encompassing biological, psychological, and social dimensions, and it has emerged as a significant concern in various countries, including Iran. However, the predominant research has often approached this issue from a social work perspective, focusing on description and pathology. There has been a notable absence of studies addressing the empowerment of this demographic to navigate and overcome challenging environmental circumstances. Given the expanding population and the substantial personal and social challenges faced by working children and adolescents, it becomes apparent that conducting research in this area could contribute to the empowerment of these individuals.

The present study aimed to present the model of human as an agent based on the lived experiences of youth labore.

This study employed a qualitative approach, specifically utilizing the grounded theory method. The research focused on purposefully selecting 15 successful youth laborers residing in Tehran in 2023. Participants were chosen through referrals from Toloe Bi neshanha Center, Mehr and Mah Institute, and Al Yassin Assistance Clinic. After obtaining their consent and willingness to participate in the research, they became part of the study. Data was gathered through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using the Strauss and Corbin method.

The analysis of the interview data was generally categorized into seven axes: internal strength, chaotic environmental conditions, support system, learning experiences, humanistic strategies, positive and active design of life, and comprehensive and integrated growth, and finally, the conceptual model of the human as an agent based on the codes was drawn.

The obtained results, in addition to increasing insight into the components of the human as an agent model and the factors behind its creation, can be used as a basis for further research and the design of educational and therapeutic programs aimed at improving the psychological capabilities of youth laborers.

In the issue of efficiency, it is necessary to identify the factors affecting family efficiency. This research aimed to model family efficiency structurally based on life meaning with the mediating role of spirituality in the family and marital boundaries. The population included all couples in the city of Qom in 2023 and 384 of them were selected by the cluster sampling as the sample. The data were collected using family efficiency questionnaire from the perspective of Islam by Safouraei, the questionnaire of life meaning test based on Islamic sources by Heidari, Salarifar and Shaterian (2019), the questionnaire of the spirituality in the family, and the questionnaire of the measurement of the internal marital boundaries by Houshiari (2020). The data was analyzed with SPSS software. To analyze the data, structural equations were used in SPSS-24 Software and LISREL-5 software. The results demonstrated that there is a significant relationship among family efficiency, life meaning, and marital boundaries, and there is also a significant relationship among the spirituality in the family, life meaning, and family efficiency. In addition, the variables of marital boundaries and spirituality in the family are able to play a mediating role between the two variables of family efficiency and life meaning.

Teacher-student interaction is the basis of education and one of the important elements of classroom management, and the interactive relationship can only be imagined between "agents". The purpose of this research was to design the optimal model of teacher-student interaction based on teacher agency from the perspective of the Islamic approach (human as an agent). In this approach, human personality is mainly built through his action and agency, and his agency is based on basic cognitive, tendency and volitional principles. The interaction based on the mentioned approach will be an asymmetric interaction due to the difference in the level between the three principles of cognitive, tendency and volition between the teacher and the student.

The current research method is qualitative and the research data was collected using semi-structured interviews with 17 experts in the field of philosophy of education, psychology and lesson planning who were familiar and proficient in the field of agency and and were selected using a theoretical sampling method were collected. Data analysis was done by thematic analysis technique of thematic network type. Using the 6-step method of Brown and Clark (2006), the concepts extracted from the data in the classes of primary codes (concepts), sub-themes (sub-themes) and main themes were analyzed by maxqda software and a schematic map was drawn from the data. Also, the validity of the findings was confirmed through the methods of triangulation in the method (re-examination of work methods) and triangulation in the researcher (reliability test between coders).

The findings of the research showed that the desired model of teacher-student interaction based on agency consists of four main themes including cognitive, emotional, voluntary and behavioral, personality/identity/secretary. The cognitive or epistemological content includes the components of high-level thinking, scientific and rational validity, the position and role of the teacher, and logical flexibility; emotional theme or tendency with components of acceptance and positive attitude, kindness (intimacy) and empathy; Voluntary and behavioral content including the components of decision on change of mind, cooperation and dialogue-oriented, the power to arouse the will of others, the content and manner of speech, acting on knowledge and desirable behaviors; And finally, the theme of personality/identity/secretary includes the components of personality stability and desirable qualities and temperament of the teacher. The results of the present research showed that the asymmetric interaction between teacher and student based on agency - far from the two poles of teacher-centered and student-centered - and by recognizing and welcoming the basics of teacher and student agency, can be formulated in the sense that education and upbringing based on The approach of "man as an agent" is not teacher-centered and will seek to shape and transfer knowledge to the student, nor is it student-centered that the teacher is left aside only as a guide on the sidelines. Rather, a teacher who conforms to this approach is rich and fruitful in cultural heritage (knowledge and human values) and plans and implements the process of education and upbringing at least by recognizing and at least by welcoming the triple principles of students' agency, and in all The mentioned steps always criticize and re-evaluate their actions by themselves and the students. It is suggested that the emphatic issue of authorized and unauthorized authority in the approach of "man as an agent" should be at the forefront of teachers' professional activities, and dear teachers should equip themselves as much as possible in the field of authorized content authority (knowledge, values and skills). and allow formal authority only in the shadow of content authority and with the collaborative formulation of classroom regulations and avoid any formal authority seeking that weakens or eliminates students' agency and one-sided interaction. In fact, tending to content authoritarianism and avoiding formal authoritarianism is considered one of the necessities of the teaching profession.

The word agency implies a kind of sense of responsibility toward the path of one's own life. The acceptance of human agency depends on the explanation of the origin of action, which is called "I". This study aims to present a counseling model based on Allameh Mohammad Taghi Jafari's view. In the first part, an attempt has been made by the hermeneutic qualitative method to identify the indicators and components of the agency of "I". Then, by the grounded theory, explanatory model of the agency of "I" was drawn. In the third part, the content, process and counseling techniques derived from this model were presented through thematic analysis. In the Delphi validation, Kendall's correlation coefficient was reported as 0.87. The main counseling content of this approach can be found in cases such as the nature of "I" (differentiator, agent, meta-agent, authorized, etc.), the areas of "I" (the essence and activity of "I"), the levels of "I" (the disability of "I", the agency of "I"), the elements of "I" (involuntary, voluntary, and perfectionist), and so on. Counseling processes were presented in harmony with purposeful universe, acceptance of self-ownership, honesty and harmony with oneself, use of capabilities, strengthening of love for humans, and strengthening of self-awareness and self-improvement. In order to achieve these therapeutic processes, practical methods were also extracted based on Allameh's point of view. The distinguishing aspects of this counseling model can be considered in its integration, the presence of the determining component of perfectionism and attention to the relationship between human and his creator.

Although, hope has not been raised as a social issue with large dimensions in the policy-making discourse of the country, it was and still is the problem of a large part of the country's people and policy makers. The purpose is sociological study of the interpretation of social hope among the citizens of Tehran. The methodology of this qualitative research, is grounded theory strategy. For this purpose, in-depth and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 50 samples. In the open coding stage, 105 open codes, 33 core codes, 9 main categories and 1 core category were extracted from the data coding system. The results of this research narrate the multidimensional meaning of religiosity in restoring hope. It seems that the Tehran citizens, with the hope of infinite support, make enduring hardships meaningful and attribute multidimensional and positive agency to religiosity in the field of restoring hope. Also, religion strengthens the social aspect of hope through the creation of solidarity and cohesion and ultimately helps to reduce social problems in an overt and hidden way.

Entrepreneurial agency, defined as people's ability to discover and exploit business opportunities and create new value, is a complicated notion that necessitates an interdisciplinary approach and the integration of various views. Adopting this approach in the first step requires understanding the knowledge-based agencies and selecting related fields, which in this article is done through the scientometric analysis method. 18060 English-language items from the WOS database were selected and evaluated. The co-citation analysis of sources indicated five major clusters: Sociology, organization and management, agency theory, neuroscience/cognitive science, and psychology. The authors' co-citation analysis revealed seven theoretical groups. The co-occurrence analysis of key phrases and time trends revealed that concepts such as agency theory, human agency, and structure-agency duality originated in the 1970s and 1980s, but newer concepts such as teacher agency and entrepreneurial agency arose more recently. The findings revealed that the concept of agency evokes diverse interpretations depending on the field researched upon. In economics and law, it refers to representation and the principal-agent relationship. In public administration and political science, it refers to an organization or firm that performs a function for another. In philosophy, sociology, psychology, education, cognitive science, and neuroscience, it refers to the capacity, condition, or state of executing an action or exerting power, as well as the human ability to perform conscious and purposeful activities. Finally, to investigate entrepreneurial agency at the individual level, an integrated study of psychology and the social sciences is proposed.

Women's activism in the light of the discourse of constitutionalism made them a committed and demanding group that entered the field of action for the ideals of constitutionalism and challenged the dominant gender order. Methodologically, this research explains the aspects of women's mobilization in fundraising based on document analysis. The research problem is to clarify the agency of women in contemporary social history. The findings are presented and analyzed in five categories: practical goals, motivations, mechanisms, socio-economic base of participants, and strategies. Collecting donations to provide resources for the struggle of the constitutionalists in the era of Minor Tyranny, helping the families of the deceased fighters in Tabriz and Ardabil, as well as accumulating initial capital for the establishment of the National Bank, have all been based on patriotic motives of women in the struggle to achieve independence and support the citizens. In addition, it is indicative of the formulation of agency and identity politics of female activists who got fed up with discriminatory gender relations and sought an opportunity for social participation in women’s mobilization. In the absence of jobs and independent income, women used tactics to obtain resources for mobilization. Furthermore, the participation of women from different social origins has given a cross-class dimension to the mobilization.

Recent research suggested that teacher agency played a crucial role in fostering teacher capacity to learn and teach, which, in turn, influenced schools performance improvement. Teacher agency refers to the capacity of teachers to act purposefully and constructively to direct their professional growth and contribute to the growth of education quality. Considering the role of teacher agency in improving learning in schools, searching for the antecedents of this variable can be one of the concerns of researchers in the field of education. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to determine the mediating role of trust in the relationship between learning-oriented leadership and teacher agency.

The research method was a correlational description. The statistical population was primary school teachers of Hamedan province. The statistical sample was 102 people who were selected using the convenience sampling method. Data collection tools were three questionnaires of learning-oriented leadership, teacher trust and teacher agency, which were developed by Liu et al. (2016a) and Liu et al. (2016b). Before running the questionnaires on the main sample, the validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by experts and their reliability confirmed according to Cronbach's alpha coefficients. After implementing the questionnaires, the convergent validity, discriminant validity, internal consistency and composite reliability of the research instrument were confirmed as part of the data analysis phase. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling.

The Results showed that learning-oreinted leadership significantly predicts teachers’ trust and agency. Also, teachers trust was a significant predictor of teacher agency. These findings confirm the mediating role of trust in the relationship between learning-oriented leadership and teacher agency.

One of the interesting points in the findings is that the indirect effect of learning-centered leadership on teacher agency (mediated by trust) is more than its direct effect, and this well shows the role of trust in the link between leadership and teachers' agency. Therefore, it is recommended that school administrators increase the agency of teachers through the use of learning-oriented leadership behaviors and create a trusting environment in the school.

Social monotheism, which is the result of a social and practical understanding of the principle of monotheism, in Ayatollah Khamenei's view, is a social theory and a general structure of life. In this regard he proposes the hypothesis of the function of social monotheism in the theoretical foundations and monotheistic society, including social “effectiveness” and “structure”. Therefore, this article aims to investigate the effects and results of the social understanding of monotheism in the duality of social effectiveness and structure, focusing on the verses of the Holy Qur'an. This research has been conducted using the descriptive-analytical method based on library data and the logic of understanding verses and rational reasoning. The results show that both effectiveness and structure are influenced by social monotheism. The centrality of obedience to God in social relations, truth-centeredness and denying the worship of whims in the social movement are among the results of the function of social monotheism in terms of effectiveness. And the negation of the plurality in worship and polytheistic models, the common social destiny of the Islamic Ummah, social control through the duty of enjoining good and forbidding what is evil, and Itibariyat ba’d al-Ijtima’ (conventional perceptions after civilization), the establishment of conventional institutions, and giving a monotheistic direction to social institutions and organizations are the output of the function of social monotheism in terms of structure. Divine traditions are also inviolable social laws that result from the social and collective deeds of people, and as a beyond-human agent, it participates in the macro-transformations and fate of societies.

Invoicing is a method of financing in which a seller transfers his receivables to a third party to handle, receive, or to give discount.In full agency, almost all receivable accounts from the sale of goods and services are purchased by the agent under normal circumstances, and the customer (exporter) is provided with a quick access to cash, which the agent agrees to receive or receives the interest of financing, and the settlement between the agent and the customer is considered from the date of the agency contract or when the deal is done with a proper percentage discount, on the due date or when the agent succeeds to Collect all funds from buyers of goods and customer service.Full agency is similar to some jurisprudential and legal institutions In this post using the library method white contract of reward, factorage and brokerage Comparisons and conditions in each institution are fully expressed And finally, the full agency is similar to all the institutions mentioned But due to some differences, it can only be applied to a debt purchase contract

Cinematic works serve as reflections of the cultural unconscious of a given society, providing sociologists with the opportunity to examine its hopes, aspirations, and societal concerns. This manuscript utilizes qualitative content analysis to examine the manner in which social hope is portrayed in 15 Iranian New Wave Movement films. The research endeavors to investigate two fundamental inquiries: “In what manner does Iranian New Wave Cinema depict social hope?” Furthermore, “How does this portrayal intersect with the societal hope of the film's creation?” Despite extensive literature on “social hope” and the “sociology of hope,” analytical formulations are limited. This article adopts Schneider's triple articulation—encompassing “agency,” “purposefulness,” and “feasibility”—as metrics for assessing social hope.This study employs qualitative content analysis to examine 15 films that serve as representations of the Iranian New Wave Movement, a cinematic movement that transpired in Iran from 1968 to 1978. Dariush Mehrjoei, Masoud Kimiaei, Nasser Taqvai, Bahram Bayzaei, and Amir Naderi are all noteworthy directors. A stratified sampling technique was utilized with the intention of selecting three works from each director in accordance with the research objective.This approach guaranteed the inclusion of articles that were most congruent with the objectives of the research. In general, the majority of new wave cinematographic works emphasize the intensified social despondency through the representation of objects that are “inactive” in terms of agency index, “lacking purpose” in terms of purposefulness index and Indicators of the possibility of being “disabled” emphasize the intensified social despair.The New Wave Movement, which rebelled against the sanguine official discourse, mirrored societal struggles during a period of political unrest by integrating Simmel's sociological theory of art and Snyder's social hope articulation. Through individual artistic expression within a collective cultural unconscious, the Movement challenges prevailing narratives, showcasing the pervasive social despair of their time with nuanced realism.