جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « مارتین لوتر » در نشریات گروه « علوم انسانی »

Examining the political factors of authority in Islamic government is considered as an effective strategy in elevating Islamic societies to achieve the peaks of dignity and authority. In this study, the factors of authority in the political field are considered. In this area, the factors of authority in the areas of governance, powerful leadership, principles of Islamic government, meritocracy, inspection, encouragement and punishment, and jihad have been studied. Existence of a powerful and just leadership to realize and revive the principles of Islamic government and to solve the problems of society and worthy managers along with insightful and martyrdom-seeking people and practical adherence to the teachings of the Qur'an, the Prophet of Islam and the Ahlbayt (AS), is essential to achieve authority in Islamic government. Is. The purpose of this study is to determine the political factors of authority in the Islamic government by emphasizing the guidelines of Imam Ali (AS) in Nahjalbalaghah and the research method of this research is descriptive-analytical. The results of this study show that in addition to the role that each of the political factors of authority such as the existence of a powerful leadership, the revival of the principles of Islamic government, observance of moderation, security and justice in societies; All these factors are effective in elevating the authority of the Islamic government.

In this article, the influence of the emerging powers in Europe on the religious reform movement is investigated and the reason for the initiation of the religious reform movement by these powers is the all-round support of the Pope as Christian leaders to the two empires of Spain and Portugal and the division of the world between them. There were two empires and that other European powers did not have the ability to enter the world stage despite the Pope's support for these two empires. After the religious wars resulting from the religious reform movement, we witnessed the presence of other world powers on the world stage and the removal of the powers supported by the Pope from the world stage. The aim of the current research is to investigate the extent of the influence of emerging European powers. In this research, a descriptive-analytical method was used to review the information and reasons for the emergence of this movement and its success and failure in various countries, and the result of the research was extracted as an examination of the influence of this movement on the scene of global politics and Christianity.

The purpose of the present study is to review Protestant religious reformation from political approach. The method of research is descriptive-analytic and the results showed that contrary to what is assumed, Protestantism was not a religious movement to revive religion and avoid Christianity abuse by the priests and the Pope; but rather it was a political movement against the Pope and his absolute authority aiming to prevent the emerging kingdoms then to take measures against the Pope's policy of dividing the world between the Spanish and Portuguese empires. Thus, they attempted to weaken the status and domination of the Pope. The effect of this movement in Europe was different from country to country, that is to say, this movement was successful in regions where the kings were against the Pope and sought powerful presence in the global realm while it was not really successful in other regions where the kings did not seek to be present in the international level and had insufficient power to fight against the Pope and his followers. Besides, this movement led to the birth of government-nations on the global level.

Luther was trained in a theological and philosophical attitude similar to that of Augustine and Thomas Aquinas, but  he saw their theological system as ineffective in providing an answer to the problem of forgiveness; therefore, following an answer to this religious crisis, suddenly on Paul treatises, and according to the preface to his works, states that he has discovered a new conception of the doctrine of faith and its connection with disobedience according to this verse from the treatise to the Romans: "In that justice God reveals and from faith to faith, as it is written, that the righteous will live by faith. " According to this verse, the way of salvation is to introduce faith and to interpret faith as God wants, and to forgive it as conditional on having this faith. In this account of the relationship of faith and forgiveness, Luther presents a mystical interpretation of Paul's revelation with Augustine's view, which is fundamentally controversial with Aquinas's view of faith and with Plagiuos on grace. In this research, we are going to present, with an analytical approach, an accurate account of Martin Luther’s view on the relationship between faith and forgiveness associated with grace