جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "هدفمندی یارانه ها" در نشریات گروه "علوم انسانی"

The aim of the current research was to design a model of factors affecting the targeting of subsidies in sports in the country with a combined approach. This research is practical in terms of purpose, and the mixed research method is sequential exploratory. The collection method was a survey. The statistical population in the qualitative section included subsidy policymakers in the country, members of the Islamic Council, the Ministry of Sports and Youth, and professors familiar with the issue of subsidies in sports, who were selected for qualitative interviews in the research topic (15 interviews) with 15 people and continued until theoretical saturation. The statistical population of the quantitative part included all managers of sports clubs in Tehran. The data collection tool in the present study was a semi-structured interview and a researcher-made questionnaire. In order to analyze the data, coding was used in the qualitative part and the method of structural equations was used in the quantitative part. In the qualitative part of the research, categories were extracted in the form of 34 conceptual codes and 6 main categories. In the quantitative part, all 6 main categories of the research had a suitable fit. Therefore, the research model has sufficient fit. Considering that participation in sports activities has many positive effects in all aspects for the general public, it is recommended to adopt the necessary measures to target the subsidies in the country's sports.

The Targeted Subsidies Policy (TSP) was implemented as one of the biggest economic reforms in Iran in 2009. However, after more than a decade, it did not achieve all its predetermined goals. Regardless of its positive effects, this research aims to identify and determine the adverse effects of this plan after its implementation, which led to the inefficiency of TSP. This research is based on Sandelowski & Barroso Meta-Synthesis method in which, by searching keywords related to the topic in scientific databases, the relevant researches were found and systematically reviewed. The search results were filtered by reviewing titles, abstracts, and content, and screened articles were evaluated using the CASP tool. Finally, 86 sources were selected and analyzed. By coding and categorizing the articles, nine main categories were identified as disadvantages and negative effects of TSP: negative effects on macroeconomics, negative effects on the production sector, unfair distribution, decreased welfare, failure to save or reduce energy consumption, energy smuggling and corruption, adverse effects on medicine and health, adverse effects on transportation, and adverse environmental effects. The findings can help to structurally reform the current method and prevent the repetition of past mistakes.

Implementing subsidies targeting policy in Iran is one of the measures aimed at reducing poverty, reducing the class gap between different deciles of society and especially improving economic indicators in rural areas. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of subsidizing targeting on poverty and instability of rural households. This research is a fundamental exploratory and descriptive-analytical research. The required data were collected through both field and document methods. In this study, first, the research indices in two 6-year periods, before subsidizing targeting (2005-2010) and 6-year period after subsidizing targeting (2011-2016), were studied in all villages of the country and the average of each The index was compared before and after the targeting of subsidies and then the results of this section were compared with those of field research in the sample studied. The statistical sample of this study consisted of 22 villages of Neyshabur villages were selected by systematic random sampling using Cochran formula. The results of the study showed that the implementation of targeted subsidies has, in the first place, raised inflation rates and in some years even surpassed rural inflation over urban inflation. It has also led to changes in the composition of household expenditures, changes in the composition of household food expenditures and non-food household expenditures. But the implementation of the plan, because of the high rate of household benefit from the project, ultimately increased household income and also created a new source of income for rural households. But the implementation of the plan, because of the high rate of household benefit from the project, ultimately increased household income and also created a new source of income for rural households.

The present paper aims to identify the most important factor that explains productivity changes in energy use in Iran over the period of 1385-1394-. Towards this end, the authors have utilized three symmetric industry by industry input-output tables namely, IOT at 1385 constant prices introduced by research center affiliated to Iranian parliament, IOT at 1390 constant prices introduced by Iran’s statistics center and the 1394 -IOT updated by RAS method. Jacob (2003) attribute productivity Changes in energy use to six factors.  The authors have applied the Jacob formula to decompose productivity changes into six cause factors namely, changes in value added, changes in energy consumption, changes in domestic energy supply, structural changes -technology factor, final demand changes, inter industry final demand changes pertaining to agricultural, industry, power, transportation and other service sectors. The results of this study reveal that productivity changes in energy use is negatively affected by value added changes while changes in energy consumption in agriculture and power sectors had a declining impact on productivity and the effect of other factors in productivity changes has been negligible over the period under study.

Universal basic income is a type of unconditional cash transfer that is paid to all citizens and is sufficient to cover the minimum living expenses. The idea of universal basic income is one of the proposed mechanisms to guarantee minimum income in the mainstream economics that is recognized as an alternative to the existing social security system but its benefits and disadvantages are still disputed. Similarly, in the Islamic economy, the emphasis has been on ensuring that everyone's livelihood is guaranteed. This paper first discusses basic income and similar schemes in the mainstream economics (social dividends, participation income, negative income tax, and Atkinson's proposal to establish a flat tax / basic income), and then explains the mechanism of securing a subsistence standard in Islamic economics. The findings of the paper show that: the provision of Universal basic income - as a refundable tax credit - within the framework of the private income tax system is in line with Islamic economics standards; In addition, given the current fiscal constraints of government, it is more enforceable than other models of minimum income guarantee, and with implementing it, it is expected to ensure minimum income for all citizens (not just those covered by support organizations) at the lowest cost.

In this study, the effect of socio-economic variables on bread demand has been investigated using AIDS model and micro data. In this model, socio-economic variables such as age, gender and marital status of household breadwinner, his/her own level of education and that of the spouse’s, household size, and employment status and income level of household members have been used. A dummy variable is also used to account for implementation of targeted subsidies law is also used and, in this study, it shows the effects of this policy. To meet this end, the Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) is applied. This model has been estimated using the consolidated data and Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) method and the information from more than 165,000 urban households in the country for the years 2007-2015 and for different income groups (low income, medium and wealthy). The results of this research show that, during the period under study, bread was an essential goods for all income groups. The price elasticity of bread demand for all income groups was 0/5. Therefore, bread is an inelastic goods for all income groups. Also, the coefficients related to household size, level of education for the breadwinner and his/her spouse, employment status and marital status of household breadwinner and the dummy variable of targeted subsidies law are positive and significant. The coefficient related to the age of household breadwinner for poor and middle-income households has been estimated to be positive and for wealthy households it has not been found to be significant .The coefficient belonging to the gender of the head of household for poor households has been estimated to be insignificant and for middle-income and wealthy households it has been estimated to be positive and significant.

The rural settlements of Rezvanshahr area face a shortage of capital, lack of suitable economic infrastructure which resulted in the improper use of productive and active rural labor force in the three economic sectors: the emergence of hidden and seasonal unemployment and consequently the reduction of economic power and standard of living of rural residents in city under study. Mere dependence on agriculture, the basic requirement for revenue from the sale of products in this sector and the lack of rural industrial activities, such as agricultural conversion industries has led to the lowest value-added of agriculture products for the villagers. So severe economic vulnerability, rural income instability and employment constraints and the lack of job opportunities are the important structural features of rural economy in Rezvanshahr area which has been aggravated by the lack of government attention to the villages and agricultural sectors. Therefore, what is the impact of subsidies, as one of the structural adjustment policies on rural economy in area under study? As the most vulnerable sectors of society are villagers and rural populations, granting subsidies is justifiable to them due to their economic and social problems. The important reasons are low income in the rural areas of city under study than the urban areas and even the productivity of the agricultural sector is lower than the industrial sector. It is obvious that the study of the impacts and the consequences of implementing this project, especially in the rural households that are most affected by their economic conditions, can help decision-makers and policy-makers. Accordingly, the present study attempts to investigate the reflection of subsidy payments in rural settlements in Rezvanshahr area. The methodological framework for this project is qualitative research and focuse on 'grounded theory approach. To examine the reflection of targeted subsidy plan, collaborative observations and semi-structured interviews based on exploratory approach was used. Statistical population consisted of villagers and local natives (including council members, governers of rural districts and other villagers). Villages were classified into three categories in terms of reciving subsidy. Out of a total of each category, 20% of the villages were selected as samples. Snowball sampling used in the villages under study. The number of sample size was 53 based on theoretical saturation. According to grounded theory, data from interviews were analyzed in three steps: open, axial and selective coding. Research validity obtained through members control and self-monitoring. Investigating the views of local community showed that in the villages of Rezvanshahr area, as in other regions of Iran, the liberalization of energy carrier price both in non-manufacturing and manufacturing sector has led to increase in costs such as moving different goods and rural travels. Income growth in rural household from receiving subsidy improved the savings for some households with previous financial ability on the one hand and on the other hand, some rurals who had no financial ability, said receiving subsidy in some extent has influenced the level of trust among villagers, and especially their urban relatives for lending and borrowing money to each other. Beacause urban relatives hope that if agricultural revenues in a year does not suffice, subsidy is constant payment for villagers to return their borrowings. According to the villagers in the Rezvanshahr area, after targeting subsiy plan, the owners with more agronomic background, have gain more advantages from production subsidies in form of receiving fertilizers and poisons. Accordingly, it can be said that economic inequality has been fueled by subsidies in the villages. In the rural area of Rezvanshahr, as the dominant pattern of most rural areas in Iran, households can be divided into two economic situations in relation to subsidies. Also, based on a six-year experience from targeted subsidies plan and its cash payment, the villagers day by day become dependent on the determined "supplementary income" (subsidies). As cash subsidy payments, on the one hand depends on the ruling government and on the other hand, is a function of the country's oil revenues, rural income system has always been exposed to political and economic (mainly psychological) shocks especially during the elections. Targeted subsidy as one of the implemented structural adjustment policies in Iran has caused reflections in the rural economy of Rezvanshahr area. Based on selective coding it can be said that three core categories titled as "Change in the cost and income of villagers, “Changing the system of production and consumption of wealth in the rural economy, and “Risk-taking growth in rural economy "was the result of implementing this policy. Given that the duration of payment and spending subsidies is short (up to 5 days) per month, it creates a significant momentum in the flow of capital between rural and urban economy and then a depression appears in the market and trading sector. This situation is a reflection of growing dependence of the economic cycle (on the trading side) on subsidy payments in rural areas. The system and the source of subsidies, along with more and more dependence of villagers to subsidies has led to a drastic increase in the process of globalization and politicization of rural economy. Finally, it can be said that despite the fact that rehabilitation has not occured in the rural economy in relation to its constituent elements (villagers) and the compensation for losses of stagnation does not happen very quickly, nevertheless, targeted subsidies and its current support pattern (cash payments only to households) does not result in strengthening the foundations of this economy.
Finally, it can be said that despite the fact that rehabilitation has not occured in the rural economy in relation to its constituent elements (villagers) and the compensation for losses of stagnation does not happen very quickly, nevertheless, targeted subsidies and its current support pattern (cash payments only to households) does not result in strengthening the foundations of this economy.

In the Islamic approach, the right of all people to enjoy the opportunities and benefit from public resources are the two dimensions of justice, meaning "Giving everyone one's entitlement". In this framework, the first step towards the realization of justice is to fight inequality in the distribution of opportunities, resources and public facilities (Beit al-Mal) in the favor of the poor and deprived in the Islamic society. This paper examines the distribution of subsidies in Iran's economy, considering the requirements of justice in the Islamic approach. The main question of the research is: what is the criterion for the fair distribution of Anfal and the public resources of the country, especially in the context of poverty and class divisions? According to the research hypothesis, in the context of poverty and class divisions, in the distribution of public resources of the country including the distribution of subsidies, one can allow an unequal distribution for the benefit of the poor, so that justice can be achieved faster by reducing the class division. Using the descriptive and analytical method and Islamic and jurisprudential doctrines on the one hand, and examining the experiences of the current distribution of subsidies in Iran on the other hand, the present paper seeks to prove this hypothesis and the necessity of its implementation in the distribution of subsidies in Iran.

In this paper, we try to analyze the impacts of targeted subsidies plan and socioeconomic variables on demand for residential water of Iranian urban households. For this purpose, we use pooled data of 146729 urban households during 2007-2014 and estimate an Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) model using Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR). The results show that targeted subsidies plan has no significant effect on demand for urban residential water. The price and income elasticity’s of demand for residential water were estimated by -0.94 and 0.64, respectively. We also show that the household size and gender of household’s head are of positive and significant effects on residential water consumption, while literacy rate of household’s head and use of cloth washing machine affect negatively the demand for water. In addition, using dishwashing machine and size of household’s dwelling have no significant effects on residential water consumption.

One of the main objectives of subsidy reform, was increase welfare and reduce inequality in society. this study by utilizing the data of micro-level Households’ Income and expenditure survey over 2008-2014, investigate the effect of subsidy reform on combination of agricultural goods in households’ basket as a qualitative scale to measure the welfare and livelihood of households using seemingly unrelated regression technique throught FGLS. The result of study show that after subsidy reform the share of Grain of total available agricultural goods in households’ basket increased more than other items and share of dairy had the lowest increase. The results of estimation show that increasing in real household incomes and employment status of head of household greatest effect in increasing the proportion of meat of agricultural goods from households’ basket, According Engel theory can be said, contrary to the purpose of targeting subsidies policy, is not conducive to improving living conditions for households.

By implementing the historical transformation of the subsidy reform plan in 2010, the economic operation of the era of transition from a subsidized economy to a competitive and free one took place after two decades of waiting, and the studies on this issue from the perspective of monitoring and evaluating post-implementation effects entered a new field. As the reform subsidy plan in the transportation and energy sectors is the first priority of the government's economic development agenda, the implementation of this plan has affected rural housing as well as other sectors of its policies. In the present study, an attempt is made to examine the effects of reform subsidies in the transport and energy sectors on rural tourism development indicators in Borujerd, as an "assessment during implementation". The research is an applied one and its method is descriptive-analytical. The data gathering method was library and field analysis. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (Kendall's tau-b,Spearman and multiple regression). Finally, the results indicated that there was a significant relationship between the reform subsidies indicators and rural tourism indicators. Therefore, the promotion of the reform subsidies indicators to achieve rural tourism development is one of the effective strategies that should be focused by the government authorities more than before.

On Decmber 2010, the economic reform program, so called "Targeted Subsidies Reform" had been implemented to organize the subsidy payment in Iran in toto. The silent feature of this economic program was per se payment of direct subsidies to the households. As a result, during the execution of this policy, many households got benefited from the transfer payment, irrespective of the income group which they belonged to, Ipsofacto. However, in recent years, one may observe a modicum ebb in the participation rate of the high income group in the Targeted Subsidies Reform Program. In this paper, an attempt is made to investigate the impact of transfer payment derived from the subsidy reform policy on poverty alleviation of households during the study period of 2009-2016. Hence, for this purpose the numerical poverty indices such as FGT, CHU and SST, along with the poverty ordering methods were appraised and calculated Pro rata. The results prima facie indicate that the "Targeted Subsidies Reform Policy" was effective in diminishing the menace and incidence of poverty, at the beginning stages of its implementation in Iran, though its impact got neutralized in the course of time, Sine qua non.

Iran is not only a major energy leading oil producer, but also is a large consumer of energy. High population, land area and industrial and urban development are all important factors in the consumer market in the country, and it is natural that a vast country like Iran has the energy demand for a variety of purposes. This is the reason that the level of energy consumption in Iran is very high and for various, reasons should be concerned about the current situation. Before the targeted subsidy plan, Iran's approach in the energy subsidies was very unsuitable and harmful. It seems necessary to evaluate the effect of the plan on the consumer demand for energy across the country. In this study, we examine this relationship in Isfahan. This paper uses a model which introduced by Sitra and et al (2012). The demand elasticity is calculated with using the SUR method and AIDS. In this regard, we use data of Isfahan’s consumers for the period of 1384 to September 1393. The estimation results of gasoline demand equation show that the effect of commodity prices on demand is negative, which indicates the law of demand works here. The estimated coefficient of commodity price is negative and smaller than one that shows gasoline is an essential commodity. In accordance with the results, the coefficient of real value added is estimated positive, which indicate the gasoline is a normal good. The results also show that the dummy variable for the targeted subsidy plan has a negative and significant effect on the commodity demands which can indicate that the plan and prices lead to lower fuel demand in the city.

In the Iranian economy, especially after the emergence of oil and its rise in price, we have witnessed a significant government presence in the economy and the payment of all kinds of direct and indirect subsidies to the society and manufacturing sectors. In 2010, the government took steps to liberalize prices in the energy sector and allocate proceeds to construction, housing, manufacturing, health and health sectors. Releasing energy prices can have an impact on the level of manufacturing and productivity. One of these industries associated with the daily lives of people is the food industry, which plays an important role in the economy.The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of targeting subsidies on the productivity of food industry. Therefore, the statistical society, food industry of Iran and the research period have been considered from 2006 to 2013. Using the econometric model and with the help of Eviews software, the following results are obtained.The coefficients indicate that: The physical capital and machinery variable in the food industry is significant at 5% error level and Lee does not have the required productivity in the food industry. On the other hand, effective exchange rate is one of the variables affecting the growth of production as well as productivity. This variable is significant at the error level of 10% and has a positive effect on the productivity of food industry. The results of this paper show that the variable productivity of human capital in food industry is positive and significant.The results of this paper show that the variable productivity of human capital in food industry is positive and significant. Finally, the results show that the purposefulness of the subsidy, which is significant at 1% error level, has a positive and significant effect on the productivity of food industry. In enforcing the targeted subsidy policies, businesses have been able to improve their situation and experience a competitive environment in production and increase productivity.

One of the appropriate ways for helping the government is people economic participation in developing affairs by micro investigating and in participatory approach framework. Investigating in rural construction and development project through of costing family subsides is one of important form of investigation. Thus, in this research had been tried to measuring the rural trends amount to investigating and them investigation grounds by descriptive- analyzing methodology and among 339 rural family of Bezineh Rood Dehestans rural point in Khodabandeh Township. Research finding show that about 78 percent of rural case study’s people are tendentious for costing family subsides in construction project for our rural improvement. Severity of their tendency to economic participation in constructing and developing investigation are about 89/56 percent that seems significant. Also, in analyzing the relation between investigation tendencies with rural communities features the finding show that there is meaningful relation between them. In prioritizing the investigating fields and affairs, the result show that rural people would like to investigate in all projects of construction, development and especially in livestock inbreeding in rural area that had been measured by PROMETEE technique as a one of the multi decision making techniques.