جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "cities" در نشریات گروه "علوم انسانی"

Investigating cities and countries in Hamidi MaqamatabstractHamidi's Maqamat is one of the technical prose books of Persian literature written by Qazi Hamiduddin in 6th century in 24 maqameh. One of the contents of this book that is noteworthy in this research is the mention of the names of countries and cities, although some of those cities and places have been renamed and others have been separated from our vast land. Therefore, the mention of the names of cities and countries and urban geography in this book is important in terms of the historical documents of our vast land. This research introduces the geographical locations mentioned in Hamidi's Maqamat using content analysis method and library tools. It should be said that geographical material in the Hamidi's Maqamat is less important than books such as Al-Masalek and Al-Mamalek, but paying attention to cities and countries, whether it is a foreign reality or the product of the artist's creative mind, is not without kindness. The main purpose of this article is to introduce the cities, countries and places mentioned in the Maqamat of Qazi Hamiduddin, since literary books in turn provide a suitable basis for analysis and analysis of different aspects of literary works. Surveys of this paper show that geographical locations such as Palestine, China, Syria and Iraq, which are politically important to our country today, have not been overlooked by the author.

Following the developments after the Industrial Revolution, population growth and consequently the physical development of cities has acted very fast and accelerated. So that in recent decades, the uncontrolled growth and expansion of cities has become a kind of problem or issue and the need to pay attention to urban issues and especially its physical issues in the form of a scientific framework, has become important and necessary. Objective of the present study: The purpose of this study is to identify the position of urban smart growth indicators in the physical development of Maragheh city.

The present research has been done in terms of applied purpose and in terms of method, descriptive-analytical method. Indicators of smart urban growth in Maragheh city areas have been evaluated based on three indicators of compaction, environmental and accessibility using Holdern models, Gini coefficient, and network analysis in Arc map software. Below the sewerage network index, areas 5 and 6 have the least network coverage and in the worn texture index, areas 1, 2 and 3 have the highest area of worn texture. In the bus station access index, districts 4 and 7 have the least distribution and in districts 6 and 1 have the most distribution and access, and also in the taxi station access index, district 5 has no taxi station and district 1 and 2 have the most taxi station distribution.

Over the past decades, modern urbanism has relied too much on the needs of mobility and neglecting the organization of pedestrian spaces. According to the trend, sustainable urban development will be caused if urban planners present the theory of neo-urbanism to save urban centers, and the officials of urban affairs develop plans in the direction of pedestrian traffic, if they themselves put some kind of neo-urbanism in their agenda. In this article, various pedestrian indicators, including pedestrian indicators, sustainable development indicators and tourism indicators, were compiled based on questionnaires and were compiled using the methods of hypothesis testing, equality of averages, a population t-test, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and then ranking indicators based on Weighted entropy and finally TOPSIS method. The analysis of the data has been carried out and the measurement of pedestrian traffic has been done using the HQE2R model, and the analysis of pedestrians, surface service and pedestrian services has been used according to the 2016 HCM manual. Also, the accessibility, movement structure and strategic components of Imam street will be approved through Arc-GIS software and maps of Imam street will be designed. The results of the data analysis and the models used in the research indicate that the indicators in the process of pedestrian regeneration in Semnan city will be correctly defined and can be effective. But the level of service in this area is low. In order to have a sustainable development, the pedestrian axis becomes important in this street and requires higher level services.

 With the collapse of the Safavid government, many residents of the country's cities were massacred or forced to flee to remote rural and mountainous areas during internal riots and the aggression of neighboring countries. With the beginning of Nadir's rule and the improvement of the relative security of the country, the Urban development policy and tax exemptions caused the residents to return to their hometowns. the present research, thus aimed to respond to this question that what was urban development -financial relations of Nadir Shah Afshar with urbanites? To answer this question this study was performed that nadir in his effort to gain the consent of the city dwellers to achieve the monarchy followed the Urban development tradition of the Safavid government to improve the cities and exempt them from taxes. During the monarchy, the Afshar ruler's Emphasis on War camp supplies led to double taxes, torture, and reprimands of the urbanites.So far, no comprehensive research has been done on Nadir Shah Afshar's relations with the city dwellers, but in some researches related to the Afshar era, brief references have been made to the social-financial conditions of the cities.The author of the thesis "Insight and method in the historiography of the Afsharid era" by citing first-hand sources has made references to Nadir Shah's actions and personality including his vows to the Razavi shrine or his wealth-hoarding trend which caused the misery of the people. (Naseri, 2016: 110 , 125) The authors of the article "The effect of Nader Shah and Alisha Afshar's endowment policies on the decrease or growth of the endowments of Astan Quds Razavi" have mentioned the confiscation of endowment income by Nadir. (Suzanchi Kashani and Shaabani, 2013: 85) In the research of "Discrete Institutional Changes of Nadir shah and Evaluation of the Economic Conditions of Iran in the Age of Afsharid" attention has been paid to Nadir shah's tax arrangement and also to the destruction of cities. (Ehsani et al., 1400: 17 , 28) In the article of "Nadir shah, Legitimacy and Social Rebellions, 1139 AH-1152 AH/ 1726 AD-1740 AD" is mentioned about the rebellion of different cities under the command of Mohammad Khan Baloch. (Faridi, 1396: 158) In the book of "Iran in the Age of Nadir" is mentioned that Nadir considered the city dwellers to be the patrons of the Safavid dynasty. (Axworthy, 2008: 230) In the authorship of "Fragile Resistance: The History of Iran's Social Developments" is stated that the excessive pressure of taxes on the merchant class led to the destruction of regional and local trade in the country but Mashhad became an active commercial city. (Foran, 1377: 131-132)

the current research pays attention to the condition of the cities during the period of Nadir Shah by carefully studing the historical sources in order to survey a comprehensive description of his Urban development and financial policy with the city dwellers. In this regard, the research analyzes and interprets these features and their effects on the situation of cities by using the historical approach and classification of various aspects such as Urban development and the tax system of Afsharid government.  

With the declinee of the Safavid government, the Necessity to strengthen the military arm to establish social security led to the domination of the militarian over the executive affairs of the country which in turn provided the basis for the removal and change of the nature of many bureautical positions such as the prime minister. However, with the beginning of the reign of Shah Tahmasab II, the tradition of Safavid statehood which was based on the improvement of the ruins left over from the civil wars was revived to some extent and the Shah gave orders to the governors for Urban development actions; For example, in 1140 A.H., Nadir was ordered to allocate cash and commodity amounts to the Biotat of Astan Quds Razavi. (Shahidi, 2017: 216-216) Under the influence of the legacy of the Safavid bureaucracy, nadir Urban development actions were continued in the early period of his reign which were especially in Isfahan. For example, in 1150 AD, the royal palaces of Isfahan and the suburbs quickly became Rebuilding. For this reason, Nadir Shah gained a lot of respect among the people for reviving the works of Shah Abbas I. (Du cluster, 1346: 172-173) Despite of the relative revival of Isfahan city, the business center was moved to Mashhad due to the greater Urban development attention of the ruler. (Spilman, 1742:39(In case of political-military necessity, Nadir Shah sometimes built residential cities and castles. These actions was mostly carried out during military campaigns to the strategic areas. The ruler founded two cities in his name, one of which was around of Mashhad on behalf of Kandahar. He also built a fort and a bazaar for the settlement of people after the destruction of the Kandahar fort. (Wared, 1349: 254) By combineing the functions of the kingdom and the ministry, Nadir Shah personally closely supervised the appointments of officials such as the city governor, Mustofi, tax collectors, kalantars and heads of guilds in order to obtain maximum taxes. For example, in 1149 A.H, he established the process of evaluating all the properties of the country and the inputs and expenses of the marketers in order to obtain the maximum tax; As he confiscated all the waqf properties of Astan Quds Razavi. (Toomar Alishahi, 1379: 25-30)

During the Safavid era, there was not much tax strictness and sometimes the tax of low-income urban guilds was also forgiven.With the collapse of the Safavid government, the lack of a powerful and comprehensive central government caused the urban society which was the most accessible type of community in the country and the center for the establishment of the treasury, various guilds, and government courts, damaged a lot in the struggle of the Afghans with the claimants of the monarchy. Therefore, the re-establishment of the central government under Nadir Shah led to the gradual improvement of the situation of the cities as the centers of the establishment of the government in Urban development and financial affairs. At the beginning, Nadir tried to gain widespread legitimacy by improving the conditions of the society in the form of tax exemptions, Urban development actions and get interest of local residents and elders to finally prepare the conditions for attaining the monarchy by leaving the Safavid princes. However, during the period of the monarchy, Nadir Shah's change of behavior due to factors such as failure in political, military and religious goals led to tax strictures and even destructive actions such as confiscation of property, torture and mutilation of city dwellers under the pretext of providing military forces. The rebellion of urban classes, tax collectors and even Ali Qoli Khan, the nephew of Nadir Shah, caused many times. A process that, while disquietuding and fleeing the city dwellers to distant areas, gradually led to the deterioration of the foundations of the Afsharian government and even the murder of the Afsharian ruler.

In a tradition from Imam Ali (as), existence of some cities in heaven which related each of them to the column of light were mentioned.
Some scholars believed that these heaven cities ((مدائن سما are similar to our world cities but at the heaven, and some of them equals them with different earth in the universe and finally some of them believed that these traditions were fabricated.
Regarding these diverse opinions about this tradition, this article goal is to clarify the meaning of tradition in the base of textual and documental (chain of transmit ion) analysis, emphasizing on the critical methods of traditions.
According to this method regarding the comprehensive meaning of cities مدائن)) and stars (نجوم) in the text, we can realize that "cites" equals the "orbits of planets" and "attractive force of sun"equals "the length of light column" in the text of tradition and the tedious of solar system (i.e.: destination of kuiper belt from sun regarding border of planet section)

Urban ageing is an emerging domain that deals with the population of older people livingin cities. The ageing of society is a positive yet challenging phenomenon, as population ageing andurbanisation are the culmination of successful human development. One could argue whether the cityenvironment is an ideal place for people to grow old and live at an old age compared to rural areas.This viewpoint article explores and describes the challenges that are encountered when making citiesage-friendly in Europe. Such challenges include the creation of inclusive neighbourhoods and theimplementation of technology for ageing-in-place. Examples from projects in two age-friendly citiesin The Netherlands (The Hague) and Poland (Cracow) are shown to illustrate the potential of makingcities more tuned to the needs of older people and identify important challenges for the next coupleof years. Overall, the global ageing of urban populations calls for more age-friendly approaches to beimplemented in our cities. It is a challenge to prepare for these developments in such a way that bothcurrent and future generations of older people can benefit from age-friendly strategies.

Hafiz Shiraziwas a famous poet with a long imagination in his Persian poem as well as Persian and World literature used different intellectual and sensual horizon and detected the hidden concepts. The issues such as Geographic declaration and its related elements as well as worldly wise experience of Hafiz are considerable; however there was little attention to them in previous research. This research with its descriptive-analytic method concentrates onemersion and indication of the cities and geographic declaration in Hafiz’s poem and his success. The findings of this research show that his worldly wise experience limited to Hormuz Island in the sea and Isfahan and Yazd on the land but his imagination and mentality involved wide geography from the territories and the cities of the interior and exterior plateau in his poem. He put the cities and geographic declaration in a close relationship with historical and cultural geography with an exceptional craft and delicacy, so it creates romantic and gnostic concepts in the form of Īhām, allusion, allegory and other literary terms in his poems.

This article briefly examines the functioning of the baladiyeh, state, and provincial associations after the establishment of the constitutional government in Iran from 1325 to 1328 AH, relying on important documents. By drafting the constitution and in accordance with principles 90 to 93, the order was issued for the formation of these associations and the way in which their representatives were elected. In fact, the government intended to help restore order, security, and justice in all parts of the country. However, this led to the separation of some local affairs from national affairs and their administration falling within the jurisdiction of local authorities and their being relatively independent from the central government authorities in terms of being delegated or dismissed. Also, the broad powers in this area, such as the approval of the city budget, imposition of local taxes, supervision over the administration of the city property, approval of getting a loan, and in general, approval of any transactions were carried out by the associations. This paper seeks to investigate the aspects and dimensions of this issue using historical research methodology, based on description and analysis, and relying on documents and resources. Research findings show that these associations, with the authority they had, at times, abused their power and behaved in opposition with the central government’s opinion. However, to disguise their true appearance, they paid attention to the areas under their control and took some measures for public benefit.

Recognition of inequalities and imbalances can be made within the framework of different spatial-geographical boundaries. And the need to take steps in this direction is to identify the status of each of the components of planning, including country, province, state and city, and as a result of finding differences and existing differences and policies aimed at eliminating inequalities in each of the spaces, Because space is a fundamental dimension in human society and social justice is flown in space and justice and injustice are emerging in space. With this interpretation, the aim of this paper is to determine the distribution of urban services in cities and, in other words, the degree of development and the extent of regional inequalities in the urban areas of Golestan Province. The research method is descriptive-analytic and uses statistical and quantitative models. In order to determine the level of accessibility of urban areas of Golestan province, using statistics and census data of 1394, utilities of urban services were used. And its results are evaluated using the composite partial recognition model (KOPRAS). Data were analyzed using Excel, SPSS and also ArcGIS 9.3 software for drawing maps. The result of this research shows that urban amenities and services in urban areas of Golestan have not been distributed in a harmonious and fair manner. The cities of Gorgan and Sangdvīn are respectively the most developed with development coefficient (100) and the most deprived with development coefficient (234.074) in the cities of Golestan province.

Global communication and information has caused the pertinent phenomena and relations to be fundamentally changed. So the "Globalization" process as a comprehensive factor which has characteristics such as the advent of "electronic global village", "information revolution","universal awareness development", "human self-awareness promotion", and "end of geology and beginning of cybernetics era" can have effects on economy, politics, culture, and etc. Cities have a mutual effect as well. These changes are the main factor in "international relations" and "diplomacy" as the international relations do not specifically include the intercommunication between government-nations. The present article is aimed at ‘‘what kind of relation is between globalization and cities relations on the one hand and the international relations with government-nations on the other hand?’’ This article assumes whenever global structures are being changed, the diplomacy will be changed as well. In this descriptive-analytic research, we are going to express the main assumption, ‘‘the international relations in a general ratio with globalization revolution is moving toward parallel diplomacies like city diplomacy, and it has moved from mere government-official nations level toward non-governmental overlapping performances and it has established reciprocal or multiple relations’’.

macro region of Khorasan (including Khorasan-e-Razavi, North Khorasan, and South Khorasan) with a population of 7594321, 68/11 percent of them living in 119 urban areas in 2011, has passed a vicissitudinous process and pattern of urbanization and urban growth. to explain the patterns of urbanization and urban growth in Iran the models and theories of positivist approach and era have been used in nationally or provincially confined levels while those attitudes and models are either outdated or have been substantially modified. Thus,The aim of this paper was to investigate the urbanization cycle in sample case of macro region of Khorasan during the past fifty-five years from1335 to 1390. The data used in this study is demographic statistic of Khorasan region cities in eight census periods from 1335 to 1390. In terms of purpose the current study is a basic and applied research and the nature and method of the study is descriptive and analytical. This paper briefly surveys urban cycle at first and then the research literature in this area is reviewed. Then the Urbanization changes in the macro region of Khorasan in the recent Fifty-five years are studied and the urbanization cycle in the urban network of Khorasan region is evaluated. Some of the affecting factors on the patterns and trends of urbanization especially in the study area have been demographic (natural population growth and sever migration from rural areas to urban areas) and social-political (the presence of Afghan refugees in Iran in the last fifty years) that did not have an established structure and can be used to explain the failure to comply between the patterns and trends of urbanization in the area and the urban cycle theory.

Black economy is considered as a set of activities and economic exchanges, which may be legal or illegal, but cannot be measured and reported. So far, several studies have estimated the size of black economy in the world and Iran, Which represent the increase in black economy in many countries and especially in Iran. But no researches that explain the impact of black economic on the sense of security for the citizens were found. Due to the increase in size of the black economy it is imperative that these effects on people's sense of security must be measured and also for the citizens live in cities and black economy also generally occurs in cities.

Statistical population have been selected all the citizens of fifth district of Tehran, which it’s volume equals 793750. And the sample size was calculated based on the Cochran formula equals 383.97 (400 questionnaire speeded out). For this study questionnaire was developed after extensive literature studies. Creator variables of sense of security were divided to 5 variables: moral security, emotional security, health security, Criminal and financial security. And for moral sense of security, this research has conducted. After the data collection, questionnaire showed satisfactory in reliability and validity. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics (including frequency, percentage and average data) and inferential statistics were used. For inferential statistics after Kolmogorov-Smirnov test normality of the data has showed so one-sample t test was used. Notably, all of the analyses were conducted in SPSS.

the results showed that black economy would not be desirable for moral sense of security in cities. The results of the study can be viewed as a warning sign especially for urban practitioners that immediate plans should be implemented to decrease the size of black economy as soon as possible.

Therefore, suggestions for reducing the size of the black economy in this research were presented.

An important measure of sustainable development in economic, social and cultural rights, with special attention to cities and urban settlements. Uninterrupted and continuous and dynamic process of urbanization in Iran, along with the globalization of the route. This is one of the threads value in the field of urban development in the city is globalization. Control the development of human settlements, hard work and intensity that is considered as planners. Many of those living in informal settlements, shanty towns, slums are some things that are unfortunate to have hidden in them and a lot of poor people around the world, and this is evident in the globalization process and sometimes their problems also emerge. In this regard, Iran's population of 18,954,704 people in 1335, the number of urban population accounted for 5,953,563 people have it and have been living in the city with 201 points in 1390 and 55 years later, the population increased to 75,149,669 people The number 53646661 urban population accounted for whom the city was placed in 1140 points. Therefore, in this period of 47693098 people, the urban population of the city increased and the number has increased 941 points. On the other hand, the next most populous countries in the world, Iran is ranked 17th in terms of rate of urbanization, America 79%, Turkey 76% and of 70 per cent. The statistics of this is, that in the globalization of line with the rest of the world is moving forward in the field of sustainable development. It is obvious that the lack of resources, lack of staff, poor management and corruption on the other hand, poverty, adversity different social and economic factors that can be statesmen and government in providing services to the public, is limited. But as in the past can not be simply passed along these problems, but also with hope for the future, with proper planning and management, to do what is necessary in terms of easier access to adequate housing, infrastructure and basic needs, see The initial appropriate services, eliminating the obvious inequalities between the rich and the weak and the poor, with the goal of human perfection, the way towards sustainable development in the field of globalization paved part of it will be discussed in this article .

Levant region (Eastern Mediterranean) has been of special importance in the history of commercial activities. In seventh/thirteenth century, two significant events influenced the development and prosperity of the commercial activities of this region, of which the most important were in the field of slave trade. First, the developments of the Crusades, especially the fourth Crusade (1204 CE) and the role of the involved countries. Second, the Mongols’ invasion and the conquest of vast areas of land extending from China to Europe. Simultaneous with the formation of the Mongol’s governments, the Mamālīk’s rising to power in Egypt also accelerated the development and expansion of this trade and influenced the relation between the European governments and the Crusaders, as well. Besides, the profitability of slave trade for the businesswise Italian state-cities, despite their presence in the Crusades, increased the trend of slave purchase from the Black Sea region and their transfer to the Mediterranean region had widespread consequences on the trend of the Crusades and the relation of these state-cities with the Muslim. World. With a descriptive-analytical method and with reliance on the Islamic and Western sources and modern researches, the issue of slave trade in Levant in seventh/thirteenth century as an activity with widespread impact on the governments and communities of this region and Europe has been studied and evaluated in this article.

The goal of factor analysis is identify and analysis of effective factors on development and the amount of their effect and the cities grading. And the goal of cluster analysis, dividing the geographical regions of the province or in other words, identification of the homogenous regions and realizing the inherent regional talents in order to regional planning of fars province cities. The research kind is practical - development and the studying method is explanatory - analytical that the quantitative model such as factor analysis and cluster analysis have been used. The results of the research with factor analysis shows that development of Fars province citied was not sustainabledevelopment in line with regional planning. So that from the point of view of integrated indexes (in 5 factor: sanitary - educational, social - agricultural, industrial - infrastructural, employment and agriculture), in the whole of 24 cities in year 1385 were known the cities shiraz and Abadeh developed and the cities, Jahrom, Fasa, Lamerd, Nyriz, Arsanjan and Marvdasht relatively developed and the cities Eghleed, Khoorambid, Bavanat, Pasargad, Noorabad-mamasany, Kazeroon, Feroozabad, Gherckarzeen, Khonj, Darab and Astahban deprived and cites Zareen dasht, Mohr, Farashband and Sepeedan very deprived. The sanitary - educational factor has had themost amounts of effect and the agricultural factor the least amount of effect among the 5 factors. In the cities Abadeh and Shiraz have had the superior rating from the point of view of all of the 5 in vestigated factors. The cities of the province have been classified ins levels through cluster analysis for the regional planning. The above approach shows that no planning has been considered for the homogenous. Grading the development of the cities shows significant relationship high correlation existing between less development and disproportionate distribution of the sanitary – educational, economic and infrastructural factors. The cities near the province center are less developed while the farther cities which this position is the refection and resultant of the planning system and growth pole.

Demographic transition has led to the growth of population and urbanization in Iran. As in many other parts of the world, urbanization is now the dominant mode of residence in Iran. The aim of this paper is to answer the following two questions: (1) do we need a population policy for Iran's cities?, and (2) what should be the characteristics of a population policy for Iran's cities and what issues should be considered in designing such a policy? After a review of the causes and consequences of urbanization, urbanization policies, and urbanization data in Iran and the world, the paper concludes that it is better to have a population policy for Iran's cities. The recommended policy in this paper is the selection of some medium sized cities for population growth and discouragement of the growth of some other selected cities. The paper discusses the characteristics of such a population policy.