جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "derivatives" در نشریات گروه "علوم انسانی"

This paper examines relation betweensyllable structure of derivational suffixes and the weight of the base it is added to, in Persian tri-syllabic words, within a Moraic-theoretic account. The weight pattern of a word is the weight of its syllables and it is defined based on the distinction between heavy and light syllables (Carr, 2008:172). Here, the notion of mora (often symbolized μ) as a basic timing unit, is important because it provides a distinction between 'light' and 'heavy' syllable. As Hayes (1989: 356) mentions, heavy syllables are of more moras compared to light syllables. In order to study and compare the weight pattern of derivational suffixes, 6665 tri-syllabic derivative words were collected from two dictionaries Dehkhoda (2003) and Moshiri (2009). Then, they were sorted in an Excel worksheet with all their etymological and phonological information including the weight of syllables (light, heavy, super-heavy, and ultra-heavy). Studies show that there are two groups of suffixes in tri-syllabic derivatives: suffixes beginning with a consonant in the onset; suffixes with no onset, beginning with a vowel. The latter, make about 77 percent of the data, among which /-i/ as a long vowel is so frequent and productive and can be added to all bases of one mora (mono-moraic), two moras (bi-moraic), three moras (tri-moraic), and even four moras (tetra-moraic). The weight patterns of these suffixes show that they mostly tend toward tri-moraic bases. On the other hand, suffixes with a consonant in the onset are less productive and tend toward bi-moraic bases.

The Layzangi dialect is in many linguistic aspects similar to the Lurish dialect, though still distinct from it. Since a great number of the inhabitants of Layzangi believe themselves to have originally come from various points from across the vast land of Iran, a kind of cultural integration can be observed in this rural community. Hence, this dialect can be conceived of as an amalgamation of several dialects and accents, but whose Lurish features are more perceptible. This study focuses on simple verbs in Layzangi dialect, investigating hundred and nine such verbs. Among the many results obtained were that there is a high number of verbs in this village and that the past and present roots of these verbs has led to numerous linguistic generations. In addition, the speakers of this village obtain the past and present forms in various ways, indicating that each of the families have come to settle in that village from different areas, bringing with them the cultural and linguistic features of their own native lands. Moreover, due to the pervasiveness of phonetic changes such as assimilation and elision in the Layzangi dialect, many infinitives and verb roots have features that are specific to this dialect.

Financial markets and one of its most important sub-sectors - energy and oil derivative transactions - have been the subject of legislation in the Iranian legislature for various reasons, to different degrees and in different ways. Given the potential importance of derivatives in the nation's energy economy, having an understanding of related laws is important. The purpose of this article is to understand the developments and challenges of the laws governing these markets and tools in Iran and to suggest measures to improve them. To this end, the relevant laws passed in the legislature from the beginning to the present have been examined in terms of reasons, provisions and approach to energy and oil derivatives transactions. In this study, the dominance of state-owned enterprises, confrontation with the dominant countries in the global financial system, conflict of interest and regulatory capture, and conflicting legislative functions have been identified as important challenges of energy and oil derivatives legislation and to overcome these challenges and achieve optimal legislation, the propositions are: precedence of privatization over promotion of derivatives, joint efforts for international and regional regulation, management of conflict of interest, and balancing the conflicting functions of laws.

An option contract is a type of pre-contract and a derivative instrument. Despite the fact that this contract is known and very efficient in the world market, but it is an emerging contract in Iran and one of the reasons for not using it is not recognizing the effects of the contract. Therefore, in this research, which has a completely practical aspect, the effects of the contract of option in Iranian law and French law as one of the most prominent legal systems in the world have been discussed.The effects of certain contracts are defined by the legislature, but there are also effects that are essentially common between contracts, both definite and indefinite. On the other hand, due to the unique nature of the contract, the option to trade the effects of this contract before the exercise of the right and after the exercise of the right is different. Also in discussing the effects of the contract, we are faced with the issue of the relative principle of the effects of the contracts and its exceptions.

Credit risk as a possibility of a debtor’s default in its obligations has led creditors to acquire some tools to cover it. Credit default swap as a derivative is one of the most effective risk management tools, because in addition to risk management, it provides an opportunity for the spread of secondary markets and the deepening of the capital market. Credit insurance is another type of credit risk management tool that is often confused with default swaps. Finding some homologies between credit insurance and credit default swap geos back to our legal and jurisprudential system as well as the Western law. Due to the acceptance of insurance in Islamic jurisprudence, these similarities have been used to justify credit default swap contract. In this research, an attempt has been made to draw a border between these two institutions. It should be noted that recognizing the nature of credit default swaps will affect the assessment of the validity of such a contract from a jurisprudential point of view, and this discussion is crucial as it shows the possibility of accepting credit default swaps in the Iranian capital market.

Binary Options is a new tool in the derivatives and cyberspace financial market. With this tool, one predicts the price trend of the underlying asset and apparently buys or sells for a certain short period. If the prediction is correct, he wins, but if he makes a mistake, he loses all his capital. This research is of applied type and in thematic, descriptive and in jurisprudential issues of the analytical class and has studied the library method in collecting documents and seeks to prove the religious and legal prohibition of binary options based on the famous jurists. While reviewing gambling, it was proved that binary option is either gambling and haram, or it is an example of playing with a mortgage, which according to the fatwas of most jurists is haram. Of course, according to some, it is only a status sanctity. In any case, the winner does not become the owner of the property. Also, binary options are an example of the possession of property to be void and harmless, and it is forbidden by the Shari'a and reason, and it is not compatible with national interests due to the outflow of currency and social losses. Optional binary sites are also gambling devices or virtual casinos. Participation in these sites without betting is also allowed to play with a gambling machine without a mortgage and is not allowed. Accordingly, any activity of brokerage, design and management of binary options sites is also haram and illegal in terms of Help to do sin.

The growth and development of societies and growth in human needs with development of communication which has resulted the genesis of a specific form of financial and commercial activities which do not face the preceding limitations and with a minimum funds provides to access the maxim profit from all over the world. CFD or a contract for differences is a transaction on the rising and falling of the asset’s value without delivery or transfer of the owning the underlying asset. This underlying asset can be stock indices, stocks or shares, commodities, bond. One of the most important and most basic is CFD trading on silver, gold, oil and gas. It is obvious that no legal and jurisprudential study has been conducted over this new trade. it will follow ambiguities such as usury, gamble and legal problems like ambiguity in the nature and the type of the contract specially our legal system has been codified based on Imamiyah fiqh. In this research firstly the position of CFD (contract for difference) on commodities have been considered. then it presents a appropriate legal form and strategies to overcome these legal and share'i (Arabic: شرعی) problems. With regard to the civil code and the possibility of the sacred lawgiver in concern to the principle of freedom of contract which has accepted. If the nature of these contracts is interpreted in the form of sulh contract. Not only it resolves the problem of inconsistency with the determined contracts but also the Islamic legal ambiguity have not been created at all.

Analysis of legal and economical aspects of currency derivatives and theirs effects.Derivatives are one of the financial instruments of capital market. Considering the nature of the basic asset, derivatives are categorized in three different types including :currency derivatives, securities derivatives, and commodity derivatives.Currency derivatives are the financial instruments of the money market. Money market participants are utilizing these derivatives with different purposes.Currency derivatives divided in to three main types as follows: currency options, currency swap and currency futures.One of the functions of the currency derivatives is to manage the risks of the currency price fluctuations.Although Iran economy always affected by the risk of the currency price, fluctuations which have had main effects to the economy activities during different periods and considering that the currency derivatives are useful instruments for risk management , but the legal nature , requirements and effects of this derivatives are not considered in Iranian law and therefor required mechanisms for establishment of integrated market of currency derivatives have not been formed in iran.This article argues about some legal issues related to the currency derivatives including their legal nature , basis and effects. 

Before offering his own theory of the logical predication, Sadr al-Din Dashtaki first criticizes two alternative theories; the first interprets logical predication as the attribution of something (predicate) to something (subject), and the second takes it as expressing the conceptual difference between the subject and the predicate and their essential identity. He then proposes the “conventional difference and existential identity” as the criterion of the logical predication. This theory is constituted of several elements including his peculiar analysis of the derivative words. Dashtaki discovers that both theories of simplicity and complexity of the derivative words are inconsistent with his theory of predication and thus, introduces a new analysis of the derivative words. This analysis pays way to differentiating between attribution of the root to the subject and the identity of subject and predicate. This complex net of principles helps Dashtaki to provide a plausible analysis of special sorts of propositions like existential propositions and hypothetical propositions (la Batti).

The purpose of this study was to test the capital asset pricing approach to some extent with the the use of derivatives is value. For the collect data for research using documentary techniques, the financial statements of a sample of 50 companies listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange during the years 2011-2016 were used. For the analyze the data, panel data techniques were used. The results show that, there is relationship between futures and option pricing of capital assets in companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange. But a significant relationship between the option and value pricing some extent with the of capital assets in companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange does not exist.

The aim of this study is the examination of put option transactions volume increasing in Tehran Stock Exchange as result of increasing in stock returns and volatility of stock index. A put option is an option contract giving the owner the right, but not the obligation, to sell a specified amount of an underlying security at a specified price within a specified time. 32 companies which issued put option during the 1391 to 1394 have been selected as the study population were studied. Based on the findings and results of statistical analysis in case of desired and positive stock returns due to high investment risk, investors are more willing to trade put option. Therefore, despite the expected positive returns, Shareholders insure their equity investment against the risk. But if the volatility index was high, it means the risk would be high. In such a case, despite the high risk Shareholders do not tend to enter the market of put option.

Time pricing is a tool for traffic management. Traffic management looks after increasing trip quality by reducing direct and indirect cost (wasting time, air pollution, noise pollution, accident cost and…). So, in this paper, at first, it is implemented financial derivatives for defining travel time derivatives. At the second stage, it is used Monte Carlo method for pricing traffic congestion.
Since, derivative pricing fluctuated is an index for predicting deriver behavior in that time or at least their expectation about future traffic volume: low (high) price is likely to be light (heavy) congestion at that time and in the specific route. So, it is an intelligent method that indirectly dependent to drivers’ decision. In addition, in the usual method, the price is fixed, however, in the new method it is used market mechanism, so it is changed. Furthermore, in travel time derivative, two factors, traffic volume and diversion is implied in this forecasting. At the end, the introduced method is run for Karaj-Chalos route at 10 first of 31 July 2017. The derivative determined that the travel time will be 72 minutes. The result shows that, buying opportunity price is more than celling, so the travel time will be less than threshold time 72 minutes.

Oil futures contracts make it possible for all market participants to remain safe against the crude oil price fluctuations. Islamic Republic of Iran needs to import oil futures contracts to energy exchange for two reasons: First, its national income is highly dependent on crude oil price and instability in oil price leads to unstable economic situation. Second, Oil futures markets provide necessary instruments to reduce risk of oil deals, reduce volatility, increase flexibility and provide broader commercial dimensions to refiners and other buyers of petroleum and related industries. But now, exchange energy, due to jurisprudential constraints, is not able to use this powerful instrument of hedging risk, and this is incompatible with the implementation of economic resistance and resilience policies. This study analyzes financial nature of oil futures contracts and investigates the intend of the parties to the contract and shows that oil futures contracts are not, in any way, type of selling or obligation to selling because the acquisition and consequently delivery of asset are not intended by parties. Therefore, all of those jurisprudential obstacles are wrong about these contracts and are caused by the poor in recognizing the issue.

This study examined order in the meanings of Quranic verbs and derivatives with common Fa’ letter. The main objective was to discover order in the meaning of the Quranic words and to say that order, in addition to Quranic verbs and derivatives with common Fa’ letter, exists in their meanings and that a significant percentage of them mean the same (to open and to separate). In other words, this study examined to what extent the Quranic verbs and derivatives with common starting Fa’ letter mean "to open" and "to separate", signifying the Quranic order. To find answer to this question, several dictionaries were checked and all verbs and derivatives in the Quran that begin with the letter Fa’ were extracted along with their meanings, and in each the intended meaning were analyzed. In this regard, all the verbs and derivatives, repeated or not, were considered regarding weighted average. In the end, it turned out that 38 percent of the verbs with no repetition and 57 percent of the repeated verbs meant "to open". Furthermore, 54.6 percent of Quranic derivatives whose roots begin with the letter Fa’ has the meaning mentioned. This study showed that Quranic order exists among the meanings of Quranic ayahs and words besides ayahs and words themselves.

Despite the global economic boom in the past decades, the world in 2007 and 2008, experienced the huge financial crisis which although it started in America, but had devastating effects on the financial markets around the world. This article is trying to analyses the causes of occurrence and spreading of global financial crisis. This article analyses the global financial crisis in two parts. The first part reviews the factors and viewpoints about the causes of “occurrence of the crisis” and the second part, with the help of the Complexity Approach, analyses the causes of “Spreading the crisis” around the world. Growing the real asset mortgage bubbles, excessive use of financial derivative instruments, too much optimism in risk assessment, weak corporate governance, individual self-interest, weakness of market monitoring regulations and etc. are some factors that have caused the global financial crisis. This article has examined the global financial crisis from different viewpoints. This viewpoints include Macroeconomic perspective, Finance and Accounting perspective, Legal and Regulatory perspective, Corporate Governance perspective and etc. So a general conclusion is obtained from the global financial crisis.

Istisna securities considered one of the tools in the Islamic financial services industry is based on the contract Istisna shape. Due to the inherent capabilities of the Stock Exchange, through the issuance of Istisna securities can collect bits and pieces, to provide financial resources for the construction and completion of development projects and the development of qualitative and quantitative measures provided capital market. However, these bonds include the risks, appropriate measures investors will help in the identification and selection of investment options. Because markets are facing severe fluctuations that can have a negative impact on production processes, the derivatives, enables market participants to cover their own risks. This study is a descriptive and content analysis using library resources, has tried to prove their hypothesis that "the right option, is an important tool for risk management Istisna securities" and leads to the conclusion that the can be used for risk management Istisna stock option can be exercised.

A “derivative” is a financial instrument whose value is derived from thevalue of its underlying asset. “Futures” is a derivative which is exclusively traded in exchanges as a standard contract and it is heavily under regulation. Today, the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) is responsible for Futures regulation in the US. CFTC was established to prevent the large scale price manipulation. Manipulation means creating an artificial price through forces other than legitimate supply and demand forces. While price manipulation will materialize in all commodity markets, it has a momentus effect on energy market. Legal cases and judicial procedure of CFTC show that manipulation generally takes place in three forms: market corner, market squeeze and determination of settlement price. CFTC fights against these kinds of manipulation through complicated cases.

Cash is the most important current assets of each bank. Cash increases the financial flexibility of bank and its absence leads to liquidity risk. Generally, the reasons of liquidity risk in banks are summarized in both deposit withdrawal and off-balance sheet commitments. Since the vast deposit withdrawal by customers leads to the risk of bankruptcy for banks and keeping more amounts of the cash reduces bank profitability, using liquidity risk hedging instruments are essential for each bank. Introducing "the option of sale the certificates of deposit" as a liquidity risk hedging instrument, this paper studies this financial instrument based on Shi’a jurisprudence using descriptive and analytical approach. According to the findings of this study, it is concluded that based on Shia Imam's jurisprudence, the contract of sale investment certificates of deposit is a right contract and its application in Islamic banking is permitted.