جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "frequency" در نشریات گروه "علوم انسانی"

Razavi’s children’s and adolescent literature festival stories are among the works of fiction in the age category of children and adolescents, which were mostly written in a one-sequence and somewhat positive way in the 2000s and 2010s.  The main focus of these stories is criticism of illness and poverty, praise of appeal and hope, altruism, gratitude, effort and perseverance.  This article tries to investigate and analyze the important structural and content elements of these works in a descriptive and analytical way, with the aim of better introducing these stories and knowing the viewpoints of their authors, which have been given less attention so far.  The findings of this research revealed that in these stories, the reality descriptions prevail over the imagination of the writers.  In these stories, in the end, superiority is with positive characters and the force of good, and the heroes and readers face relatively positive endings.  The predominance of dynamic characters over static characters because of the type of crises in the story and the predominance of content over form, scenes combined with similes and metaphors that serve the content of the story are other features of these stories.  Lack of attention to the national and mythological culture and uniformity in the language and speech of the story characters is one of the most important damages of these works.

Cheraghha Ra Man Khamoosh Mekonam (I Will Turn off the Lights) is Zoya Pirzad's debut novel revolving on the theme of loneliness and the boredom ensuing from this loneliness. This research is a descriptive-analytical investigation of Zoya Pirzad’s Cheraghha Ra Man Khamoosh Mekonam concerning the narrative and its connection with the theme. The popularity and consecutive editions of the novel prompted us to evaluate this novel in terms of selection and appropriateness of elements such as narrator, point of view, focalization, order, duration and frequency and theme. Our main purpose is to explain the author's level of innovation in using fictional elements and to explain the relationship between narrative and theme of the novel. Due to the lack of dramatization of the text, the narrator mixes up the present time of narration with the time of occurrence of the events. The direct delivery of information to the audience is one of the signs of this fusion. The weakness of authorship is revealed in the construction of the narrative. The writer has also chosen a traditional narrative construction and finally created a simple and straightforward plot which has no sign of a new perspective. Exploring order, duration and frequency shows that the narrative of the novel is one of the classical and traditional narrative types. Due to the slow narrative pace, the author has not been able to represent the theme of the novel in a deep and artistic way.

Thunderstorms are one of the atmospheric phenomena; when they occur, strong winds are often reported along with heavy rains and lightning. In many cases, their occurrence is accompanied by a lot of financial and human losses. This research was carried out to investigate the Spatio-Temporal of thunderstorms and understand their trends in Iran. For this purpose, the monthly data of the number of days of thunderstorms in 201 Synoptic stations in Iran from the beginning of establishment to 2010 were used. First, the frequency of monthly and annual occurrence of thunderstorms at Synoptic stations in Iran was calculated. Also, the trend of thunderstorms was investigated based on the non-parametric Mann-Kendall test and the amount of decrease or increase of this phenomenon was determined with the help of the Sen’s slope estimator test. The results of this research showed that thunderstorms occur in all areas of Iran. However, the frequency of this phenomenon is more in the North-West, South-West, and South-East of Iran than in other parts. In terms of time, in every month of the year, part(s) of Iran is the center of the maximum occurrence of thunderstorms. For example, in the winter of southwest, south, and southeast of Iran, in the early spring of west and northwest of Iran, and the late spring of the southeast of the country, the main focus of this phenomenon has been. In the summer, northwest to the northeast of Iran and southeast and south of Fars province are the main centers of thunderstorm formation. At the beginning of the autumn season, the coasts of the Caspian Sea to the north of the Persian Gulf and towards the northwest of Iran, and in November and December, the southwest and west of Iran were the main places of occurrence of this weather phenomenon. Other results of this research showed that the trend of thunderstorms was not similar in Iran. This phenomenon showed a significant increasing trend (more than 1 day per year) at the 99% confidence level in the northwest, southwest, and southern half of Kerman province. Also, a significant decrease (0.7 days per year) was estimated in the southeast and a large part of central Iran. In other parts of Iran, a decrease or increase in thunderstorms has been observed in a scattered manner, although the amount was not significant at the 99%, 95%, and 90% confidence levels.

The recitation of Hafs by 'Asim is one of the seven common recitations in the Islamic world, which has become a popular recitation in most Islamic societies during the last few centuries, and the copies of the Qur'an are published based on it. Some have questioned the authenticity of 'Asim and Hafs and claimed that this recitation cannot be the Qur'an revealed by Allah to the Holy Prophet. In this study, we introduce 'Asim and describe his Rijal (a branch of hadith sciences that discusses the qualities of the hadith transmitters, especially their reliability in hadith transmission) personality through a descriptive-analytical method, and we can see that only a few cases of 'Asim's shortcomings have been mentioned in Shia and Sunni religious sources, which we rejected with reasons. Even on the assumption of accepting their validity, it can be seen that this small amount was not significant compared to this validity of Asim's confirmations. The maximum result it will give is that 'Asim did not focus on the field of hadith and was not recognized as a muhaddith, and this cannot cause any problems in his recitation.

Narration of time is one of the important topics in the science of narratology. Gerard Genette is the greatest theorist of the time in the narrative and has given the most comprehensive discussion in this regard. He distinguishes between the time of the story and the time of the text and examines the path of the story from the calendar time to the narrative time in three categories: "order, duration and frequency". The present study tries to examine the various components of narrative time in the story of Zakaria in the Holy Quran in a descriptive-analytical manner and using Gerard Genett's theory about narration time and explain how the element of time is used in this story. The results of the research show that in the component of order, prolepsis and analepsis have been used a lot in the story of Zakaria; But prolepsis has the highest rate compared to analepsis and is in the first place. In the duration component, dialogue, summary and omission are evident in the story. And the dominant frequency in the story is repetitive.

The research aims at studying a frequent phonological process in Persian. A phonological process that is supposed to act in many Persian words, enjoying the respective phonological arrangements. As a content-oriented process, the vowel harmony may not act in certain Persian words even in the speakers' informal pronunciation. The research method is a survey, qualitative content analysis and the data included in 100 words, gathered by purposive sampling to make a questionnaire. The interviewees include 150 speakers who are fluent in standard Persian. They pronounced the words in an informal style. The findings show that the vowel harmony acts in many Persian words, while being encounter by some restrictions in many others. The frequency, the loanwords, the age, gender and education of the speakers, the vowel harmony output takes a similar phonetic representation to local dialects and accents, the amplification of using writing language in speaking, the required phonetic arrangement stands in two morphemes, bleeding, closed syllable, and sometimes the grammatical category of the words stimulated the vowel harmony and blocked it.

The phonological processes usually act in words. The phonological arrangement of words may pave the way for a phonological act or may not. The researcher aimed at taking a comprehensive study on the subject for his dissertation. The current paper is a part of the study based on discovering the reasons and finding out the situations in which the vowel harmony does not take place. The question of the research is “how to find out the restrictions that prevent the process to cover all potential words?”

The study is based on the generating morphology theory.

The research method is a survey, qualitative content analysis and the data included in 100 Persian words gathered by purposive sampling from books and written documents to make a questionnaire. The interviewees are 150 Persian native speakers, including 78 men and 72 women, at the age range of 25 to 65. Their education ranked from diploma to Ph.D. They have been asked to pronounce the words in an informal style. The questionnaire also included in a self-statement form to be filled with name, age, sex and … . The researcher filled and completed the questionnaires by a field method all over Tehran.  

The research data included in two main groups. The first are the words taking the vowel harmony when pronounced by the speakers and the second are the words did not take any vowel harmony, while having the required phonological context. One of the probable processes is the vowel harmony between short vowels with the vowel /ɑ/. When one of the short vowels followed by /-ɂɑ/ or /-hɑ/, they will be assimilated by the vowel /ɑ/. The frequently used words like /lahɑf/, /tʃahɑr/, /nahɑr/ and /ʃahɑmat/ have taken the respective vowel harmony by more than 50% of the speakers. Meanwhile the words like /rahɑ/, /maɂɑd/, /saɂɑdat/, and /raɂɑjat/ have not taken the corresponding vowel harmony by more than 50% of the speakers. The reason for such a lack of vowel harmony partly relates to the fact that the output of the speakers' pronunciation may take a sort of similarity to other language types. For example, if they harmonize the vowel in /sefid/ and pronounce it as /sifid/, it can be similar to Azeri language type. In the word /dahɑn/, there is also the same situation and if vowel harmony takes place, the phonetic representation will be /dɑhɑn/ but it does not occure. The speakers pronounce it as /dahan/ in which two vowel shortenings take place instead of vowel harmony.
Another koind of vowel harmony relates to the vowels of /e/ and /ɑ/. The word /ɂeltehɑb/ that takes less frequency, did not accompany with vowel harmony. The words /ɂemtehɑn/, /ɂeʃtehɑ/, /ɂentehɑ/ and /dehɑt/ harmonized a lot, while words like /ʃeɂɑr/, /ɂenʃeɂɑb/ and /ɂeltehɑb/ harmonized a little by the speakers.
Another kind of vowel harmony deals with /o/ and /ɑ/. The words like /mohɑceme/, /mohɑsere/, /mohɑsebe/, and /moɂɑʃerat/ took a regressive vowel harmony by 69%, 65%, 52% and 49% respectively. In some Arabic word of the Mofa'ala infinitive, as in /mobɑhese/, if the vowel harmony take place, the output will be /mobɑhɑse/ in which a progressive harmony occurs. But a progressive vowel harmony is not probable in such words, since the harmony in the similar phonological context is regressive. In other words, the first prerequisite (regressive harmony) does not exist, while the second prerequisite (the glottal consonant /h/ between the vowels) exists. So in the first rule (R1) we have: 
/# mo.bɑ.ha.sa#/
mo.bɑ.ha.sa
In the second rule (R2): 
R2: a → e/ --- #
R2: a → e/ c --- ce #
In the third rule (R3) the vowel /a/ changes to /e/ in the final position. In the forth rule (R4) the penultimate vowel (before final /e/) harmonizes with the syllable nucleus of 4th syllable.
 
/#mo.bɑ.ha.sa#/   UR
R3:           mo.bɑ.ha.se
R4:           mo.bɑ.he.se
[mobɑhese]        PR
 
Another kind of vowel harmony deals with those words in which the first syllable is a short CV with /e/ or /o/ in nucleus. In the second syllable nucleus there is a high vowel of /i/ or /u/. The results show that words like /sefid/, /resid/, /ceʃid/ and /ʃenid/ all enjoy such a syllable with /e/ in the second syllable nucleus. Persian speakers do not harmonize the vowel in /sefid/ and never pronounce it as /sifid/ in order to prevent any similarity of their pronunciation to other language type. Meanwhile the speakers harmonized the vowel /o/ to /u/ in the words like /sopur/, /ɂotu/, /dorus/, /ʃocuh/, /bolur/ and /vorud/.

The results showed that the sequence of the vowels with common features must be in accordance with the vowel harmony rules. The glottal consonants facilitate the vowel harmony, while the oral consonants block it. The frequency of a word regarded as the most important factor for taking the vowel harmony rules. The next factor is the kind of consonant stands between the vowels, because in some vowel harmonies, the glottal consonants play a critical role. In the vowel harmony, corresponding to the vowel raising, the process is just probable in simple words enjoying a target short syllable of CV. Otherwise the syllable is not short and the words are not simple as in /xod.dʒuʃ/, /xoʃ.puʃ/, /por.mu/, and /por.ʃur/, and vowel harmony does not occur. The Arabic loanwords frequently used in Persian may not follow the progressive vowel harmony.

The foundations and principles of religious teachings are of three types: First; The reason that all its premises are rational, if all the premises of a rational reason are certain, the result of them will also be certain. Second; The reason for which all the premises are anecdotal. It is impossible to assume that all the preliminaries of the reason are anecdotal, according to the famous saying. Third; A reason whose premises are a combination of reason and narration. Many of the reasons for Chapter of Beliefs are similar to the third part. Are the narrations and hadith evidences reliable or not? The answers provided for this question are different. The prevailing theory is that achieving religious certainty through hadiths and narrative evidence is no different from the way of reason and intellectual discoveries, but there are different opinions on the quality of the explanation of this rule and its conditions. The necessity of the research of theologians who are inclined to religious texts is that the narrative evidences are certain in some cases, especially in the case that the narration is accompanied by definite and certain evidence or there is a more frequent narration that excludes the possibility of contradicting it. Based on the research done, the article emphasizes this theory that basically, we should not consider the origin of religious science derived from narrations and hadiths to be exclusive to the theological and philosophical frameworks of the term, because the amount of hadith knowledge and the concepts that they provide to man is far beyond the human standards.

Knowledge of hadith is one of the topics that has been discussed more in logic and to a lesser extent in the principles of jurisprudence than in the science of hadith. The basis of the epistemological study of frequent news shows that the knowledge that is accepted by custom is sufficient to realize the knowledge of frequent news through the plurality of informants and the normal impossibility of collusion on lies. The dual division of Tawatar into verbal and spiritual and its subset will develop the epistemological scope resulting from the news of Mawatar by looking at the type of knowledge of its hearts in the form of matching, guaranteeing, and commitment. This article tries to use the descriptive-analytical method to challenge and prove the non-achievement of certainty through frequency as claimed by Fakhr Razi, and to prove that psychological certainty and confidence will be useful and sufficient for the informants of frequent news who are considered to be common people. It is not important whether the knowledge resulting from frequency is obvious or theoretical, because it can be gathered according to the probability theory of Martyr Sadr or the gradualness of the said knowledge in Ghazali's perspective. Also, the doubts raised about the sensibility of frequent informant science, such as the changeability of sensations, can be answered in detail in the issue.

Minjaee is the general name of some dialects of Luri that are known as Khorramabadi, Balageriveie, Silakhori, Boroujerdi, Malayeri, and so on. This study presents the acoustic parameters such as the first formant frequency and second formant frequency of Minjaee Luri monophthongs. As well it aims at studying the effect of gender and syllable (open and close) on these parameters. Finally, it is possible to obtain the vowel space diagram of Khorramabadi and Balageriveie dialects. The acoustic parameters of Minjaee Luri vowels /i/, /ɪ/, /ʏ/, /e/, /ø/, /a/, /ə/, /u/, /o/, /ɑ/, have been studied according to totally 1217 phonetic samples, produced by 18 participants (12 males and 6 females). Phonetic samples were analyzed by using PRAAT and the results were analyzed by SPSS. The study results were reported in two parts of descriptive and analytical statistics. According to the first formant frequency, vowels /a/ and /i/ are the highest and lowest vowels, respectively. Vowel /i/ shows the highest second formant frequency and is the frontest vowel in this dialect. While vowel /a/ in males and vowel /o/ in females are the most back ones. The vowel roundedness was investigated; it reduces the second formant of vowels. Men’s first and second formant frequencies are lower than women’s.

A dictionary is a repository of various kinds of linguistic information about words. It presents general information about words such as the words’ meaning, pronunciation, etymology, and the syntactic category to which it belongs, collocational or idiomatic structures in which it may be found. Given the significance of linguistic information presented in the dictionaries, Persian dictionaries suffer from lack of psycho-cultural information which reflects and presents the culture of a society and as the result, should necessarily be included in them. Keeping the importance of this kind of information in mind, and considering the significance of psychological factors in speakers’ knowledge of the world as well as considering sensory experience as the cornerstone of emotional and cognitive abilities and believing that reality is relative, drawing upon the newly proposed sensory concept of emotioncy, this study attempts to introduce emotioncy and its components (emotion, sense and frequency) as useful tools in dictionary making. To this end, the present study will shed some light on sensory and emotional experiences of words of the languages so as to ultimately uncover the origins of the gap in the current dictionaries and enrich them by adding some missed but important and useful information about the words of the languages. Finally, although the findings of the present study is suggestive, further research into the this may help develop it in a broader empirical framework.

The morphological systems tend to follow certain principles, transparency is one of these important principles. This study examined the transparency of Persian and English inflectionals based on natural morphology. The main issue is how transparency is represented according to natural morphology. Persian data are selected from Institute of Humanities and Cultural Studies Corpora and English data are extracted from Corpus of Contemporary American English through random sampling (and based on equal number of words). Afterwards, they were analyzed based on Dressler and Mayerthaler’s approach. The results indicate, in Persian, the plural markers –ha,-un, the superlative adjective marker -tarin, past tense suffixes –t, -ad, and negation prefix n-, and in English, the genitive marker -'s, superlative adjective marker -est and past participle -en are transparent and the rest is opaque. Findings indicate the transparency of nouns and verbs in Persian is more than adjectives; however, in English, it′s not true. This is one of the differences of two morphological systems. Also, there is no direct relationship between transparency and frequency of inflectional affixes. Indeed, there is a direct relationship between grammatical categories and transparency of inflectional affixes. This relationship doesn’t necessarily apply to the transparency of each affix with its frequency.

Spectrum analysis revolves around the cultural works of the past that is due to the frequency and the residues of the past events. Spectrum analysis of the selected two novels, V. and The Crying of Lot 49, by Thomas Pynchon in the light of Michel Foucault’s Discourse Analysis and Jean Francois Lyotard’s Postmodern Condition is distilled due to the notions of harmonics introduced by Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier. The parameters such as frequency, amplitude, modulation, distortion and noise are among the most important matters for analyzing the trajectory of the cultural and historical spectra. Background StudiesOnly Pynchon’s novels presents mathematical-neurological characters to be subject to spectral analysis that submerge into pure noise that is liquidate the signal-to-noise ratio (Koch, 354). The signal to noise ratio measures the ability to reproduce the spectrum from the same sample, the same condition. (Saptari, 11). Schetzina sees contradiction and writes that Pynchon blames science at one side, and puts his works on the burdens of science at the other side (Schetzina, 63).MethodologyThis research is an attempt of spectrum analysis in the light of the philosophical notions introduced by two French philosophers, Foucault and Lyotard, as Discourse Analysis and Postmodern Condition Approach for the two selected novels by Pynchon, V. and The Crying of Lot 49. ConclusionThe spectra of harmonics of the past events such as World War II and its consequences as the traumas, the roles of superstition, education, and discrimination and racism are studied as like as mechanical waves.

In recent decades, narrative and narrative have become a relatively new debate in literary criticism. People like Vladimir Prop, uh. Jay Gromas and Tzutan Todorov are pioneers of the constructivist approach. Influenced theory-writers such as Gerard Gent.. The theory of genes is based on five pivotal concepts that include order, continuity, frequency, aspect and toneWe examined these five principles of genius on the story of lullaby and lilac-from the popular book of Al-Qalub - as a narrative of the tenth century, with a library and analytical approach. To discover the feasibility and validity of narratives through the analysis and analysis of the text, and to grasp the coherent structure of the narrative of the effect. The results of this study, after reviewing and adapting the text to Genet's theory, state that, in terms of time, the text is not linear, the narrative is straightforward, events are going on with characters. In the discussion of continuity, due to the attention of the author in all parts of the story, the description of events and the detailed description of events are negative, and this trend continues until the end of the story. . Frequency is also frequent, which emphasizes the goals of the author in the story of the story. The narrator is the wise, the type of focalization of that variable and the personality of the story is dependent. At first, the story has the first person tone, but in episodic narratives it continues with third person narratives.

Temporal point of view examines time in the narrative and the three ‎main aspects of order, duration and frequency are discussed in it, which ‎should be examined in the whole text and not in one sentence. This article ‎descriptively and analytically examines the temporal point of view in the ‎story of Abraham 7 as the ancestor of the monotheistic religions and Lot 7 ‎as his cousin and that the story is intertwined in the two holy books of the ‎Holy Quran and the Old Testament. The results show that the general ‎ideology that dominates both of these books has a direct effect on their ‎temporal point of view. The order in the story of the Old Testament is ‎more prominent than the Holy Quran and the time of recitation is more in ‎harmony with the time of narration in the Holy Quran than the Old ‎Testament. Also, the frequency is repetitive in the Holy Quran whereas in ‎the Old Testament it is often singular. These cases originate from the ‎ideology of the Quran, which is directional and educational, while the ‎Old Testament is historical, and tries to express it in general‏.‏

Frequency of compression process in Bybee Approach plays a vital role between different characters in dialogues of Persian films. In various historical periods, considering her social status, “woman” less likely has used non-standard Persian language compared to “man”. The main issue of this study is about the frequency of compression process in Bybee approach between two male and female sexes in Persian Movies. Which one of Persian language’s elements has been shown more in studied movies in opinion of Bybee? How the language can challenge the system of feminine and masculine relationships in performances? What is the cultural function of identity in this field? This study was conducted to analyze the phonology of phonetic changes caused by compression in Persian language within two different cultural and social fields. Such differentiation is well revealed in dialogues of movies associated with abovementioned historical periods. In fact, this study indicates that compression has a cultural origin as a social issue and such cultural origin that indicates itself in linguistic or discursive styles of individuals with different social classes. Moreover, study of compressed forms is not just limited to making decision about summarization so that the differences between compressed forms are not just structurally a morphological phenomenon; sometimes, it depends on some functional and social considerations such as gender type.

As of outstanding indicators of contemporary narrative texts is the function of complicated narrative techniques in it. As in first reading of these novels, Addressee become astray in involute corridor of the novel and even misunderstand Sayyiedat el-Qamar novel of Jokha Al-harti is a vivid example of these novels. After reading the first pages of novel, Addressee understand. He accost with multilayer opus that for entrée to its world he-as the second agent of text-should carry awareness light and by putting together the different parts of that novel he can enter its world. Deals with the narrative structures and especially the temporal techniques of this novel. The choice of this subject was important for the authors because Al-harti has cultivated this element with great care and scrutiny, an element which the French theorist Gerard Genette has studied with great care. Therefore, we decided to analyze this component in the novel based on Genet's theory of narrative theory. Studies have shown that: by putting plan of narrative in nonlinear framework and using techniques such as anachronies and stream of consciousness, the author could create a modern multiple novel. According to her goals At this novel was used a constant written quontity for declaration of issues. Frequent frequency used more than other frequencies, Continual frequency became the genre depiction of the author.