جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « interest » در نشریات گروه « علوم انسانی »

The public good is a topic that has been extensively addressed throughout the history of political philosophy. Aristotle uses the idea of the "public good" as the basis for his distinction between "right" constitutions, which lead to the common benefit, and "wrong" constitutions, which benefit the rulers. The utilitarian thinker, Stuart Mill, believes that the most important public good is the act or rule of action. He considers the public good acceptable only if it leads to the dominance of good over evil in the world at least as much as any other option. Therefore, the criterion for evaluating any action is the increase or decrease in the level of happiness and satisfaction of society.In Islamic thought, from the perspective of Ayatollah Mesbah Yazdi, the key to understanding the public good is the evaluation of human actions. He believes that before understanding the public good, one must have an understanding of the types of pleasure and their relationship to interests. A person can reach an understanding of the public good if they comprehend the source of moral goodness and badness and if their intellect can discern the difference between benefit and harm, seeking the public good without mixing it with harm and not merely judging with the aim of achieving material and worldly benefits. This article uses a comparative analytical method to examine the views of these two thinkers.

Persian literature is full of practical topics. Many social issues in literary texts present valid models and norms that were common in the ancient societies of Iran and Persian-speaking countries such as Tajikistan. These examples are important both in terms of understanding the society of the past and in terms of lessons and lessons for the future. Among the social issues, economic issues and its effects in the society, one of the issues is the condemnation of usury and the role of Islamic banking and its effects in the society. . To learn about this topic in Persian literature and the writings of Haji Agha "Sadiq Hedayat" and "The Death of the Usurer" by Sadruddin Aini in the perspective of contemporary Persian prose, this article examines Islamic banking and condemning usury with a look at Persian literature in the works of authors from Iran and Tajikistan. In this research, Islamic banking and the sanctity of usury have been examined and analyzed from the perspective of the writings of Haji Agha "Sadiq Hedayat" and "Death of the usurer" by Sadr al-Din Aini.

In 1974, the Supreme Court of Iran brought foreign currency into the category of money and made the delay in its payment subject to the 12% rate of Damages for late payment stipulated in Article 719 of the Civil Procedure code approved in 1939. In this article, the mentioned Unification Judgment Decision has been analyzed in a descriptive and analytical way, and by examining the issue, it seems that, considering the difference between currency and money, the Supreme Court has taken a wrong path, because, currency is considered as the goods in domestic legal relations and it is exchanged for money. People's different goals in acquiring currency and its use are also different from using money. As a result, applying a fixed rate for late payment does not entail applying the same rate for currency. In the current situation, the legislator that it is confused the issue of Damages with reduction in the value of money, the Unification Judgment Decision has been criticized is invalid based on abrogation of article 719 and the non-provide its provisions in the new civil procedure code and especially because in the new code, the official inflation rate and price change index for The assessment of the responsibility for reduction in the value of money has been approved on the fact that it is only "calculable" in terms of money. This does not mean that no damages can be paid for the delay in the payment of the currency, but it seems like the Damages for late payment of money, the provision can be claimed by proving the legal conditions for claiming damages.

This paper presents an explanation for why profit and loss sharing banking not successful. Profit and loss sharing banking is an idea called non-interest banking or Islamic banking. Although extensive studies have been conducted on it for more than 5 decades and many banks have been established and operated under the name of Islamic Bank or similar, this method still faces major challenges. For this method of banking, many problems have been stated. Due to these problems, most of the Islamic banks have tried to use other contracts and leave the profit and loss sharing. But no theoretical explanation has been provided for this replacement. The purpose of this article is to provide a causal explanation for the non-development of this idea. The method of theoretical explanation is based on the basics of logic by presenting it in a diagrammatic and graphical way. The result is that based on rationality, the preferences of banks and beneficiaries of profit and loss sharing contracts in all cases, at least for one party, create less benefits than contracts with fixed interest, and this is the main factor for avoiding these contracts and moving towards fixed profit contracts. Nevertheless, if religious faith causes people to accept non-usurious contracts with a higher percentage of cost, then also in this case believers prefer non-usurious (not cooperative) contracts.

New financial instruments and institutions cause the development of the stock market and securities and consequently cause the growth and prosperity of the economic system. However, all modern financial instruments and institutions in the world and their implementation framework are not compatible with the provisions of Islamic Sharia and Iranian law, and therefore they are not able to be implemented in the country's markets.One of these new institutions is stock borrowing, in which the stock owner lends his share to the borrowing seller and the seller sells the shares at the daily market price; Whenever the owner of the shares calls for the return of the shares or the borrowed seller wants to return the borrowed shares, the process of selling borrowed shares ends.The advantage of this method is that in the usual method of buying and selling stocks, the investor gains by increasing the stock price, but in this transaction, the investor (borrowing seller) gains by decreasing the stock price.The most important challenges that are raised in relation to the sale of loans are the greediness, the usury, the suspension of the transactions, the connection of this type of transactions with gambling, which after analysis and investigation, it seems that this newly established institution in the country is compatible with jurisprudential institutions.

Instrumental rationality perceives money as a merely efficient tool for maximizing individual interests, manifested in the form of interest. Zimmel, departing from technical rationality, presents a philosophical and theological understanding of money. Zimmel considers interest as a necessary aspect of pure money but does not elaborate on it in detail. In this article, using a descriptive-analytical method, we revisit the meaning of money according to Zimmel and its relationship with interest. The research findings indicate that modern money has an inherent identity relationship with interest. Money has three layers of meaning: the formal layer, the pure will layer, and the theological layer. The formal layer of money contradicts the concept of interest rates, while in the pure will layer, money stimulates the economy and establishes a bond between subject and object through interest. In the theological layer, where money replaces God, interest becomes a form of religious tribute paid to money. Due to the separation from pure existence and the real divine, humans seek self-expansion and self-enrichment through exploiting lower classes by realizing interest.

Undoubtedly, money stands as one of the most practical human credit inventions, playing a crucial role not only in economics but also in law. Among various obligations in transactions and lawsuits, monetary obligations hold a special position as they involve the payment of sums of money. Money's unique liquidity-providing role, ease of use, and acceptance by individuals set it apart from other goods. Today, money is not merely a means of exchange or a measure of value but is considered a valuable capital and asset in itself, capable of generating profits. When a debtor fails to fulfill their monetary obligation on time, the creditor incurs losses due to the devaluation of money and the lost opportunity to utilize their funds profitably. Such compensation to the creditor is based on two principles: 1. Compensating the creditor for their lost opportunity, and 2. Preventing the debtor from unjust enrichment by utilizing the money without fulfilling their obligation. Consequently, late payment of monetary obligations gives rise to three distinct rights for the creditor: liquidated damages if agreed upon by the parties, damages resulting from money devaluation, and interest as compensation for the loss of use of money. In the Iranian legal system, certain concepts like interest are not recognized as damages and cannot be compensated, leading to discrepancies between primary and secondary monetary obligations. To address this issue, this article  delves into the three types of damages, providing a descriptive and analytical approach, and analyzes the Iranian legal situation and judicial practice. The findings of this research highlight that while achieving the principle of full compensation requires recognizing various rights, the Iranian legal system only accepts the devaluation of money under strict conditions and does not acknowledge interest. The limited scope for individuals to agree on the amount of damages also hinders full compensation. However, given the modern economic landscape, accepting these rights becomes essential for achieving full compensation in monetary obligations. As a solution, this article proposes amending Article 522 of the Civil Procedure Code to properly compensate for money devaluation. Additionally, based on the comparative findings of the opportunity cost criterion, a flexible approach is suggested to determine an appropriate interest rate for compensating the loss of use of money for the creditor, encompassing both subjective and objective criteria. In conclusion, this study sheds light on the rights arising from late payment of monetary obligations through a thorough analysis of the Iranian legal and judicial system. To achieve the principle of full compensation, the recognition of devaluation of money and the acceptance of interest in certain cases seem indispensable. One proposed solution is to introduce a more comprehensive article acknowledging and compensating for the devaluation of money based on the real rate of inflation in the market, announced by relevant institutions. This proposal aims to create a clearer and fairer framework for calculating damages related to money devaluation. By considering the real rate of inflation, the compensation for the creditor's loss can accurately reflect the economic realities. Moreover, a reevaluation of the restrictions on individuals agreeing on the amount of damages is crucial. Allowing parties to agree on liquidated damages can enhance contractual autonomy and provide a more effective means of achieving full compensation. However, it is essential to establish appropriate limits and safeguards to prevent potential abuse. Beyond the Iranian legal system, this study also considers the broader perspective of international practices in compensating for late payment damages. By examining the approaches taken by different legal systems, it becomes evident that flexible and adaptive solutions are crucial for addressing the intricacies of monetary obligations and late payment compensation. Furthermore, the concept of interest as a means of compensating the loss of use of money should not be disregarded. Interest serves as an important tool to achieve the principle of full compensation and ensure fairness between parties in monetary obligations. While its recognition and implementation require careful consideration, embracing the economic realities of the modern world demands a more nuanced approach. In conclusion, a comprehensive understanding of the rights arising from late payment of monetary obligations is crucial to establish a just and efficient legal framework. Embracing the principles of full compensation, contractual autonomy, and economic realities can pave the way for meaningful reform. By reevaluating existing legal provisions and aligning them with international best practices, the Iranian legal system can better address the complexities of late payment damages and protect the rights of all parties involved.

As a social institution, what right the university has in the city and its construction is the main issue of this article. If the rules and regulations are violated during the construction and development of the city, can the university, which has a social presence in the former, complain about this violation of the rules and regulations due to the negligence or silence of the city administering institutions? The basis of this question is challenging from the point of view that, for a civil action, one should look at the criterion of benefit, because benefit is its basis. So does the university have such an advantage in the city and society? In this article, the demand of the university's lawsuit was the removal of approximately 400 meters of land and the destruction of constructions from Zul-Qadr street in the Amirabad area. Finally, the civil chambers of the General Assembly of the Supreme Court recognized the university as the beneficiary and accepted his lawsuit. Based on this, today, when the plans for the development of the university environment are in hand, is this social view of the role of the university in the city still sustainable?Examining the decision of the General Assembly of the Supreme Court and identifying its historical and legal position in our legal system has been the main method of research in this article. In addition to this method, an attempt has been made to examine the current position of the university insociety and in legal fields, and to examine the opinion of the civil chambers of the Supreme Court for the university. The fact is that the judgment of the General Assembly is important from the point of view of the university and the city, especially because in those days when the Administrative Court of Justice was not yet established so that, for example, individuals could, as neighbors, complain about their neighbor's urban and construction measures and possibly revoke their permits.The theoretical framework of this article is the examination of the judicial procedure regarding interest in litigation, with the consideration that the university still has an important social role in the city, and if the position of the university is viewed from this point of view, many of the implementation problems of the university's organization and development plans with the correct interpretation will be resolved.If the correct implementation of the law is violated in the city surrounding the university or the legal regulations in the field of urban planning and real estate and private documents are ignored, can the university, as a person who has a living and dynamic presence in this environment, refer to the judiciary for the correct implementation of these laws?If the university has a dynamic and living social role in the city, the benefit that is the criterion of litigation should be interpreted according to this role.The judgment of General Assembly, which is a historical and legal document for the University of Tehran, should be considered as a historical and legal document for "Iran" which is based on the right foundation. This document shows that the interest is not only material and the right is not appeared only in the official document. The benefit and right of the university, whose ownership is based on the judgment of the court of property proceedings and the law on the sale of king’s real estate, is stronger than any other document.In addition, this judgment shows that the university is a part of the life of the city and should not be abandoned on the pretext of the type of litigation and the type of documents and documents in possession and produced. A university that has built a street on its property to participate in the city should be able to demand the eviction of the aggressor and owner of this street. Also, a university that is a part of the city and its social developments should be able to claim and demand its truth and authenticity while passing through a street with a certain width.This university, which has acted in interaction with the municipality and the city association, has asked for the third party of this institution to show the correct implementation of the law regarding those who have building permits.On the other hand, this judgment showed that the social interest of the university in the city from the perspective of the Supreme Court of Iran was recognized years before the issuance of General Assembly unification judgment No. 672 and 681 of the Supreme Court and 115 of the General Board of the Court of Administrative Justice in Iran's judicial system. With this description, the decision number 4 of 1352 imposes another criterion on the researcher, with which he can reach a kind of evaluation in the comparison between Article 576 of the Civil Procedure Law of 1318 and Article 408 of this law approved in 1379.

One of the basic concepts in political systems that defines the roadmap of states is "National Interest", which consists of two components: "Benefit" and "Nationality". Islamic political thought needs to redefine such concepts in its system and the most original source for understanding the Islamic approach is the Holy Quran. Therefore, in a linguistic semantics analysis, we answer the question: what national interests mean in the perspective of the Holy Qur'an. Benefit has features such as being stable, being good and conforming to the truth. To understand the concept of nationality, Quranic interpretations that express social frameworks were examined and the terms which is used in Qur'an in these words: Ummah, Diyar, Qoum, Qariyah, Ta'efah, Nas, Asheerah, Qabilah and Nation were studied. The Holy Quran has a contingent approach to the framework of human society and defines it in the model of human common behavior, and next to this approach, it points to the originality of ideological boundaries. The Holy Qur'an considers Islamic government to be in charge of pursuing interests with the priority of spirituality, and defines these interests in the interaction of two dimensions; national borders that are necessary for human modern life and the original ideological border. Utilitarianism under the concept of national interests is considered a genuine matter and, consequently, human innate utilitarianism has been confirmed. In the Qur'anic literature, it is considered a deity worthy of worship that is beneficial. On the other hand, the importance of the issue of customary and contemplative demarcation of countries and communities, which according to Quranic analysis is a respectable and common thing in which not only the identity and independence of countries is important but also every government is tasked to protect society and its ideals. To provide benefits, and given the contingent acceptance of human communities in the Holy Qur'an, it seems that the human need today, which is the national framework, is accepted by the Qur'an.

Students' interest in the subject of the lesson plays a central role in learning. The teaching method in the process of understanding the lesson, due to the lack of facilities, requires the genius and art of the teacher. New teaching methods that are based on students' interest-inducing activities can improve learning and the result of education. The present research was conducted in order to evaluate the effect of using the role-playing method and its combination with demonstration in students' interest in geography. The research method is based on the description of experimental performance. The statistical population was 455 among the students available to the authors, and 208 were randomly selected as the statistical sample size of the research using Morgan's method. In the classes that were selected as the sample size, the role-playing and demonstration method was implemented and compared with the rest of the statistical population. The results showed that the use of role-playing and demonstration methods in the geography lesson increases students' interest in this lesson.

A contract in the conventional banking is signed between the bank and the customer in the form of a loan contract and a certain interest is paid in accordance with the contractual agreement. The use of partnership and non-partnership contracts according to the religious prohibition of receiving profits in the contract of debt in banking operations without usury to receive profits has been studied by many experts and Law for Usury (law on banking operations without usury) has been prepared, approved and implemented accordingly. However, the use of these contracts has caused the complexity, cost and formalization of the contracts and led them to be corporatism. Providing a solution to solve this problem by using the current opinions about the money liability theory (monetary theory) is the purpose of this article. In addition to the devaluation of money, loss of benefits and delayed payment fine (late payment fine) have also been studied in the light of this theory and due to the nature of money in the modern economy in the form of contractual agreements and condition as an integral part of contract (proviso) in the contract. The use of contractual agreements according to the opinions presented about the theory of money liability in banking contracts can be helpful in resolving this problem.

Breathing the divine spirit into fetus is a subject to which many injunctions of the law are allocated. Some of the injunctions have both monetary and penal aspects. According to the Article 716 of IPC, blood money for abortion depends on breathing the divine spirit into fetus. Also, according to the Article 720 of IPC, the calculation of blood money for the organs of fetus or the injuries sustained by fetus depends on breathing the divine spirit into fetus. The Islamic jurists do not allow abortion after breathing the divine spirit into fetus; therefore, it is important to determine the exact time of breathing of the divine spirit into fetus based on Islamic jurisprudential sources. The stages of development of fetus have been described in the verses of the Suras Al-Mu'minun and Al-Hajj. The Islamic traditions also provide some information about the time of breathing of the divine spirit into fetus. According to the words ascribed to the famous jurists of two Islamic sects, the divine spirit is breathed into fetus at the fourth month of pregnancy. However, according to the theory of the present article, for determination of the time of breathing of the divine spirit into fetus, one cannot trust on the reports of the embryologists for two reasons. On the view of the legal proofs, the divine spirit is breathed into fetus at the fifth month of pregnancy which is consistent with the language of the verses and Islamic traditions

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between perception of the classroom environment and academic achievement of high school students in Kermanshah. The present study is a descriptive and correlational study in terms of the nature and purpose of the applied research and in terms of data collection method for testing hypotheses. The statistical population of this study is all high school students in Kermanshah, the number of which is equal to 12580 people, using Morgan table, 384 people were selected by simple random sampling. The questionnaires used in this study are Gobel and Riza (2002) Gender Perception Perception Questionnaire with a validity of 0.817 and Fredericks, Bloomfield, Paris (2002) with a validity of 0.717. The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between interest in the classroom environment, challenges in the classroom environment, choice and enjoyment of the class and eagerness to study among high school students in Kermanshah.

In the first paragraph of Article 1 in the Law on Interest-Free Banking (interest), it is one of the main objectives to establish a monetary and credit system based on right and justice (observing Islamic rules) in order to regulate the proper circulation of money and credit for health and economic growth of the country. But despite 40 years of law enforcement, not only have these goals not been achieved, but the gap has also been doubled. Although the banking law has not changed, the regulations and sections related to banking operations are constantly changing and updating, but still banking is still the first economic problem of the country and has not been able to achieve its goals. Therefore, in this article, in a descriptive-analytical method, in accordance with Islamic standards of interest-free banking operations, it was found that contrary to Islamic standards, this law has been emptied of its content by the prevalence of approaches such as maintaining the structure of usury banking system, instrumental attitude to contract, injustice, abusing the customers, and the imposition of interest-free banking operations.

Scholars have long been interested in the complex relationships between personality and motivation. However, much of their understanding has been limited to The Big Five personality factors, and a proliferation of motivation constructs emanating from a large number of different theories and sub-theories. This study adds to the body of personality psychology and motivation science literature by examining the relationships between The Big Five personality factors and The MUSICSM Model of Academic Motivation (MMAM) components. The MMAM is comprised of five components that summarize the many instructional implications derived from motivation theories and research to provide instructors with a holistic, conceptual understanding of them. The results of this study may provide evidence as to whether or not the personality traits of college students influence their academic motivation beliefs. To obtain data, I surveyed college students using two self-report instruments. The first instrument, the Big Five Inventory (BFI), measured college students on The Big Five personality factors. The second instrument, the MUSIC Model of Academic Motivation Inventory (MMAMI), measured the academic motivation beliefs of college students as related to the MMAM. Data were obtained from 305 college students at a single university in southwest Virginia enrolled in an online course. Exploratory Factory Analysis and Confirmatory Factor Analysis using Structural Equation Modeling were used to answer the following research question: To what extent do the Five Factor Model factors relate to the MMAM components? Due to the lack of substantiated knowledge regarding the relationships between The Big Five personality factors and the MMAM components, specific hypotheses were not generated. The measurement models for the Big Five personality factors and the MMAM fit well. However, the structural model, in which the Big Five factors were modeled to predict the MMAM components, did not adequately fit the data for these college students. Yet, there were a number of significant pathways between The Big Five personality factors and the MMAM components. Openness and Conscientiousness had a significant, negative impact on Empowerment, while Extraversion had a significant, positive impact on eMpowerment, Usefulness, and Interest. Additionally, Agreeableness had a significant, positive impact on Usefulness, Success, Interest, and Caring, while Neuroticism had a significant, negative impact on Success. Findings indicated that personality factors can relate to or predict academic motivation. In other words, students’ academic motivation beliefs are, to a certain degree, influenced by some of their personality traits, and these differences in traits may manifest themselves in the classroom. In the future, researchers could examine the extent to which students with different personality traits display varying preferences as to the types of pedagogical methods or strategies that motivate them academically.

Civil Act, in the article 214 has separated two words “property” and “action”. The mentioned separation may produce the image that the Civil Act does not consider the property for the action, but this is not so. Interest or action are “competence and capacity and the capability of resulting” which exist in human body, would be produced in nature or acquired and be considered as property. The submission of interest can be in form of creation of a transient affair like teaching or creation of a description of real object like painting or creation of a physical object like building an industrial piece in the objective world.In case of the realization time of interest submission, in the first case, there is agreement and its time is the time of end work, but in the two other cases there is disagreement. A group of scholars believe that for the realization of submission the mentioned object should be delivered to the tenant, and another group of scholars know the end of work as the time of submission realization. The mystery of disagreement is in the understanding of interest submission and it is “to realize and accomplish” of the mentioned capacity which would be realized as the work ends and the delivery of the created object which is “the object submitted” and not “the object transacted”; is an affair both extra and unreasonable. In case which the worker follows the employer, according to Labor Act, the costs of submission is burdened on the employer and the other cases are burdened on the hired servants.

In the bulk of literature on critical thinking, the influence of interest on cognitive and affective processes of individuals has always been a source of debate and disagreement; a reciprocal relationship to be detrimental or facilitative in the development and enhancement of critical thinking as a skill. The present paper aims at explaining and resolving the observed discrepancy, with the combination of a comparative (agreement method) and a (descriptive-analytical).

method, on the additive and regressive effect of “interest” on critical thinking-product from the.  viewpoint of Islamic Traditions.

The finding show that although interest, as a human tendency, generally has a positive effect on critical thinking, in some cases, the same component prevents seeing the shortcomings and defects as well. Therefore, in critical thinking, which requires more judgment and evaluation in order to promote it, one must control the interest in the subject in order to form a critical view of the issue properly. Based on the results, it is suggested that more attention should be paid to the regressive role of interest in critical thinking, especially in cognitive and metacognitive understanding of the mental structure of thinking. Accordingly, updated and systematic rereading of the religious doctrines ia one of the necessities of the conscious life in the third millennium, especially when the effective and productive approach to psychological components is more and more needed for today's life.

Also, it is strongly suggested that the insights driven from Islamic traditions especially those that tap upon the issues on psychology are diverse and rich, provide a cultivated and rich ground for understanding of human cognition and mind.

Some scholars and political currents introduce policies and actions such as upgrading military capabilities (especially missile capability), pursuing a peaceful nuclear program, and supporting the Islamic Republic from the axis of resistance against its national interests. Influenced by positivist approaches, they consider the national interests of the Islamic Republic of Iran to be timeless, fixed and unchangeable, and do not pay attention to the fact that national interests derive from the identity of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Thus, this study seeks to answer the main question, "What effect does national identity have on actions such as enhancing military capability (especially missiles), pursuing a peaceful nuclear program, and supporting the Islamic Republic on the axis of resistance?" Presents the "normative or ideational structures of the Islamic Republic of Iran which are composed of three elements: a) regulatory and Constitutive norms derived from the Twelver Shiite culture, b) existing in Iranian political culture, and c) mental influences derived from the geopolitics of Iran They form the "corporate identity" and "social identity" of the Islamic Republic of Iran. "It pursues certain policies and actions, such as the promotion of military power (especially missiles), the pursuit of a peaceful nuclear program, and the support of the Islamic Republic for the axis of resistance."

Interest is a rich concept that can be applied to a variety of areas and paradigms. But economists with narrow-minded reductionism always refer to a certain kind of interest (ie, utility). Sociologists, on the other hand, emphasize different types of interests. In this article, I intend to explore the characteristics of women's interests in the field of modern handicrafts in the digital age, beyond the mainstream approach of economics, with the help of the new economic sociology approach. In this qualitative-exploratory research, I will answer the fundamental question of whether women in their entrepreneurial action in the field of modern handicrafts seek to gain a kind of interest  (mainly economic) or a variety of interests? And by answering this question, I will also address the various dimensions of female interests.Thus, the present study shows that productive women in this field have started entrepreneurship not for economic deprivation and desperation, but for various interests  (including independence, emotional interest, self-fulfillment interest and network interest).They also reinforce a variety of interests through networking in the context of virtual networks, thereby spreading the implications of women's discourse among the craft community. Accordingly, entrepreneurship for women is not a need arising from despair and urgency, but a conscious choice for independence and affirmation of the subjectivity of women in contemporary society.Entrepreneurship provides an opportunity for intersection of loyalty to the private sphere on the one hand and participation in the public sphere on the other, while at the same time bringing individual and collective interests to women.