جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « moral judgment » در نشریات گروه « علوم انسانی »

Guilt emerges from a perceived difference between people's behavior and their internalized moral principles. Due to the multidimensionality of ethics, guilt can also appear in different ways. Despite this, there is no valid tool in Iran to measure people's tendency to experience different types of guilt.

The present study investigated the factor structure and psychometric properties of the Moral Orientation Guilt Scale (MOGS) in Iranian society.

This study constituted an applied research endeavor that employed a survey approach for data collection. The research statistical population included all Iranian adults who actively engaged in social networks including Instagram, WhatsApp, Telegram, and Eitaa, from April to May 2023. A total of 662 participants were recruited through the available sampling procedure and completed research tools, including the MOGS (Mancini et al., 2022), guilt and shame proneness scale (Cohen et al., 2011), moral disgust scale (Tybur et al., 2009), and callous-unemotional traits (Frick, 2004) through an online survey. Data were analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis, Pearson correlation coefficient, Cronbach's alpha, and test-retest coefficient via SPSS and AMOS software.

Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the 4-factor structure of the questionnaire and showed that the model fit appropriately. The Pearson correlation coefficient between MOGS factors and other research questionnaires was positive or negative, depending on the type of scale, and significant (p< 0.01), which indicated the convergent validity of the scale. Also, the scale's internal consistency was calculated in the range of 0.65-0.84, and the test-retest coefficient of the factors (with a 2-week interval) was between 0.72–0.82, which showed that the scale has good reliability.

According to the findings, researchers can use this scale as a brief and reliable tool to evaluate people's tendency to experience different types of guilt in Iranian society.

Ethics is one of the topics that has been emphasized in Aristotelian wisdom. That is, wisdom has a vacuum without considering morality. Therefore, morality and wisdom are two intertwined issues, and in this research, the relationship between individual wisdom and organizational citizenship behavior of nurses of Hamedan University of Medical Sciences teaching hospitals has been tried to be done by emphasizing moral behavior, moral judgment, and moral emotion.

The current research is a quantitative research based on the applied purpose and correlation type and in terms of the data collection method. The statistical population of all nurses of Hamedan University of Medical Sciences teaching hospitals is 1527 people. The statistical sample was selected using Morgan and Karjesi's table with the relative stratified method in the number of 306 people.

The results of structural equation analysis with PLS software showed that individual wisdom had an effect on moral behavior, moral emotion, moral judgment, and organizational citizenship behavior. Also, moral emotion influenced moral judgment, organizational citizenship behavior, and ethical behavior. On the other hand, moral judgment was insignificant on moral behavior and significant on organizational citizenship behavior. Also, organizational citizenship behavior was influenced by ethical behavior.

In general, the results showed that organizational citizenship behavior is influenced by individual wisdom, as well as moral behavior, moral judgment, and moral emotion. That is, with the existence of moral components along with wisdom, we can expect citizenship behavior from employees in the organization.

Undoubtedly, hedonism can completely encompass human life and give it a hedonistic meaning and concept. This issue has caused the question to be raised, to what extent is hedonism morally correct? And in the field of theory, what relation can it have with ethics? Can hedonism be justified and moral? The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical. The findings of the research indicate that the relationship between ethics and hedonism is drawn from the way of examining the idealism of pleasure and the nature of hedonism . Despite the fact that a group of moral philosophers have gone so far as to consider pleasure as an intrinsic good and consider the criterion of moral value and moral judgment to be dependent on it and have organized hedonistic ethics; But pleasure cannot be an intrinsic good and the criterion of moral value, and hedonistic actions can be considered moral only in some cases. According to Islamic teachings, Although pleasure is not an evil thing and the pleasures of the afterlife are real and original; However, it is not the ultimate purpose.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effectiveness of executive functions training program on sleep quality and moral judgment of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design and follow-up with a control group. The statistical population of the research included all 9-12-year-old boys with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in Urmia city in 2022. The sample size includes 30 subjects from the statistical population were selected by available sampling method and they were placed in two control and experimental groups. The research tools included the Child Sleep Habits Questionnaire and the moral judgment Test. The results showed that the training program of executive functions had a significant effect on improving sleep quality and moral judgment in the post-test and follow-up stages. The findings of this research provide useful information related to the executive functions program, and counselors and psychologists can use this intervention to improve sleep quality and moral judgment in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Jesse Prinz is known as one of the serious defenders of moral sentimentalism. Usually, sentimentalists give little role to moral reasoning in the process of producing moral judgment. But Prinz, unlike others, believes that moral reasoning and emotions both play a role in morality.In this article, after examining Prinz's view on the nature of reasoning, by examining his answers to the following questions, his view on the nature of moral reasoning is extracted:What is the relationship between moral reasoning and the traditional division of theoretical/practical reasoning? Does moral reasoning fit into this division? If so, which of the two types is it?Does moral reasoning have a deductive structure or not? If its structure is inference, which is the type of inference?What is the relationship between moral reasoning and moral generalism and particularism? Does moral reasoning require the use of general principles or not?Can moral reasoning be motivating?What is the purpose of moral reasoning? In other words, what is its function? Literature Review:In his various works, Prinz has written about moral reasoning. But it has not considered the nature of moral reasoning in a coherent way and in an integrated framework. Therefore, it can be claimed that our article is the first writing for a coherent examination of the nature of moral reasoning from Prinz's point of view.

In this article, Prinz's answers to the mentioned questions are extracted from his various writings, then each of these answers will be analyzed and finally, some criticisms that may be made to these answers will be given.

After analyzing Prinz's point of view, we believe that:He considers moral reasoning as a type of theoretical reasoning. Because he believes that moral reasoning is formed to justify moral judgment. So it is not like practical reasoning that leads to action/intention.Like Jonathan Haight, he believes that moral reasoning is presented after moral judgment and to justify it, but he believes that moral reasoning has another function: resolving moral disagreement.According to our analysis, he must have considered the structure of justification in moral reasoning as foundationalism. Because he believes that moral reasoning ultimately ends with fundamental norms that cannot be argued for.We think Prinz considers moral reasoning in the form of allegorical inference or case reasoning. Because he explains the process of justifying a moral judgment by comparing it to a specific example of a category.Prinz seemed not to believe that moral reasoning is based on general rules and principles. Because he does not believe in general moral rules according to the point of view of moral relativism. On the other hand, his view that moral reasoning is case reasoning is consistent with the view of moral particularists.Since Prinz is a moral sentimentalist, then, like David Hume, he must believe that moral reasoning has no motivational effect on action. Because in Prinz's view, since moral judgments are the product of emotions, they are motivating in themselves and do not require moral reasoning.Finally, unlike evolutionary ethics, he does not believe we have an innate capacity for moral reasoning. 

Contrary to what is obtained from the analysis of Prinz's view on moral reasoning, some psychological results indicate that moral agents, at least in some situations, do not use moral reasoning only to resolve moral disagreements, but use moral reasoning to create moral judgments. If this research is true, and these actors act according to this moral reasoning, then moral reasoning is sometimes motivating. On the other hand, according to Prinz's moral relativism point of view, in situations where two moral actors disagree with each other in a fundamental judgment, moral reasoning has practically no function. So, what Prinz has introduced as the function of moral reasoning is a weak function. If these criticisms are true, they suggest, Prinz's analysis of moral reasoning is not entirely without fault. Therefore, either Prinz should start to modify some of his views on moral reasoning or give stronger reasons for his claim.

Family is a complex system of relationships, processes, and phenomena within the lives of its members, encompassing physical and psychological, economic and moral, social, and cultural aspects of society. A strong foundation for a healthy family can transform this social institution into a sanctuary for its members and a platform for human growth in all societies. In contemporary societies, the family has encountered various challenges due to shifts in its values and functions. Some of these challenges have impacted the relationships between spouses, leading to family breakdown. It is evident that the factors disrupting the functions of the family institution also contribute to numerous social harms. Despite extensive research on the family and its challenges in different societies and times, it is difficult to pinpoint specific and identical causes that threaten the foundation of the family. Therefore, understanding the social and individual factors that interfere with and affect family functions has always been a focal point of sociological studies and research, particularly in explaining the threats and causes of conflicts and differences, especially between couples. Based on individual and social circumstances, there are instances where couples, despite being dissatisfied with their relationships, are compelled to remain together, preserving the family structure outwardly but experiencing a decrease in emotional intimacy, which is often referred to as emotional divorce. This type of rupture in family relations has numerous direct and indirect consequences for both family members and society at large.

 This research was classified as an applied research as the researchers aimed to experimentally test theoretical concepts with the results intended for practical application in addressing challenges within the research topic. In terms of its temporal nature, this study was cross-sectional. The method of data collection employed was a survey with information gathered through reviewing the respondents' answers. Furthermore, it was a correlational study as it evaluated and measured the correlation between variables. The target sample for this research comprised all married individuals residing in the 5th, 7th, and 8th regions of Tabriz City during the period of 2022-2023. The determined sample size was 384 individuals calculated by using Cochran's formula from the total married population living in the researched areas, which, based on the 2015 census, amounted to 311,380 people. Sampling was conducted in a clustered manner and the data collection tool utilized was a questionnaire comprising a combination of standard questions and those formulated by the researchers.

The research findings revealed a significant and positive correlation between moral judgment and family breakdown. This suggested that when ethical standards are not grounded in rational reasoning and established definitions, but rather based on individual judgments regarding societal values and beliefs, ethical considerations become a source of disagreement and conflict among family members, thereby posing a risk to the cohesion of the family institution.Furthermore, the results demonstrated a significant and inverse relationship between adherence to beliefs and family disintegration. In other words, as adherence to beliefs increases, family breakdown decreases. Beliefs play a crucial role in marriage and are intertwined with the activities that spouses engage in together. When couples significantly differ in this aspect, the stability of their relationship diminishes, leading the family towards a conflict and eventual dissolution.

Analyzing the functions of reason is one of the important issues that lead to the development of Islamic ethics. The functions of reason in Islamic ethics are sometimes in the form of a tool that is used in narrative sources, and sometimes in an independent way that is used in the rulings and major discussions of the science of ethics. Paying attention to the functions of the mind provides the basis for deepening the concepts and moral propositions. The purpose of the upcoming research is the necessity of using reason in Islamic ethics in an independent way. In order to achieve this goal, a descriptive-analytical method has been used, and some of the findings of the research are as follows: Reason has different roles, including determining the generalities and branches of moral rules and the macro issues of the science of ethics as follows: discovering the causes and The judgment of moral rules; Discovering general moral rules in order to discover rulings on particular cases; Analyzing the issues of moral rulings and identifying examples of moral issues; Participating in the coordination of ethics, determining the moral judgment in cases of void judgment.

The aim of this study was to investigate the nature of moral reasoning in students in the second level of elementary school. To achieve this goal, the mixed research method was used. In the first stage, six schools from both districts 1 and 2 of Hamadan (two public schools and one non-profit school from each district) and one class from each school in the fourth, fifth and sixth grades were randomly selected. The statistical population was all male students of the second level of elementary school in Hamadan in, whose number is 12551 people. The standard questionnaire of MJT ethical judgment was distributed among 395 students and the results were analyzed. Then, according to the results, four people were selected from each educational level. Thus, two of the high scores and two of the low scores of the quantitative test were in each level of education and each of these levels were selected as a group. That is, a total of twelve people were studied in the second stage. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews based on ethical riddles and analyzed by coding and categorization. Findings from quantitative analysis showed that male students in the second level of elementary school in Hamadan had a high level of moral reasoning. Findings from the qualitative section also indicated that the categories "consequential thinking", "emotional relationships", "obedience to the law", "flexibility in the law according to circumstances" and "respect for the rights of others" in the argument Students are effective. "God", "parents", "self", "Quran", "textbook" and "law" were also identified as sources of moral reasoning. Students' moral reasoning is more influenced by family teachings and school has a small role in it, so it is necessary to pay more attention to the development of moral reasoning in curricula, especially in lessons and opportunities. Religious education should emphasize this more.

thical competence is a skill that guides managers in finding appropriate ethical solutions in ethical situations. The current research was carried out with the aim of predicting moral competence based on moral judgment and problem solving and decision-making skills in the evaluation center of managers of National Gas Company of Iran.

The research method is correlational and the statistical population includes 663 managers of National Gas Company of Iran. By random sampling, 123 people participated in the research. The tools include the ethical competency questionnaire-working life and business, the problem explanation test, and the evaluation center exercises. The data was analyzed with the help of correlation test and regression analysis.

The correlation of moral judgment variables (r = 0.38), problem solving competence (r = 0.35) and decision-making competence (r = 0.27) with moral competence is positive and significant. The variables of moral judgment, problem-solving competence and decision-making competence predict 21.4% of the variance of moral competence.

According to the results of this research, it can be said that by increasing the awareness of ethical principles and promoting problem-solving and decision-making skills, it is possible to strengthen the moral skills of managers. Also, the tools of the current research can be used to measure the moral competence of managers in evaluation centers.

Since there is a positive relationship between executive functions and theory of mind with moral judgment, in the current research, the aim is to investigate the relationship between executive functions and moral judgment with regard to the mediating role of theory of mind.

This descriptive-correlation study was based on structural equation modeling. The statistical population of this research was 9 to 11-year-old children of Ilam City, and 370 of them were selected by convenience sampling method. Sinha and Verma's (1971) moral judgment questionnaire, Ghamrani et al.'s (2006) theory of mind, and Barkley's (2012) executive functions were used to collect information. The data were analyzed by Spearman's correlation and structural equation modeling using SPSS version 24 and Smart PLS version 3 software.

The findings showed that there is a relationship between executive functions and moral judgment (β=0/246 % & P<0/05), executive functions and theory of mind (β=0/545 % & P<0/05), and theory of mind and moral judgment (β=0/494 % & P<0/05). Also, the mediating role of the theory of mind in the relationship between executive functions and moral judgment (β=0/269 % & P<0/05) was confirmed.

Executive function is the underlying cognitive capacity that enables and facilitates higher level cognition such as reasoning and decision making in moral situations. Also, the executive function has an effect on improving the level of the theory of mind. Therefore, in order to improve moral judgment, intervention programs that target the development of executive functions should be given more attention; Because it is possible to provide a suitable platform for improving the level of the theory of mind through the improvement of executive functions, and the improvement of the theory of mind will affect the progress of moral judgments.

The development of the auditing profession and its ability to gain public trust will depend on the observance of professional ethics. The neoliberal mindset is one of the most important factors influencing the behaviors and level of ethics of auditors, and identifying the mindset is an important source of information to identify the ethical judgment of auditors. Therefore, in this study, the impact of neoliberalism on the ethical judgment of independent auditors has been investigated.

In this research, 194 auditors working in private sector auditing firms and auditing organizations in 2022 participated. Data were collected through a paper questionnaire and analyzed using Excel and SPSS software.

The findings of this study show that neoliberalism has a negative and significant relationship with the moral judgment of auditors and with increasing liberalism thinking, the moral judgment of auditor's decreases.

Based on the findings of this study, since the main task of auditors is to reassure and comment on financial statements and the judgment of auditors can affect the interests of many users, so identify those ethical factors that can affect the judgment of the auditor. To be effective is important.

Contribution: 

The findings of this study can lead to the development of auditing theories and texts about auditors' judgment, as well as useful information for the community of certified public accountants and other policymakers of the auditing profession about the level of neoliberal thinking among auditors and the effect of this thinking on their judgment

The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of ethical reasoning, exposure to ethics, and the perceived ethical climate on auditors' ethical judgment. The statistical population of this research includes the partners of audit institutions that are members of the Certified Public Accountants Society (independent auditors working as partners), and to investigate the issue, 88 people were selected as a sample from among the members of the society using Cochran's formula. Structural equation modeling has been used to test the research hypotheses. The results of the hypothesis test showed that ethical reasoning, exposure to ethics, and the perceived ethical climate have a positive and significant effect on auditors' ethical judgment. Among the investigated factors, moral reasoning has the greatest impact, and the perceived moral atmosphere has the least effect on the ethical judgment of auditors. People can provide moral arguments according to their knowledge of moral principles and processes. On the other hand, the development of ethics as well as how to teach it can help auditors make ethical decisions when choosing different options. Also, the more ethically auditors perceive their organization's atmosphere, the more ethically they act in applying professional judgments. By examining ethical orientation as an imperative element of judgment and decision-making in the auditor's profession, this research can contribute to expanding the theoretical foundations of behavioral research in auditing as well as provide useful information for auditing policymakers to formulate auditing strategies based on.

Empathy is a human capacity by which they show emotional altruistic responses. By means of this characteristic, one can see the world from another person’s perspective and understand their feeling. Accordingly, people can understand the sufferings and pleasures of others by imagining their circumstances. Empathy plays a crucial role in morality, and in particular, it affects moral judgments. Some critics deny the usefulness of empathy for moral judgments. The critique is articulated in two different ways: there are arguments against the necessity of empathy for moral judgment, and there are arguments for the negative impact of empathy on moral judgment. In the present article, which draws on the descriptive-analytic method, we first study the arguments offered by critics, and then analyze three kinds of relations: causal, constitutive, and explanatory, to reconsider the negative impacts of empathy on moral judgment. We finally conclude that, first, empathy is justified as a constitutive element in explaining moral judgment, and second, while all types of empathy (cognitive and emotional) cannot be deemed necessary for moral judgment and its impacts cannot be seen as fully positive, we can at least show that cognitive empathy is a positive element of moral judgment.

The present study investigated the effect of self-compassion training on the moral decision-making processes in adolescent girls. The training package was developed based on Bluth’s (2017) self-compassion guidelines. The participants were 40 high school girl students selected from Shiraz University high school and were divided into experimental and control groups using a pretest-posttest design. The study instruments included the following: Moral Awareness Scenario Test (MAST), Defining Issues Test (DIT), Multidimensional Ethics Scale (MES), Public good games (PGG), and mindful self-compassion (MSC) training. To determine the validity of the MSC training package, MSC pretest and posttest scores were compared and the increase in the scores of the experimental group compared to the control group confirmed the validity of the package. The multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) results showed a significant increase in the experimental group’s moral awareness, moral judgment, and moral action scales. The results also revealed that there was no significant difference between the experimental and control groups regarding the posttest scores of moral intention when the pretest score was controlled. Therefore, based on the results, it can be concluded that self-compassion, as a core variable of mindfulness, is teachable and can significantly improve moral decision-making processes in adolescent girls.

Storytelling is considered as a tool for transmitting ethical and behavioral messages in different societies. The purpose of this study was to teach storytelling in a targeted way on the values ​​of life (Responsibility-Respect) and moral judgment of primary school children. The present study was a semi-experimental method. The statistical population in this study was all school female elementary school students in the academic year of 1396, and the sample consisted of 30 people (15 subjects, 15 subjects), which was selected using available sampling method And at the same time, the scale of accountability, respect (Aren et al. 1993), and the moral judgment of Lennick and Kiel (2005) were applied to the two groups. Then, based on the educational program, eight sessions were trained and the control group was not trained. After the sessions were completed, the questionnaires were again run for the same groups in the same situation to determine the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable. Covariance analysis and SPSS software were used for data analysis. The results showed that according to the hypothesis of teaching storytelling, it was effective on the values ​​of life (responsiveness-respect) and moral judgment (P <0.001). From this we can use storytelling as an indirect educational method appropriate to the world of childhood, with preset methods, according to a special and purposeful moral teaching.

Human judgment and decision-making affect all stages of the creation of accounting information, from the beginning to the interpretation of information. The decision-making process can be shaped by emotions, emotions can change signals of evaluation, risk perception and strategic orientation. Thus, there is an aspect of human behavior in the judgment and decision-making process that is reflected in the accounting information disclosed in the financial statements. Therefore, in the present study, the effect of different emotional states (emotions) on biased decisions in accounting has been investigated. This research is a descriptive and quasi-experimental application. The statistical population of this research is graduate students of accounting in a simulated environment by presenting a scenario as a financial manager. The number of samples was determined according to the unknown number of population through the formula of unknown population 198 people. One-way analysis of variance and LSD post hoc test were used to analyze the data. The results of this study show that different emotional states (happy / sad) have a significant effect on students' decision-making in the role of financial managers. The decision-making of financial managers (accounting students) who were in a normal emotional state was less biased than that of financial managers who were in an unusual (happy / sad) emotional state. The results of this study show that when people experience natural and stable emotional states, they can make the right decisions. But when their condition is unusual, they are unable to make the right decision.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of philosophical stories through group discussion on the development of moral judgment of sixth grade elementary students in Kamyaran. The statistical population of this study consisred of all sixth grade elementary students in Kamyaran, Kurdistan, from among whom 40 students (20 in the control group and 20 in the experimental group) were selected. Ethical Judgment Test (MJT) was used to collect data. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). The results showed that philosophical stories by group discussion method had a positive effect on the development of moral judgment of sixth grade elementary students in Kamyaran. It also had the same effect on the development of moral judgment of both girls and boys and no significant difference was observed between them. Moreover, it was found that the treatment accounted for 26 percent of the variation of moral judgement development. Therefore, it is suggested that elementary school teachers use philosophical stories with ethical themes to help develop moral judge of the students

According to the founders of this philosophical school, the phenomenology of ethics was a way to criticize the structure of moral values in Kant's philosophy. Also, provide a new definition of moral values that is based on the truth of human existence. Francis Brentano and Max Scheler, as the founders of the phenomenology of ethics, tried to redefine the structures of moral values by relying on the phenomenological method against the concepts formed in pure practical reason. In their phenomenology of ethics, these two thinkers want to return feelings and emotions as the fundamental principle of human action to the structure of moral values and make it the center of their philosophy. But Brentano's and Scheler's views on the nature of moral values have fundamental differences. In fact, both thinkers use the phenomenological method to understand the nature of moral values, but Brentano has a desire for a psychological understanding of human nature with the help of epistemological foundations, and in contrast to Scheler, he is searching for the fact that with an ontological view of moral values, reveal with the divine command.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of group games on the moral judgment of third grade male elementary students. In this applied research, a pre-test-post-test with control group was conducted. The research population consisted of all third grade elementary school students in Nourabad Delfan enrolled in the school year 2021-2022. The samples consisted of third generation boys selected through product sampling. The subjects were 30 male students randomly divided into two groups of 15. Moral Judgment questionnaires (MJT) were used in the pretest phase. After protocol validation, the experimental group entered into group games based on the protocol in 10 sessions of 50 minutes and the control group did not participate in the experimental conditions. Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance. SPSS 10 software was used. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the two groups after the pretest was removed and that the average ethical judgment of the entire experimental group had increased. The effect size (ŋ =0.802) confirms the high influence of group games in explaining the variance in students’ ethical judgment. Consequently, group games can be used as part of the empowerment.

The credibility and social status of the the clergies today owes more to the presence of the clergies in the community than to the narrations related to the position of religious scholars or even their spiritual states. Morality in social interactions is the main factor of social capital of this institution. In this article, we discuss the dimensions and structure of a part of this ethic, which is known as moral literacy. For this purpose, we have used the conceptual model of Herman and Tuana and have developed this model by using religious teachings and with the help of the considerations of moral philosophy and the findings of moral psychology. In this model, the three components of "moral sensitivity, moral reasoning and imagination" constitute the structure of moral literacy. First of all, we have changed the component of moral reasoning to moral judgment, and then we have introduced the conceptual and psychological components of each of these components and their sub-components. The contextualism view, the departure from egocentrism, the post-situational sensitivity, the familiarity with the rules of ethics, are some of the implications mentioned. The main conceptual development of this model is in the field of moral judgment, which has shifted from a purely rational and cognitive nature to a cognitive-emotional combination. This conceptual change has affected and enriched all aspects of moral literacy. This model can show the shortcomings of the moral literacy of the clergy in social interactions and be the basis for designing training courses or reviewing ethics courses at the level one of Hawzeh.